Cynoglossum wallichii G.Don, Gen. Hist.

König, Julia, Siwakoti, Mohan, Hilger, Hartmut H. & Weigend, Maximilian, 2015, A revision of the genus Cynoglossum L. (Boraginaceae Juss.) in Nepal and notes on the widespread Asian species, Phytotaxa 224 (1), pp. 1-28 : 19-26

5. Cynoglossum wallichii G.Don, Gen. Hist. 4: 354. 1838. Figs. 2 E, F ; 4 E, F ; 6 ; 7 F–J , 8 , 14.

Lectotype (designated by Kazmi 1971: 345):—[ Nepal], no locality, no date, N. Wallich, 923 (K-000942365!) . Isotypes:—[ Nepal], N. Wallich 923 (BM-000603178!, BM-001014433!, A-00092800!)

= Cynoglossum denticulatum A.DC. in Candolle (1846: 150). Lectotype (here designated):—[ India], Sept. 1834, Simla, M.P. Edgeworth 390 (GDC-G-00205522!). Syntypes:—Oct. [18]38, Jung nath, M.P. Edgeworth 391 (GDC-G-00205523!), Muhano, Sept. 1834, M.P. Edgeworth 392 (GDC-G-00205521!).—synonymised by Brand (1921).

= Cynoglossum denticulatum var. ramosius A. de Candolle (1846: 150) . Holotype:—[ India], Aug. [18]38, Musoon , M.P. Edgeworth 390 (G-DC-G00205540!).

= Cynoglossum glochidiatum Wall. ex Benth. in Royle (1836: 306) ≡ Cynoglossum wallichii var. glochidiatum (Wallich ex Bentham) Kazmi (1971: 347) . Lectotype (here designated):—[ India, West Bengal], „valde affine C. canescenti, Tundua“ [Pundua], F. Del. [F. De Silva], no date, N. Wallich 922 (K-000942368!). Syntypes:—[ India, West Bengal], [Pundua], „Tundua“, Wallich 1829, N. Wallich 922 (K-000942367!); [ India, West Bengal], Pundua, communicavit Dr. Nath. Wallich 1839 ; Valde affine C. canescenti, no date, [ F. De Silva], N. Wallich 922 (M-0174199!, GZU-000106063!, GDC-G00205527, GDC-G00205528), [ India, West Bengal], Pundua, no date, N. Wallich 922 (A-00096677!).—synonymised by Brand (1921) .

= Cynoglossum membranaceum A. DC. in Candolle (1846: 150). Holotype:—[ India], Manal , October, M.P. Edgeworth 394 (G-DCG00205525!).

Annual or biennial herb, 20–60 cm tall. Stems single or several, branched from base or only above; often diffusely spreading. Densely spreading-pubescent, trichomes 1–2 mm long. Leaves oblong to ovate with rounded to acute apex. Basal leaves petiolate, 1.5–5(–12) cm × 0.4–2.5 cm, moderately to densely spreading-pubescent. Upper leaves sessile and smaller, moderately to densely spreading pubescent. Trichomes with multi-cellular base; adaxial 0.5–2 mm long, veins subglabrous; abaxial 0.5–1.5 mm long, on veins denser, longer and spreading; acroscopic. Inflorescences terminal and axillary, forked, to 20 cm in fruit, becoming raceme-like, many-flowered at anthesis, ebracteate. Pedicel ca. 5 mm long in fruit, recurved. Calyx 1–2.5 mm long, densely and antrorsely appressed pilose; lobes erect, ovate to oblong, ca. 2–3 mm × 0.5 mm, slightly enlarged in fruit, margin ciliate. Corolla infundibuliform, blue to dark blue or purple, 3–5 mm long; base 3–4 mm wide; limb 2.5–6 mm across; lobes orbicular, ca. 2.5 wide; veins distinctly reticulate; faucal scales at mouth of tube, rectangular to obscurely two-lobed, ca. 1 mm × 1 mm.Anthers oblong, ca. 0.5–1 mm long. Style ca. 0.5–2 mm long. Nutlets ovoid, 2–3 mm × 1.5–2 mm, abaxially planar to concave; irregularly glochidiate on the face, sometimes only a single central line of glochidia; glochidia 0.2–0.5 mm long, with multiple retrorse barbs and tubercles; marginal glochidia with widenend bases, half spreading, usually confluent and forming a wing.

Distribution and Habitat: A very widespread species, here reported from Afghanistan, Bhutan, Myanmar, China, India, Nepal, Pakistan and Turkey. It is found in forests, fields, and open meadows, but most often on disturbed sites such as river and road banks, along irrigation ditches and in fallow fields at an elevation of 3050–4420 m. The species has been brought into cultivation in Europe [e.g., France: Gironde, Bordeaux, cultivé au Jardin Botanique, 20.06.1923, A. Bouchon 4515 (P, P, P)] and has apparently escaped occasionally [ Germany: Westfalen, Siegen, in Gärten bei Seelbach, 22.08.1882, C. Baenitz s.n. (P).]

Note: —The species is extremely variable in vegetative morphology and is found in both compact forms with very narrow leaves in alpine grasslands and in lax forms, with much wider leaves in more shaded situations. The flat nutlets, typically with a spreading ring of confluent glochid bases and with a single median row or group of glochidia are, however, highly characteristical. The plant behaves as an annual or biennial species and quickly degenerates after flowering.

Representative specimens:— AFGHANISTAN. Badakhshan Province: Wakhan, zwischen Kharach, Sargaz. 36.95° / 73.9°, 2. August 1971, O. Anders 7961 (KUFS-013333) ; Wakhan, Baba Tangi (72/56-36/57), 36.95° / 72.93°, 05. July 1971, O. Anders 7096 (KUFS-005303) ; Barak (70/54-37/00), 37° / 70.9°, 01 July 1971, O. Anders 6918 (KUFS-005302) ; Bamyan Province: Bamian, 5 km suedlich von Panjao , 34.37° / 67.03°, 27. July 1970, D. Podlech 18866 (KUFS-005310) ; Paktia Province: 15 km NW Alikhel ( Paktia ), 1969-06-24, S. W. Breckle A-2176 (KUFS-005046) ; Kabul Province: Paghman valley near Kabul , 34 36 N, 68 565 E, 2300−2800 m, 21.06.1962, K. H. Rechinger 17140 ( AAU) ; Kabul , 15. July 1950, J. H. F. Neubauer 1738 (KUFS-005306) ; Kabul , 29. July 1951, M. Seddique s.n. (KUFS-018385) ; Kabul , 31. August 1939, Kabul, Motte 324 (KUFS-018386) ; Kabul, Paghman , 2600 m, 21.06.1962, Ian Hedge & Per Wendelbo 4381 ( GB) ; Kapisa Province: NW Kayli (69/37-35/06), N 34.6 °, E 68.93 °, 23. July 1973, D. Podlech 10785 (KUFS-005309) ; Kunar Province: Darya-e Katigal Tal bei Gawhardesh Koleh , 25.08.1970, 35.35°/71.53°, O. Anders 5191 (KUFS-009412) ; Sulaimanshah Darrah , 05 July 1973, O. Anders 10619 (KUFS-013336) ; Bashgaltal, Bargemtal Ostseite, 23. Augsut 1969, S. W. Breckle A-2924 (KUFS-005305) ; Darya-e Katigal Tal bei Gawhardesh Kholeh , 35.35°/71.53°, 25. July 1970, O. Anders 5191 (KUFS-013329) ; Suleimanshah Darrah , 34.87°/70.72°, 06. July 1973, O. Anders 10649 (KUFS-013327) ; Laghman Province: Alishang Tal, Dawlatshah , 34.93°/70.07°, 01 May 1970, O. Anders 3302 (KUFS-013337) ; Maidan Wardak Province: Maidan, Maidan-Tal bei Zaywalayat , 34.45°/68.77°, 26. July 1970, D. Podlech 18690 (KUFS-005058) ; Nangarhar Province: N-Hänge des Safed Koh S Oghz , 34.05°/70.47°, 16. June 1973, O. Anders 10313 (KUFS-013334) ; Nuristan Province: Bargematal, Kies Wegrand , 12 August 1967, S. W. Breckle A-749 (KUFS-005059) ; Parwan Province: NW Kayli , 35.1°/69.62°, 23. July 1973, O. Anders 10774 (KUFS-013330) ; Khenjan Tal, unterhlb der oberen Kehren , 35.4°/69°, 12. August 1973, O. Anders 10980 (KUFS-013328) ; Parwan Province: [Salang District] Salang , 2200 m, 1.07.1965, K. H. Rechinger 31635 ( AAU) ; Takhar Province: Farkhar, Flussufer (69/32-36/35), N 36.58 °/ E 69.53 °, 14. Mai 1977, D. Podlech. & Kh. Yarmal 30215 (KUFS-005311) .

BHUTAN. Bhutan, Chukha Zeinpu , 4500 ft, 04.07.1914, R. E. Cooper 1172 ( E) ; Bhutan, Banrang, Tsampa , 13700 ft, 07.06.1966, S. Bomes 3352 ( BM) ; Ghagra road, Rangamati , 27.06.[?]1997, M. K. Huda et al. 1143 ( E) ; Paro District: Bhutan, [Paro District], Sakden [Sakenang], 06.07.1934, F. Ludlow & G. Sherriff 596 ( BM) ; Thimphu District: Bhutan, [Thimphu District], Pajonding , above Thimphu, 3500 m, 27°29 N, 89°35 E, 19.07.1979, A. J. C. Grierson & D. G. Long 2761 ( E) ; Bhutan [Thimphu District], Dotena, Thimphu Cha , 10000 ft, 28.05.1949, F. Ludlow et al. 16380 ( BM, E, GH) ; Trashigang District: Bhutan, [Trashigang District], Shingbe , 12000 ft, 14.06.1949, F. Ludlow et al. 20729 ( BM, E, GH) .

CHINA. Qinghai, Valley South of Baima along Makehe River , 3385 m, 32°53‘37 N, 100°47‘15 E, 08.07.2000, SQAE 731 ( GB) ; Shaanxi: Shensi méridionale, Mar. 1873, A. Franchet s.n. ( P) ; Sichuan: Thibet oriental, Ta-Tsien-lou, no date, R. P. Mussot 284 ( P) ; Se-tchuen, Batang to Litang , M. Bonvalot & H. D´Orleans s.n. ( P) ; Litang , 4040 m, Jul. 1999, A. Boesi & F. Cardi S32 ( P) ; [Garzê Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture] Province of Batang, Yar-gong, Aug− Sept. 1904, Soulié 5171 ( P, P) ; Province of Batang, Yar-gong, Aug. 1904, Soulié 5164 ( P) Province of Batang , Tongolo , Jul.1894, Soulié 2820 ( P, P) ; Province of Batang, Kia-La, Tongolo, 13.07.1893, Soulié 2820 ( P, P) ; Province of Batang, Kia-La, Tongolo , Ta-tsien-lou, 13.07.1893, Soulié s.n. ( P) ; Tongolo , 22.07.1894, R. P. Soulié 2321 ( P) ; Kiala, Tongolo , anno 1893, J. A. Soulié 661 ( P) ; TIBETAN AUTONOMOUS REGION. Chumbi , 09.07.1913, R. E. Cooper 224 ( E) ; Xizang Province: Thibet oriental, Tsekou , 20.09.1895, R. P. Soulié 1056 ( P, P) ; Thibet oriental, Tsekou, no date, Montbeig s.n. ( P) ; Thibet oriental, Ta-Tsien-lou, anno 1893, J.- A. Soulié 861 ( P, P) ; Baxoi Xian, WNW of Rawu (Raog) along Palongzang Bu , 29° 28´55´´, E 96 ° 38 59´´, 3490 m, 28.07.2000, D. E. Boufford et al. 29752 ( BONN, GH) ; Yunnan: Yun-nan, Yan-tse-hay, 18.07.1887, Delavay 3104 ( P, P, P) ; Yan-tse-hay, 08.08.1888, Delavay 3387 ( P, P, P, GH) ; Yun-nan, 3200 m, 19.07.1887, Delavay 3108 ( P, P, P) ; Yun-nan, no date, Delavay s.n. ( P, P, P) ; Yangze watershed, Likiang district, eastern slopes of Likiang Snow Range , 9500 ft, May− Oct. 1922, J. F. Rock 8481 ( P) ; Piestchouan , 03.08.1909, F. Ducloux 6647 ( P) ; Tong-tchouan , 2990 m, no date, R.- P. Maire s.n. ( P) ; Mo-lo-yn, 28.05.1887, Delavay 3033 ( P, P, P) ; [Lankung] Lan Kong, Mo-lo-yn, 16.05.1884, Delavay 1061 ( GH, P, P, P) .

INDIA. [India], Mount Khasia , 4–6000 ft, no date, J. D. Hooker & T. Thomson s.n. ( BM, P-04082307 pro parte) ; Himachal Pradesh: Punjab, Koksin, Lahoul [Lahul], 10000 ft, 07.08. [?]1916, R. E. Cooper & A. K. Bulley 5277 ( E) ; Lahul, Kyelang , 10000 ft, 07.06.1941, N. L. Bor 14706 ( E) ; Kyelang, Lahul , 10 200 ft., 13−21 Jul 1930, Koeltz 360 ( P) ; Himachal Pradesh, Manali , 2000 m, 08.08.1988, R. McBeath 2051 ( E) ; Jagu, Simla , 8000 ft, 08.08.1890, George Watt 7929 ( E) ; Northern India, Bushahr, Simla , 29.07.1934, N. Parmanand 712 ( E) ; Simla , 7000 ft, 30.07.1888, George Watt 8891 ( E) ; Kilar Pangi , 8500 ft, 28.05.187[?], George Watt 2976 ( E) ; Pangi Lahoul , 9000 ft, no date, George Watt 3132 ( E) ; Pangi , 9000 ft, no date, George Watt s.n. ( E) ; Simla , no date, Harmand s.n. ( P) ; Kashmir: Kashmir, Kushuchun Lungmo Valley , 9500–10500 ft, 29.08.1939, R. Scott Russell 1778 ( BM) ; Kashmir, Kero Lugma Glacier , 10–11000 ft, 26.07.1939, R. Scott Russell 1337 ( BM) ; Punjab: Punjab, Tapri, Bushar , Simla, 11.07.1934, N. Parmanand 439 ( E) ; Punjab, Kunawai , 1886, J. R. Drummond 22227 ( E) ; Sikkim: Sikkim, Phune, Lachung Chhu , 3430 m, 13.07.1996, D. G. Long & H. J. Noltie 143 ( E) ; Sikkim, E. of Kapup , 12000 ft, 05.08.1913, R. E. Cooper 163 ( E) ; Changu, Sikkim , 27°45´05 N, 88°43´41 E, 12000 ft, 01.07.1913, R. E. Cooper 102 ( E) ; Changu , 12000 ft, 27.09.1913, R. E. Cooper 955 ( BM). Sikkim, 9000−10000 ft, Hooker & Thomson s.n. (P-03525288) ; Uttarakhand: Mussoorie, Jabberkhat , 7000 ft, anno 1915, A. Anderson 65 ( E) ; Jaunsar, Athang, Deoban , 9000 ft, aug 1890, K. Nand 284 ( E) ; [Kumaon Region] Kurim, Kumaon , 6200 ft., R. Strachey & J. E. Winterbottom 2 ( P) ; Garhwál, [Almorah] Rigoli-gudri , 11500 ft., R. Strachey & J. E. Winterbottom 4 ( P) ; [Kumaon Region] Lohar Lehkm , Kumaon, 16.06.1933, Biskam 2112 ( E) ; West Bengal: Darjeeling District: Sandakpha , 3600 m, 01.08.192[?], H. Kanai et al. 724053 ( BM).— India, not localized: Choorat, Royle 1835 ( K) ; NW Himalaya , 6000−9000 ft., Hooker & Thomson s.n. (P-04081960, P-04081963) ; NW Himalaya , 8000−10000 ft., Hooker & Thomson s.n. (P-04083755, P-0352285, P-0352282, P-04082307 pro parte) ; [ Himalaya ], no locality, no date, George Watt 8031 ( E) ; [?India], Iyanboche , 13000 ft, 23.04.[?]1914, Dr. Banarji & P. R. Shataya 5659 ( BM) .

NEPAL. East: Mechi Zone: Taplejung District: [East Nepal, Mechi Zone, Taplejung District], Simka Khola , 27°30 N, 87°59 E, 9500 ft, 24.06.1969, L. H. J. Williams 901 ( BM) ; Koshi Zone: Kalinchok area , 12000 ft., 12.10.1960, Banerji 1266 ( A) ; Tale Bisauna, 2750 m, Tingoang 3100 m, 11.09.1972, H. Kanai et al. 724070 ( BM) ; Sankhuwasabha District: Thudam , 3400 m, 22.06.1972, H. Kanai et al. 724073 ( BM) ; Arun Valley, Kasuwa Knila, N. of Num , 10000 ft, 02.06.1996, J. D. Stainton 509 ( BM, E) ; Sangkhua Khola , 27°30 N, 87°20 E, 10.06.1974, J.D. A. Stainton 7077 ( BM) ; Bhainsi Kharka (2540 m), Danda Kharka ( Dhari Kharka , 2860 m), Knshisa Kharka (3150 m), Khongmu ( Kauma , 3500 ft), 15.07.1988, M. Suzuki et al. 8820461 ( BM) ; Bhojpur District: East Nepal, Solu Khola , Tunbesi , 11000 ft, 27°33 N, 86°35 E, 16.06.1964, J.D. A. Stainton 4634 ( BM) ; Dhankuta District: Hile (1860 m), Pakhribas (1620 m), Gholi Kharka (1230 m), 1830 m, 23.07.1990, M. Minaki et al. 9080012 ( E) ; Sagarmatha Zone: Solukhumbu District: [Solukhumbu District], Sagarmatha, Solu Khumbu, Thesiyo , 15.09.2005, M. F. Watson et al. DNEP3 BX73 ( E, KATH) ; Dudh Kosi, SE of Lukla, 11000 ft, 27°30 N, 86°45 E, 24.06.1964, D. McCosh 275 ( BM) ; Central: Ghorapour , 1800 m, 14.05.[?]1914, J. F. Dombremez 3262 ( BM) ; [Nepal], Tale Blasuna (2780 m), Tingoang (3100 m), 11.09.1970, H. Kanai et al. 724090 ( BM) ; Nepal, Chalike Pahar , 13500 ft, 17.06.1954, Stainton et al. 3160 ( BM, E) ; Lende Khola , 8000–9500 ft., 9.− 11.07.1949, O. Polunin 855 ( BM) ; Sabze Khola , 12 500 ft, 28.06.1950, D. G. Lowndes 1082 ( BM, E) ; near Gurjakhani , 10500 ft, 13.06.1954, Stainton et al. 3096 ( BM, E) ; [?Maharajgunj Khola], Maharigan Khola , 13500 ft, 27.07.1952, O. Polunin et al. 1642 ( BM) ; Tikoli , 1000 ft, 27°38 N, 84°30 E, 13.03.1966, J.D. A. Stainton 5259 ( BM) ; Central Nepal, Sim Chotala (960 m), Ramche (1800 m), Gram (1900 m), 20.08.1972, H. Kanai et al. 721663 ( BM) ; Chalungpa , 14600 ft, 17.08.1977, G. Miehe 486 ( BM) ; Bagmati Zone: Dobate , 3300 m, 09.08.1974, J. H. de Haas 2141 ( BM) ; Langtang , 11500–12500 ft, 21.06.1949, O. Polunin 458 ( BM) ; Rasuwa District: Pabil Kharka (3320 m), a pass (4420 m), a Kharka (4170 m), 3320 m, 28°15 N, 85°07 E, 07.08.1994, F. Miyamoto et al. No. 9420198 ( E, KATH) ; Rasuwa District: Kyangin Kharka area , 13000 ft, 16.07.1967, S. B. Malla 9158 ( BM) ; Dhaibungkot , 5500 ft, 31.05.1949, O. Polunin 42 ( BM) ; Base Camp (4900 m), Yala Kharka (4760 m), Yathang (4040 m), Langtang Khola (4000 m), 4000 m, 85°37´17 E, 28°13´09 N – 85°38´50 E, 28°12´10 N, 19.07.1992, F. Miyamoto 9220264 ( E) ; Lama Lodge (2470 m), Chumna Lodge (2800 m), Ghora Tabela (3000 m), Thangshab (3200 m), Langtang (3500 m), 85°25 E, 28°09´40 N – 85°30´32 E, 28°12´59 N, 12.07.1992, H. Takayama et al. 9220111 ( E) ; Janakpur Zone: Dolkha District: Lamjure Pavida , 10000 ft, 05.04. [?]1923, Dr. Banarji & P. R. Shataya 5517 ( BM) ; Ramechhap District: Koshing Kharka (4000 m), Thare og (4150 m), 86°26 E, 27°44 N – 86°28 E, 27°45 N, 22.07.1985, H. Ohba et al. 8580420 ( BM, KATH) ; Neju (3651 m), Choarma (2760 m), 86°31 E, 27°44 N – 86°28 E, 27°41 N, 02.08.1985, H. Ohba et al. 8571113 ( BM) ; Bhandar (2300 m), Kinja (1650 m), Sheptom (2050 m), Nemar (2400 m), Sete (2550 m), 86°20 E, 27°34 N – 86°26 E, 27°34 N, 18.08.1985, H. Ohba et al. 8571732 ( BM) ; West: Kali Gandaki, 4000 ft, 25.07.1953, J. B. Tyson 119 ( BM) ; Kali Gandaki, Tatopani (1360 m), Dana (1550 m), Titre (1600 m), Ghasa (2100 m), 16.07.1983, H. Ohba et al. 8350458 ( BM, E, KATH) ; Gandaki Zone: Gorkha District: Bhumlichok , 2500 ft, 10.08.1935, F. M. Baileys collectors s.n. ( BM) ; Shiar Khola Chumje , 10500 ft, 26.06.1953, P. C. Gardner 858 ( BM, E) ; Kaski District: Poyora [Pokhara], 9500 Ft , 28.07.1952, O. Polunin et al. 355 ( BM, E) ; Pokhara , 3500 ft, 24.07.1954, Stainton et al. 6483 ( BM, E) ; Lamjung District: Rambrong, Lamjung Himal , 11500 ft, 29.06.1954, Stainton et al. 5997 ( BM, E) ; Lamjung, S. of Tukucha, Kali Gadaki , 10000 ft, 23.07.1954, Stainton et al. 1963 ( BM) ; Lumbini Zone: Kumse , 900 m, 11.05.1973, S. Einarsson et al. 11 ( BM) ; Dhaulagiri Zone: Jargeng Khola , 13500 ft, 07.07.1950, D. G. Lowndes 1148 ( BM, E) ; Ritum [Rithum] Khola , 4000 ft, 06.05.1954, Stainton et al. 2735 ( BM, E) ; Mustang Disrict: Kalopani (2530 m), Dhampus (2480 m), Kokethanti (2500 m), Larjung (2520m), Khanti (2540 m), Tukuche (2590 m), 83°35 E, 29°35 N – 83°35 E, 29°40 N, 29.08.1988, M. Suzuki et al. 8881542 ( E) ; Jomsom (2720), Ekle Bhatti (2780), Khingar (3310 m), Jharkot (3450 m), 3300 m, 28°47´09–49´38 N, 83°42´50–5107 E, 22.09.1995, M. Mikage et al. 9552387 ( E) ; 2490 m, 28°45 N, 83°41 E – 28°39 N, 83°37 E, 05.08.1996, T. Hoshino et al. 9666169 ( E) ; Jomsom (2680 m), Eklebhatti (2720m), Kagbeni (2770m), 2750 m, 28°46´54 N, 83°51´02 E – 28°50´12 N, 83°47´06 E, 02.08.2001, S. Noshiro et al. 20104088 ( E) ; Mustang district, Zhaite ( Chaite ) to Bhena , 3730 m, 29°01´39 N, 83°51´02 E – 28°58´45 N, 83°48´47 E, 17.08.2001, S. Noshiro 20104240 ( E) ; 3580 m, 29°03´40 N, 83°52´15,6 E, 17.08.2002, F. Miyamoto et al. 20210115 ( E) ; Myagdi District: Tudam , 11300 ft, 20.07.1971, L. W. Beer et al. 9412 ( BM) ; Annapurna Himal, Seti Khola , 12500 ft, 10.07.1954, Stainton et al. 6543 ( BM, E) ; Hook Shinta , 13000 ft, 1930, Lall Dhwoj 128 ( BM, E) ; Dana , 4500 ft, 04.04.[?]2012, T. B. Shrestha & M. S. Bista 1856 ( BM) ; Dana , 8500 ft, 29.07.1952, O. Polunin et al. 373 ( BM) ; Mid-West: Karnali Zone: Dolpa District: Dunai , 2100 m, 28°55 N, 82°55 E, 26.04.1974, J. F. Dombremez 2756 ( BM, E) ; Camp Site (3700m), Thalagaon (2820 m), Jangra Khora (2170 m), Quadrat (2180m), Dunai (2090 m), 3015 m, 82°50 E, 28°50 N, 14.10.1991, M. Minaki et al. 9105152 ( E) ; Tarakot , 3800 m, 21.06.1973, S. Einarsson et al. 1001 ( BM) ; Tarakot , 2700 m, 21.06.1973, S. Einarsson et al. 996 ( BM) ; Tarakot , 2700 m, 12.06.1973, S. Einarsson et al. 566 ( BM) ; Jumla District: Bhurchula Lakh, near Jumla , 12500 ft, 12.07.1952, O. Polunin et al. 4597 ( E) ; Jumla , 7600 ft, 01.07.1952, O. Polunin et al. 4397 ( BM, E) ; Mugu District: Jhyari , 2550 m, 29°30´30 N, 82°7´15 E, 08.06.2008, C. A. Pendry et al. JRS A93 ( E, KATH) ; Rapti Zone: Dang District: Balle , NW of Bijauri, 5000 ft, 26.03.1952, O. Polunin et al. 3684 ( BM) ; Rukum District: Maikot , 8000 ft, 27.06.1954, Stainton et al. 3278 ( BM, E) ; Bheri Zone: Surkhet District: Surkhet (680 m), Katukuwa (1380 m), 81°37´08 E, 28°35´30 N – 81°37´24 E, 28°38´03 N, 29.07.1991, M. Suzuki et al. 9160021 ( E) ; Katukuwa (1380 m), Sidhapaila (1970 m), Ranimatta (2170 m), 81°37´24 E, 28°38´03 N – 81°37´59 E, 28°41´26 N, 30.07.1991, M. Suzuki et al. 9160070 ( E) ; Far West: Seti Zone: Kando , 9000 ft, 16.07.1953, J. B. Tyson 103 ( BM) ; Kando , 9000 ft, 16.07.1953, J. B. Tyson 103 ( BM) ; Bajhang District: Khaptad National Park, Trail from Ghoda daune to Lokhada , 2448 m, 29°24´56 N, 81°08’´34 E, 03.07.2009, H. Ikeda et al. 20913051 ( E) .

PAKISTAN. Gilgit-Baltistan: [Astore District], Rama Valley , SW of Astor [Astore] 10 500 ft., N 35 °20, E 75 °50, Aug. [19]62, T. E. Lankester & T. A. S. Pearson 1391 ( BM) ; Naltar Valley , 2870 m, 08.10.1983, B. Aldén et al. 6484 ( GB) ; Federally Administered Tribal Areas [formerly Peshawar Division of North-West Frontier Province]: [ Kurram Valley ] vallée de Kuram, 22.06.1880, J. E T. Aitchison 175 ( P) ; Chitral , N 35 °51´, E 71 °46´, 4800 m, 15.05.1958, S. A. Bolwles Lyon 637 ( E) ; Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: Chitral, Yarkhun , 8000 ft, 36°30 N, 72°40 E – 36°48 N, 73°05 E, 15.06.1958, S. A. Bowes Lyon 916 ( E, E) ; [Mansehra District] Neor, lake Lolahsar, Kagan valley , 13000 ft, 83°70 N, 73°80 E, 15.08.1975, C. Wright 59 ( BM) ; North Waziristan Agency: Razmak , 4000–8500 ft, Aug. 1932, D. C. Lowndes 6 ( E) .

Cultivated material: received from Chiltern seeds, cultivated at the greenhouse at the Institut für Biologie—Freie Universität Berlin, plants 5 months old, specimens prepared 10.03.2009, M. Weigend 9169 ( B, M).

Unidentified localities: V. Jacquemont 1022 ( P); V. Jacquemont 769 ( P, P).

Figures

FIGURE 2. Abaxial leaf indument of Cynoglossum (leaf apex to the left): A, B densely pubescent leaf surface of C. amabile with denser hair cover on veins (F. Ludlow et al. 4658). C, D densely pubescent leaf surface of C. furcatum with appressed hair cover, orientated towards leaf base (A. Gröger et al. 226-1). E, F densely pubescent leaf surface of C. lanceolatum with denser hair cover on leaf veins (L.H.J. Williams 1049). G, H densely pubescent leaf surface of C. microglochin with denser hair cover on leaf veins (J.F. Duthie 5803). I, J sparsely pubescent leaf surface of C. wallichii with multi-cellular hair bases and spreading hair (Botanische Gärten Bonn).

FIGURE 4. Variability of fruit morphological detail types of nutlets and glochidia of Cynoglossum wallichii: A–C nutlet with disc glochidia on central keel and marginal ones forming a distinct wing (M. Weigend 9169). D–F nutlet with long and short disc glochidia and marginal ones forming a narrow wing (Stainton et al. 6483). G–I nutlet with only few disc glochidia and marginal ones with thickened base (R.E. Cooper 955). J–L nutlet with only less glochidia in centre and marginal ones confluent forming a prominent wing (M. Suzuki et al. 9160070). M–O nutlet with few glochidia in centre and marginal ones with thickened base (M. Minaki et al. 9105152).

FIGURE 6. Cynoglossum wallichii G. Don. Fruit development and variability in details of fruit morphology within a single inflorescence (M. Weigend 9169).

FIGURE 7. Cynoglossum amabile Stapf & J.R. Drumm. A, inflorescence with typical sessile, ovate cauline leaves and large flowers. B infructescence. C indistinctly petiolate rosette leaf and sessile stem leaf, D young plant with typical petiolate leaves and tap-root (M. Weigend 9115).

FIGURE 8. Cynoglossum furcatum Wall. ex Roxb. A two different inflorescence branches from secondary growth, showing the sessile cauline leaves. B Petiolate rosette leaf from first year and sessile, cauline leaf from basal part of inflorescence. FALSCHE AUFLÖSUNG von C. D typical “furcate”, ebracteose inflorescence in early fruit (A. Gröger et al. 226-1).