Dryininae Haliday, 1833

Xu, Zaifu, Olmi, Massimo & He, Junhua, 2013, Dryinidae of the Oriental region (Hymenoptera: Chrysidoidea), Zootaxa 3614 (1), pp. 1-460 : 240-242

V. Subfamily Dryininae Haliday, 1833

Dryini partim Haliday 1833: 273.

Dryininae partim Kieffer in Kieffer & Marshall 1906: 495.

Dryininae partim Kieffer 1907: 3.

Lestodryinini partim Kieffer 1914b: 11.

Dryinini partim Richards 1939: 189. Dryinini partim Muesebeck & Walkley 1951: 1034.

Dryininae Richards 1953: 51 ; Olmi 1984: 723; Olmi 1993a: 194; Olmi 1993b: 59; Olmi 1993d: 46; Olmi 1994: 62; Olmi 1995b: 503; Olmi 1999a: 180; He & Xu 2002: 242; Engel 2005: 486; Olmi & Virla 2006: 408; Virla & Olmi 2008: 370.

Dryininae partim Krombein 1979: 1243.

Thaumatodryininae partim Olmi 1984: 682.

Thaumatodryininae partim Olmi 1993b: 59.

Type genus. Dryinus Latreille, 1804 .

Diagnosis. Female ( Plates 73A , 83A ): fully winged ( Plates 73A , 83A ); ocelli present; occipital carina complete, or incomplete, or absent; palpal formula usually 6/3; occasionally palpal formula different (4/ 2 in Gonadryinus Olmi ; 3/2, or 4/2, or 5/ 3 in Pseudodryinus Olmi ); mandible usually with four teeth progressing larger from anterior one to posterior (as in plate 3D); occasionally (in Pseudodryinus Olmi ) mandible with four irregular teeth; antenna usually without tufts of long hairs ( Plate 83A ); occasionally (in Thaumatodryinus R. Perkins ) antennal segments 5–10 with tufts of long hairs ( Plates 69E , 70A , 73A ); pronotal tubercle present ( Plate 73A ); epicnemium visible, because lateral regions of prothorax not continuous with mesopleura (as in plate 2H); fore wing with three cells enclosed by pigmented veins (costal, median and submedian) ( Plates 73A , 83A ); occasionally (in Thaumatodryinus R. Perkins ) also first brachial cell clearly enclosed by pigmented veins ( Plate 69E ); fore wing with stigmal vein and pterostigma ( Plates 73A , 83A ); protarsus chelate ( Plates 69E , 73A , 83A ); chela with rudimentary claw ( Plates 73B , 83A ); protrochanter long and slender ( Plate 83A ); usually tibial spurs 1/1/2; rarely (in some species of Dryinus Latreille ) 1/1/1. Male ( Plates 72A , 76A ): fully winged ( Plates 72A , 76A ); palpal formula 6/3; occipital carina complete or incomplete; mandible usually with one–three teeth (three teeth progressing larger from anterior one to posterior); occasionally (in Thaumatodryinus R. Perkins ) mandible with four teeth progressing larger from anterior one to posterior (as in plate 3D); occasionally (in Pseudodryinus Olmi ) mandible with four irregular teeth; epicnemium visible, because lateral regions of prothorax not continuous with mesopleura ( Plate 2H ); mesosternum fused with mesopleura and not distinct; fore wing with three cells enclosed by pigmented veins (costal, median and submedian) ( Plates 72A , 76A ); fore wing with stigmal vein and pterostigma ( Plates 72A , 76A ); fore wing with metacarpus as long as, or longer than pterostigma ( Plates 72A , 76A ); dorsal process of paramere absent ( Plates 71A , 74C ); tibial spurs 1/1/2.

Distribution. Worldwide.

Hosts. Acanaloniidae , Cixiidae , Dictyopharidae , Flatidae , Fulgoridae , Issidae , Lophopidae , Ricaniidae , Tropiduchidae ( Guglielmino & Olmi, 1997, 2006, 2007).

World species. Three hundred and fourty two species are known, sixty three in the Oriental region.

World genera. Nine genera known, four in the Oriental region.

Remarks. Haliday is considered author of Dryininae for the principle of coordination (Art. 36 ICZN). In fact, the author of the family is also author of the subfamily whose name derives from the family name. This happens even if Kieffer was the first who introduced the subfamily division.

The following five genera are not quoted from the Oriental region: Cretodryinus Ponomarenko, 1975d (fossil in Taimyr amber), Gonadryinus Olmi, 1991 , Harpactosphecion Haupt, 1944 (fossil in amber from the Dominican Republic and Baltic area), Megadryinus Richards, 1953 (Neotropical) , Palaeodryinus Olmi & Bechly, 2001 (fossil in Baltic amber).

Key to the genera (excluding Hybristodryinus Engel )

Females

1. Palpal formula 3/2, 4/2, 5/2, 4/3, or 5/3.................................................. 3. Pseudodryinus Olmi

- Palpal formula 6/3.....................................................................................2

2. Antenna with tufts of long hairs on segments 5–10 ( Plates 69E , 70A , 73A ).................. 1. Thaumatodryinus Perkins

- Antenna without tufts of long hairs ( Plate 83A )............................................... 2. Dryinus Latreille

Males

1. Mandible with one–three teeth............................................................ 2. Dryinus Latreille

- Mandible with four teeth.................................................................................2

2. Notauli always separated at posterior margin of scutum ( Plate 72A ); minimum distance between notauli as long as, or longer than greatest breadth of posterior ocelli ( Plate 72A )...................................1. Thaumatodryinus R. Perkins

- Notauli joint or separated at posterior margin of scutum; if separated, minimum distance between notauli much shorter than greatest breadth of posterior ocelli.......................................................3. Pseudodryinus Olmi

Remarks. Hybristodryinus Engel, 2005 , is based on one only species, resinicolus Engel, 2005 . Its holotype (only known specimen) is in very bad conditions, so that it is impossible to find characters useful for including it in the above key to the genera. For this reason it is left separated from the other three genera and put at the end of the treatment of Dryininae .

Figures

PLATE 2. A–C, F. Females. D, E. Chelae. a, arolium; e, enlarged claw; r, rudimentary claw; s, segment 5 of protarsus. G, H. Part of mesosoma, males. a, propleuron; c, procoxa; e, epicnemium; m, mesopleuron; p, pronotum; s, scutum; t, tegula. A. Aphelopus sp. B, E, H. Dryinus sp. C. Gonatopus sp. D. Anteon sp. F. Conganteon sp. G.Bocchus sp. (From Olmi 1984).

PLATE 69. A, B, D. Male genitalia. C. Head. E. Female, lateral view. A. Bocchus rubrithorax from India (from Olmi 2010). B. B. thai, holotype (from Olmi 2005a). C. B. viet, male paratype (from Olmi 1991). D. B. viet, male from Thailand. E. Thaumatodryinus sp. (from Olmi 1984). Length 6.5 mm. Scale bar 0.21 mm for A, 0.25 mm for B, 1.10 mm for C and 0.23 mm for D.

PLATE 70. A. Tuft of long hairs on antennal segment. B–D. Chelae, holotypes. A. Thaumatodryinus sp., female (from Olmi 1984). B. Th. alienus (from Olmi 1987a). C. T. asiaticus (from Olmi 1984). D. T. beckeri (from Olmi 1991). Scale bar 0.21 mm for B, 0.18 mm for C and 0.44 mm for D.

PLATE 71. A–C. Male genitalia. D–G. Chelae, holotypes. A. Thaumatodryinus hainanensis, holotype (from Xu et al. 2009b). B. Th. pasohensis from Brunei. C. Th. philippinus. D. T. malayanus (from Olmi 1984). E. Th. moganensis (from Xu et al. 2001b). F. Th. pasohensis (from Olmi 1991). G. Th. noyesi (from Olmi 1992). Scale bar 0.23 mm for A, B and G, 0.17 mm for C, 0.39 mm for D, 0.37 mm for E, 0.33 mm for F.

PLATE 72. A. Dorsal view. B, C. Chelae, holotypes. A. Thaumatodryinus pasohensis, male from Brunei. Length 2.9 mm. B. Th. philippinus (from Olmi 1984). C. Th. sharkeyi (from Olmi 2011b). Scale bar 0.25 mm for B and C.

PLATE 73. Thaumatodryinus zhejiangensis, holotype. A. Dorsal view. Length 3.5 mm. B. Chela (from Xu et al. 2009b). Scale bar 0.38 mm for B.

PLATE 74. A, B, D, E. Chelae. C. Male genitalia. A. Dryinus sp. of group 4 (from Olmi 1984). B, C. D. achterbergi, holotype (B) and paratype (C) (from Olmi 1991). D. D. adgressor, holotype (from Xu et al. 2006c). E. D. alboniger, holotype (from Olmi 1992a). Scale bar 0.39 mm for A, 0.18 mm for B, 0.22 mm for C, 0.26 mm for D, 0.32 mm for E.

PLATE 76. A. Dryinus cavifrons, male paratype. Length 3.2 mm. B. Chela of D. chenae, holotype (from Xu et al. 2007). Scale bar 0.35 mm for B.

PLATE 83. Dryinus pyrilliivorus. A. Female from Thailand. Length 4.0 mm. B. Head of female (holotype of Richardsidryinus gauldi) (from Olmi 1987c). C. Vertex of holotype (from Olmi 1986). D. Chela of holotype (from Olmi 1986). E. Female from China, Zhejiang (from He & Xu, 2002). F. Male genitalia. Scale bar 1.67 mm for B, 1.23 mm for C, 0.33 mm for D, 0.31 mm for E, 0.20 mm for F.