Charinus Simon, 1892

Miranda, Gustavo Silva de, Giupponi, Alessandro P. L., Prendini, Lorenzo & Scharff, Nikolaj, 2021, Systematic revision of the pantropical whip spider family Charinidae Quintero, 1986 (Arachnida, Amblypygi), European Journal of Taxonomy 772, pp. 1-409 : 8-12

publication ID	https://doi.org/ 10.5852/ejt.2021.772.1505
publication LSID	lsid:zoobank.org:pub:9B82A32F-0A07-47E3-8684-FED7C8EBF1E9
DOI	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5570652
persistent identifier	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8F431375-FF9E-FFD8-A579-FC93FAB1D93D
treatment provided by	Felipe
scientific name	Charinus Simon, 1892
status

Treatment

Genus Charinus Simon, 1892 View in CoL

Charinus Simon, 1892: 48 View in CoL

(type species: Phrynus australianus L. Koch, 1867 , by original designation).

Enantiosarax Mello-Leitão, 1931: 55 View in CoL (synonymized by Quintero 1983: 46) (type species: Enantiosarax schirchii Mello-Leitão, 1931 View in CoL , by monotypy).

Oligacanthophrynus Caporiacco, 1947: 21 View in CoL (synonymized by Weygoldt 1998a: 72) (type species: Oligacanthophrynus guianensis Caporiacco, 1947 View in CoL , by original designation).

Speleophrynus Ravelo, 1975: 78–79 View in CoL (synonymized by Quintero 1983: 27) (type species: Speleophrynus tronchonii Ravelo, 1975 View in CoL , by original designation).

Tricharinus Quintero, 1986: 206 View in CoL (synonymized by Weygoldt 2000a: 25) (type species: Tricharinus guianensis Quintero, 1986 View in CoL , by original designation).

Charinus View in CoL – Kraepelin 1895: 46; 1899: 248–249. — Gravely 1915b: 442. — Mello-Leitão 1931: 54. — Werner 1935: 471. — Weygoldt 1999b: 48; 2000a: 23–24. — Armas & Pérez 2001: 62. — Harvey 2003: 3–4. — Armas 2006b: 225; 2014: 31.

Oligacanthophrynus View in CoL – Caporiacco 1948: 616.

Type species

Phrynus australianus L. Koch, 1867 , by original designation.

Diagnosis

Charinus may be distinguished from the other two genera of Charinidae by the following combination of characters: lateral eyes situated at least three times diameter of one ocellus from carapace lateral margin, with seta posterior to lateral ocular triad ( Fig. 37A–B View Fig ); setiferous tubercles situated far apart on dorsal carina of pedipalp coxa; female gonopod cushion-like ( Figs 5C–D View Fig , 7C–D View Fig ), finger-like or suckerlike ( Figs 5A–B View Fig , 7A–B View Fig ); posterior margin of female genital operculum straight or rounded ( Fig. 17 View Fig ); area of genital operculum between gonopods and posterior margin smooth in dorsal view ( Fig. 17 View Fig ).

Unlike Charinus , in which the area of genital operculum between the gonopods and posterior margin is smooth, and the posterior margin curved dorsally, the area has denticulate projections in Sarax ( Figs 106D View Fig , 113D View Fig ), and the posterior margin is linear in Weygoldtia .

Etymology

Unknown, but likely to be the diminutive of the name Charon .

Description

CARAPACE. Frontal process well developed, much wider than long, with blunt, rebordered or acute apex ( Figs 42C View Fig , 54C View Fig ). Carapace dorsoventrally compressed, wider than long. Median eyes and ocular tubercle or, when tubercle absent, anterior depression, leading to narrow medial sulcus that extends around posterior area of pair of lateral humps situated behind lateral eyespots ( Fig. 35A View Fig ). Anterior margin rounded with fine setae and corners slightly depressed; with 6–10 small setae, two medial setae usually directly anterior to median ocular tubercle ( Fig. 37A View Fig ). Carina originating at anterolateral margin, widening posteriorly from coxa I and onwards, widest dorsal to coxae III and IV, and reaching posterior margin. Many tiny punctations, more abundant in anterior area ( Fig. 33A View Fig ), arranged in lines and spots, irradiating from fovea and interspersed with glabrous areas. Three pairs of deep sulci and very deep, rectangular or triangular fovea (corners form starting point of second and third sulci). First pair of sulci situated slightly posterior to lateral boss and not reaching midline. Four pairs of lateral depressions (first placed over first pair of sulci). Lateral eyes well developed, or reduced to small, whitish spot, without cornea or clearly defined lens (only small roundish knob), rarely absent.

STERNUM. Four-segmented, all platelets sclerotized and convex ( Fig. 31B View Fig ). Tritosternum with round base, projected anteriorly into long or small, blunt tubercle, with two apical setae and two basal setae ( Fig. 24B View Fig ). Medial platelet (tetrasternum) rounded, convex, with two setae and few setulae; formed by single ( Fig. 30B View Fig ) or paired ( Fig. 24B View Fig ) platelets. Third platelet (pentasternum) also rounded and convex, but smaller, with shorter setae than second platelet; formed by single ( Fig. 30B View Fig ) or paired ( Fig. 24B View Fig ) platelets. Metasternum paired in anterior half, with anterior setae in membranous region followed by two or three setae in sclerotized area, arranged in longitudinal row from unsclerotized to sclerotized region; distal border with small elevation bearing 2–8 large setae. Sternites separated from each other by twice diameter of medial platelet.

OPISTHOSOMA. Oblong, with almost indistinguishable punctations, finer than on carapace ( Fig. 30A View Fig ).

GENITALIA. Female gonopods rounded or oval,sucker-like (barrel shaped), with rounded opening( Fig. 65 View Fig ), finger-like (in C. africanus Hansen, 1921 only) or cushion-like, with wide atrial opening or covered with claw-like projection ( Fig. 22 View Fig ). Male gonopods slightly wider than long, soft, only posterolateral margin of dorsal lobes and basal sclerite of lateral lobes sclerotized; median lobes long and thin, lamellar, with wide, rounded tip, almost reaching apex of lateral lobes ( Fig. 25 View Fig ).

CHELICERAE. Cheliceral furrow with four prolateral teeth ( Fig. 10 View Fig ), distal tooth bifid. Fourth tooth twice as long as others and much stouter. Tooth length (from tip to base) IV>Ia>Ib =II>III. Claw with 5–13 denticles ( Fig. 11A–B, E–F View Fig ).

PEDIPALPS. Coxa with dorsal carina rounded in shape; 2–5 equidistant setae along prolateral margin, and 0–6 setae encircled by round carina. Trochanter with large distal, spiniform, ventral apophysis, bearing many prominent setae, and with blunt apex pointed anteriorly, and two subequal spines, one in median third and other at distal apex of prolateral surface ( Fig. 2 View Fig ). Femur with 2–7 dorsal spines in primary series, decreasing in size, sometimes with secondary row of spines ( Fig. 3A–D View Fig ); femur dorsal surface with row of 2–4 setiferous tubercles between spine 1 and proximal margin of segment; 2–6 ventral spines in primary series, sometimes with secondary row of spines; setiferous tubercle or spine between spine ventral 1 and proximal margin, aligned with primary series or displaced dorsally. Patella with 3–6 dorsal spines in primary series, decreasing in lengths ( Fig. 4A–D View Fig ); small setal tubercle between spine I and distal margin of patella; 2–6 ventral spines, distal larger; 1–4 setiferous tubercles or 1–2 spines between ventral spine I and distal margin. Tibia with two dorsal spines, distal at end of proximal half, proximal in proximal third ( Fig. 30 View Fig ); ventral spine in distal half, around two-thirds length of tibia, and 2 or 3 setal tubercles proximal to spine; row of 2–5 long, thin setae (longer than others in vicinity). Tarsus with 1–3 curved spines in proximal half ( Figs 13 View Fig , 52D View Fig ); cleaning organ about half article length of tarsus. Claw (apotele) with long, acute, curved apex.

LEGS. All very setose. Femur length on leg I>III>IV>II; ventral corner of prolateral surface of leg II–IV femora projecting into distinct spiniform process. Tibia of leg I with 16–25 articles (up to 47 in regenerated legs); distal articles of tibia each with two small trichobothria, one on dorsal and one on prolateral side of article; one trichobothrium on second, third and fourth (from distal to proximal) articles, close to distal border, all situated dorsally; no trichobothria on other articles. Leg I tarsus (basitarsus + distitarsus) with 23–43 articles (up to 62 in regenerated legs); apical article with claw, tarsal organ and rod sensilla ( Fig. 16 View Fig ). Leg IV basitibia with 2–4 pseudo-articles, one trichobothrium on last pseudo-article. Leg IV distitibia with one basal, two median and 13–18 distal trichobothria. Leg IV basitibia–distitibia length BT1>DT>BT3=BT4>BT2. Leg IV basitarsus/distitarsus ratio 7/4, distitarsus tetramerous.

Included taxa

Distribution

Recorded from the following countries and territories: Australia, Belize, Brazil, Colombia, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Equatorial Guinea, French Guiana, Ghana, Guadeloupe, Guinea, Guiana, Jamaica, Kenya, Madagascar, Martinique, New Caledonia, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Puerto Rico, Saint-Barthélemy, Samoa, São Tomé and Príncipe, Sierra Leone, Surinam, US Virgin Islands, Venezuela.

Remarks

Twelve species previously assigned to Charinus are hereby transferred to Sarax based on the phylogeny of Miranda et al. (2021). Those species share with other species of Sarax the position of the lateral eyes situated near the carapace margin, the finger-like and plunger-like shape of the female gonopod, and the similar shape of the posterior margin of the genital operculum with denticulated surface on the dorsal area and ventral projections aligned with the gonopods.

Key to the identification of the species of Charinus in the Caribbean and Central America

1. Tibia of leg I with 23 articles............................................................................................................. 2

– Tibia of leg I with 21 or 22 articles.................................................................................................... 8

2. Leg I tarsus with 37–39 articles......................................................................................................... 3

– Leg I tarsus with 41 articles............................................................................................................... 4

3. Median eyes absent.................................................................. C. muchmorei Armas & Teruel, 1997 View in CoL

– Median eyes vestigial, reduced to small blackish spots; sternum platelets divided ( Fig. 20E View Fig )........... ................................................................................................ C. cubensis ( Quintero, 1983) View in CoL ( Fig. 20 View Fig )

– Median eyes vestigial, reduced to small blackish spots; sternum platelets not divded ....................... .............................................................................................. C. martinicensis Teruel & Coulis, 2017 View in CoL

4. Median eyes present but reduced....................................................................................................... 5

– Median eyes absent............................................................................................................................ 6

5. Pedipalp femur with three dorsal spines................................................... C. acosta ( Quintero, 1983) View in CoL

– Pedipalp femur with two dorsal spines........................................ C. desirade Teruel & Questel, 2015 View in CoL

6. Lateral eyes reduced ............................................................ C. centralis Armas & Ávila Calvo, 2000 View in CoL

– Lateral eyes well developed............................................................................................................... 7

7. Leg I tarsus, first article 1.4–1.9 times as long as second article......................................................... ................................................................................... C. reddelli View in CoL Miranda, Giupponi & Wizen, 2016

– Leg I tarsus, first article 3 or 4 times as long as second article ........................................................... ................................................................................ C. belizensis View in CoL Miranda, Giupponi & Wizen, 2016

8. Leg I tarsus with 33 or 34 articles ..................................................................................................... 9

– Leg I tarsus with 37–39 articles........................................................................................................11

9. Median eyes present but reduced ( Fig. 13A View Fig )............. C. aguayoi Moyá-Guzmán, 2009 View in CoL ( Figs 13–16 View Fig View Fig View Fig View Fig )

– Median eyes absent.......................................................................................................................... 10

10. Pedipalp patella with three ventral spines ( Fig. 21F View Fig ) .......................................................................... .......................................................................... C. dominicanus Armas & Pérez, 2001 View in CoL ( Figs 21–23 View Fig View Fig View Fig )

– Pedipalp patella with two ventral spines ............................................... C. wanlessi ( Quintero, 1983) View in CoL

11. Median eyes present ........................................................................................................................ 12

– Median eyes absent.......................................................................................................................... 13

12. Median eyes well developed; pedipalp femur with four dorsal spines................................................ ....................................................................................................... C. bruneti Teruel & Questel, 2011 View in CoL

– Median eyes reduced; pedipalp femur with three dorsal spines .......................................................... ................................................................................................ C. miskito View in CoL sp. nov. ( Figs 5E–F View Fig , 24–26 View Fig View Fig View Fig )

13. Leg IV basitibia with two pseudo-articles..................... C. caribensis ( Quintero, 1986) View in CoL ( Figs 17–19 View Fig View Fig View Fig )

– Leg IV basitibia with three pseudo-articles ..................................................................................... 14

14. Leg I tarsus, first article three to five times as long as second article.............................................. 15

– Leg I tarsus, first article shorter or longer than three times second article ...................................... 16

15. Cheliceral claw with four teeth................................... C. magua Seiter, Schramm & Schwaha, 2018 View in CoL

– Cheliceral claw with five teeth ................................................................. C. perezassoi Armas, 2010 View in CoL

16. Tritosternum barely reaching base of pedipalp coxae ................................ C. bahoruco Teruel, 2016 View in CoL

– Tritosternum surpassing base of pedipalp coxae ............................................................................. 17

17. Leg I tarsus, first article 4.5 times as long as second article; leg I tarsus with 39 articles .................. ..................................................................................................................... C. decu ( Quintero, 1983) View in CoL

– Leg I tarsus, first article equal in length to second article; leg I tarsus with 37 articles...................... ............................................................................................................. C. tomasmicheli Armas, 2006 View in CoL