Ipomoea pes

Wood, John R. I., Munoz-Rodriguez, Pablo, Williams, Bethany R. M. & Scotland, Robert W., 2020, A foundation monograph of Ipomoea (Convolvulaceae) in the New World, PhytoKeys 143, pp. 1-823 : 1

339. Ipomoea pes -caprae (L.) R. Br. in Tuckey, Narr. Exped. Zaire 477. 1818. (Tuckey 1818: 477)

Convolvulus pes-caprae L., Sp. Pl. 159. 1753. (Linnaeus 1753: 159). Type. Linn. No. 218.59 (lectotype LINN, designated by St John [1957: 65]).

Plesiagopus sovana Raf. , Fl. Tellur. 4: 78. 1838. (Rafinesque 1838a: 78). Type. Based on Convolvulus pes-caprae L.

Ipomoea aegopoda St. Lag. , Soc. Ann. Bot. Lyon. 7: 70. 1880. (Saint-Lager 1880: 70), nom. illeg. superfl. Type. Based on Ipomoea pes-caprae (L.) R. Br.

Quamoclit pes-caprae (L.) M. Gómez, Fl. Habana 346. 1899 [pub.1897]. ( Gómez de la Maza y Jiménez 1897: 346).

Convolvulus brasiliensis L., Sp. Pl. 159. 1753. (Linnaeus 1753: 159). Type. Icon in Plumier, Descr. Pl. Amer. 89, t. 104 (1693), lectotype designated by St John (1957: 66).

Ipomoea brasiliensis (L.) Sweet, Hort. Suburb. Lond. 35. 1818. (Sweet 1818: 35).

Latrienda brasiliensis (L.) Raf., Fl. Tellur. 4: 81. 1836 [pub.1838]. (Rafinesque 1838a: 81).

Ipomoea pes-caprae subsp. brasiliensis (L.) Ooststr., Blumea 3: 533. 1940. (Ooststroom 1940: 533).

Ipomoea pes-caprae var. emarginata Hallier f., Bull. Soc. Roy. Bot. Belg. 37: 98.1898. (Hallier 1898a: 98). Type. Based on Convolvulus brasiliensis L.

Ipomoea bilobata var. emarginata (Hallier f.) F.N. Williams, Bull. Herb. Boiss., ser. 2, 5: 438. 1905. (Williams, FN 1905: 438).

Ipomoea brasilianus , L., Fl. Jam. 14. 1759 (lapsus?). (Linnaeus 1759b: 14).

Ipomoea biloba Forssk., Fl. Aegypt-Arab. 44. 1775. (Forsskal 1775: 44). Type. YEMEN. Zabid, Forsskal s.n. (lectotype BM001014578, designated by Verdcourt [1963: 121]).

Ipomoea pes-caprae var. biloba (Forssk.) Hallier f., Annuario Reale Ist. Bot. Roma 7: 231. 1898. (Hallier 1898c: 231).

Convolvulus maritimus Desr. Encycl. Meth. 3(2): 550. 1792 [dated 1789). (Desrousseaux 1792: 550), nom. illeg., non Convolvulus maritimus Lamarck (1779) . Type. Various syntypes cited.

Convolvulus bauhiniarefolius Salisb. , Prodr. Stirp. Hort. Chapel Allerton 125. 1796. (Salisbury 1796: 125), nom. illeg. superfl. Type. Based on Convolvulus pes-caprae L.

Ipomoea maritima R.Br. , Prodr. 486. 1810. (Brown, R 1810: 486). Type. Based on Convolvulus maritimus Desr.

Batatas maritimus (R.Br.) Bojer , Hort. Maurit. 225. 1837 (Bojer 1837: 225).

Convolvulus biglandulosus Stokes , Bot. Mat. Med. 1: 326. 1812. (Stokes 1812: 326), nom. illeg. superfl. Type based on Convolvulus brasiliensis L.

Convolvulus capripes Stokes , Bot. Mat. Med. 1: 327. 1812. (Stokes 1812: 327), nom. illeg. superfl. Type based on Convolvulus pes-caprae L.

Ipomoea orbicularis Elliot, Sketch Bot. S. Carolina 1(3): 257. 1817. (Elliot 1817: 157). Type. UNITED STATES. Georgia, Cumberland Island, W. Bernard (syntypes PH00016071 & CHARL-BY2408).

Bonanox orbicularis (Elliot) Raf. , Fl. Tellur. 4: 77. 1836 [pub. 1838]. (Rafinesque 1838a: 77).

Convolvulus bilobatus Roxb., Fl. Ind. , ed. 2: 73. 1824. (Roxburgh 1824: 73). Type. Plant cultivated at Calcutta with roots from the Moluccas, (lectotype Wallich 1359 (K0011128888, portion on right of sheet, designated here).

Ipomoea bilobata (Roxb.) G. Don in Sweet, Hort. Brit. , ed. 3, 489. 1839. (Sweet 1839: 489).

Convolvulus retusus Colla, Hort. Ripul. append. 3: 144 [31]. 1826. (Colla 1826b: 144), nom. nud. Type. GUADELOUPE. Bertero s.n. (TO).

Convolvulus rotundifolius Schumach. & Thonn. , Beskr. Guin. Pl. 102. 1827. (Schumacher and Thonning 1827: 102). Type. GHANA. Thonning s.n. (syntype C100003635).

Ipomoea brevipes Sesse & Mocino ex Choisy in A.P. de Candolle , Prodr. 9: 349. 1845. (Choisy 1845: 349). Type. Fl. Mexicana, unpublished image (whereabouts unknown, not found in the Torner Collection of Sessé and Moçiño Biological Illustrations).

Ipomoea pes-caprae forma arenaria Dammer, Pflanzenw. Ost-Afrikas 332. 1895. (Engler 1895: 332). Type. TANZANIA. C. Holst 3040 (holotype B†, isotype HBG505562).

Ipomoea pes-caprae forma albiflora Domin, Biblioth. Bot. 89: 1090. 1928. (Domin 1928: 536), nom. nud. Based on a collection by Domin from Yarraba, Queensland, Australia.

Ipomoea pes-caprae var. perunkulamensis P. Umam. & P. Daniel, J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 23: 691. 1999. (Umamaheswari and Daniel 1999: 691). Type. INDIA. [Tamil Nadu], Ramanathapurum Distr., Perunkulam, P. Daniel 101473 (holotype CAL, isotype MH).

Type.

Based on Convolvulus pes-caprae L.

Description.

Vigorous trailing perennial; stems stout, glabrous, rooting at the nodes, up to 30 m in length; latex present. Leaves petiolate, 3.5-9 × 3-10 cm, coriaceous and somewhat succulent, ovate to reniform or suborbicular, apex emarginate to shallowly bilobed (rarely rounded), base truncate to weakly cordate, abaxially paler, prominently veined and with glands near base of midrib; petioles 2-10 cm. Inflorescence of shortly pedunculate axillary cymes; peduncles 1.5-14 cm; bracteoles 2-3.5 mm, ovate-deltoid, acuminate, caducous; pedicels 1.5-2.7 cm, thickened upwards; sepals slightly unequal, pale green, coriaceous, suborbicular or broadly ovate, outer 5-12 × 6 mm, elliptic, mucronate, inner 7-11 × 7-9 mm, slightly larger, suborbicular with scarious margins; corolla 4-5 cm long, funnel-shaded, pink, glabrous, limb 4-5 cm diam. Capsules 1.5-2.2 cm, subglobose, glabrous, the slender style somewhat persistent; seeds 6-8 mm, “pea” -shaped, black, shortly tomentose; pedicel often persistent on fallen capsule so aiding dispersal in the sea.

Illustrations. Figure 161D ; Proctor (2012: 551); Acevedo-Rodríguez (2005: 174); Bosser and Heine (2000: 31); Deroin (2001: 229).

Distribution.

Pantropical on sand near the sea; a characteristic seashore plant, also occurring rarely in saline conditions inland.

BRAZIL. Alagoas: S. Tsugaru B1452 (NY, MO). Bahia: Blanchet 336 (BM); R.M. Harley 17098 (K, MO, RB), 18056 (K, RB). Ceará: A. Löfgren 1 (S); A.S.F. Castro 1371 (EAC). Espirito Santo: Z.A. Trinta & E. Fromm 2147 (K). Pará: M.N. Bastos 1362 (RB). Paraíba: J.C. de Moraes 2276 (NY); M.F. Agra 1440 (K). Paraná: G. Hatschbach1208 (S). Pernambuco: G. Gardner s.n. [12/1837] (BM); Fernando de Noronho, G. Prance 26336 (NY). Piauí: M.L. Montes 12 (CEPEC). Rio de Janeiro: J. Fontella 2997 (RB); Hemmendorf 410 (S). Rio Grande do Norte: M.B. de Sousa 154 (RB). Santa Catarina: A. Krapovickas & C. Cristóbal 42118 (K, CTES); Guanabara, A.P. Duarte 6251 (K, RB). São Paulo: C.W. Mosén 3442 (S); K. Mizoguchi 974 (MO, NY). Sergipe: C. Farney 2746 (RB).

FRENCH GUIANA. B. Bordenave 112 (P)

SURINAM. Fide Austin and Huáman (1996).

GUYANA. A. Leechman s.n. [5/4/1917] (K); A.S. Hitchcock 16571 (NY, S); A.C. Persaud 140 (F).

PERU. Lambayeque: E. Cerrate et al. 5279A (MO). Tumbes: R. Ferreyra 12282 (MO).

ECUADOR. Galapagos: T. Taylor 94 (K), H. Van der Werff 1851 (S), G. Harling 5574 (S). Esmeraldas: B. Sparre 15336 (S). Guayas: L. Holm-Nielsen 2504 (AAU, MO, NY, S). Manabí: L. Holm-Nielsen 21793 (AAU, K, MO).

COLOMBIA. Antioquia: F.J. Rodán et al. 512 (MO). Cauca: K. von Sneidern 4862 (S). Chocó: A. Gentry & M.E. Fallen 17504 (COL, MO); P. Pinto 142 (COL). Magdalena: Santa Marta, H.H. Smith 1582 (K, NY, MO, S); T. Plowman 3538 (K). San Andrés Island: Romero 9021 (COL); A. Fernández 5178 (COL).

VENEZUELA. E. Asplund 15015 (S). Anzoátegui: F. & J.F. Delascio 12885 (MO). Carabobo: El Palito, A.H.G. Alston 6094 (BM, S). Delta Amacuro: J.A. Steyermark et al. 114915 (MO). Dist. Fed.: J. Luteyn 8347 (F). Sucre: J. Steyermark 108325 (MO).

PANAMA. A. Fendler 239 (K); W.H. Lewis 2852 (MO, RB).

COSTA RICA. A.A. Beetle 26212 (K, UC); J. Solano 140 (K, MO); M. Chavarría 707 (K, MO).

NICARAGUA. R. Tate 344 (K); W.D. Stevens 27205 (MO).

HONDURAS. T.G. Yuncker et al. 8250 (K, US); A. Molina 23284 (MO).

EL SALVADOR. K.J. Sidwell et al. 639 (BM, MO).

BELIZE. C.L. Lundell 1931 (MICH, S); W.A. Schipp 624 (K); P.H. Gentle 7836 (MO).

GUATEMALA. R. Escobar s.n. [20/9/2003] (MO).

CLIPPERTON ISLAND. M.H. Sachet 320 (K).

MEXICO. Baja California Sur: J.I. Calzada 25244 (K); Las Cruces, I.L. Wiggins 15672 (K). Chiapas: D.E. Breedlove & R.F. Thorne 20851 (MO). Colima: Clarion Island: H.J. Mason 1559 (K, UC). Jalisco: R. Acevedo 1015 (UCR). Michoacán: J.C. Soto 3738 (MO). Nayarit: O. Téllez & G. Flores 11768 (MO). Oaxaca: C. Martínez 828 (MO). Quintana Roo: O. Telléz & E.F. Cabrera 1870 (MO). Sinaloa: M. Ruíz et al. 2006-481 (ARIZ). Sonora: S.L. Friedman 43-96 (ASU). Tabasco: F. Ventura 20544 (MO). Tamaulipas: G.L. Fisher 46180 (S); E. Palmer 257 (K, MO). Veracruz: C.R. Orcutt 3463 (K). Yucatán: G.F. Gaumer 662 (K, S).

UNITED STATES. Florida: A.H. Curtiss 2160 (BM, K, S), 5533 (K); H. Moldenke 258a (K). Louisiana: S. Javed & C. Reid 8 (LSU). Mississippi: D. Damaree 33337 (S), 33688 (S). Texas: Gust & Stone 308 (MO); H. Aguilar et al. 1058 (K).

BERMUDA. A.B. Rendle 800 (BM); F.S. Collins 252 (K).

BAHAMAS. F. Dale (BM); R.A. & E.S. Howard 10196 (NY, S); P. Wilson 7973 (K, NY)

TURKS & CAICOS ISLANDS. P. Raven 28245 (BM, MO)

CUBA. H. Manitz s.n. [6/11/1983] (HAJB), (HAJB29817); C. Wright 452 (K); W. Palmer 1146 (NY); R. Combs 614 (NY).

CAYMAN ISLANDS. M. Brunt 1743 (BM).

JAMAICA. Morley & Whitefoord 978 (BM); W. Stearn 179 (BM); G.R. Proctor 11504 (BM); T.G. Yuncker 17126 (NY).

HAITI. E.L. Ekman H9960 (K, NY, S); E.C. Leonard 14211 (NY)

DOMINICAN REPUBLIC. M. Fuertes 1159 (BM, K); H.A. Allard 14392 (S); T.A. Zanoni & M. Mejia 17119 (MO, NY).

PUERTO RICO. G.P. De Wolf 1910 (A, BM, MO, S); P. Sintenis 86 (K).

LESSER ANTILLES. U.S. Virgin Islands: St Croix: Thompson 983 (S); St John: P. Acevedo-Rodríguez et al. 2052 (NY). U.K. Virgin Islands: Tortola: W.G. D’Arcy 4759 (BM, MO). Netherlands Antilles: St Eustatius: B.M. Boom et al. 11266 (NY). St Kitts: A.L. Britton & J.F. Cowell 434 (NY). Barbuda: Gregory s.n. (BM). Antigua: Wheeler 5 (BM). Montserrat: D. Potter 5557 (GH). Guadeloupe: Duchassaing (K, P); A. Duss 3501 (NY). Dominica: Wilbur et al. 7984 (BM). Martinique: Hahn 1200 (BM). St Lucia: G.R. Proctor 18117 (BM). St Vincent: H.H. & G.W. Smith 490 (K). Grenada: G.R. Proctor 17206 (BM); P. Beard 1266 (K, NY, S). Barbados: E.G.B. Gooding 189 (BM).

TRINIDAD. W.E. Broadway 9401 (K). Tobago: H.F.A. von Eggers 5624 (K).

NETHERLANDS ANTILLES. Aruba, Bonaire, Curaçao fide Proosdij (2012).

HAWAII. Phillips & Johnson 716 (MO); A.A. Heller 2097 (BM); G.W. Barklay 1328 (BM).

Notes.

Ipomoea pes-caprae is commonly divided into two subspecies or varieties. Only subsp. brasiliensis (or var. emarginata , if recognised at varietal level) occurs in the New World. It is recognised by its emarginate leaves, whereas the type from the northern Indian Ocean area has deeply bilobed leaves, the lobes somewhat divergent. Opinions about the status of these two forms have varied over the years. Recent molecular studies (Miryeganeh et al. 2014) suggest the two forms are genetically separate and rarely hybridise but some intermediates occur and the issue is not yet fully resolved.

Ipomoea pes-caprae is sometimes confused with I. asarifolia but the latter has subreniform leaves and very unequal, often muricate sepals.

Molecular data suggests this species is most closely related to a small clade of Australian species. It is widespread on tropical sea shores. Its total world distribution is given in detail by St John (1970).

We have been unable to trace any publication data for the combination. Ipomoea pes-caprae var. brasiliensis (L.) A. St.-Hil.

Figures

Figure 161. Photographs of Ipomoea species. A I. sagittata B I. fimbriosepala C I. imperati D I. pes-caprae. A Alamy Ltd. B John Wood C Alamy Ltd. D http: // plantworld 2. blogspot. com.