Parandrinae, Blanchard, 1845

Biffi, Gabriel & Fuhrmann, Juares, 2013, Immatures of Parandra (Tavandra) longicollis Thomson, 1861 and comments on the larvae of Parandrinae (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), Insecta Mundi 2013 (323), pp. 1-14 : 7-8

Immatures of Parandrinae

The immatures of Parandrinae resemble those of Prioninae . Both can be differentiated from other Cerambycidae larvae by: head wider behind the middle (sides of head parallel or converging posteriorly in Lamiinae); sides of epicranium fused at least in anterior half (wholly separated in Lepturinae and Disteniinae ); mandibles with oblique cutting edge; tentorial bridge in same plane as hypostoma (i.e., occipital foramen apparently divided into an anterior and posterior portion) (also present in Cerambycinae ); maxilla-labial complex attached to hypostoma by little more than width of gula; leg with 5 podomeres (absent or with 1 or 2 podomeres on Lamiinae) ( Craighead 1923; Duffy 1953b; Švácha and Danilevsky 1987).

The larvae of Parandrinae can be distinguished from Prioninae by the following differences ( Prioninae characters within parenthesis and our comments within square brackets): epistoma not projected over clypeus (usually projected over clypeus); ocelli present or absent [present only in Birandra (B.) punctata ] (present or absent); postcondylar process absent (present); subfossal process absent (present); labrum cordiform to lanceolate (cordiform, lanceolate, oblong or oval), with 2 or 4 medial long setae (usually without distinct medial setae); antennomere II cylindrical (cylindrical or barrel-like), apex transversally truncate (obliquely truncate); basisternum divided by V-shaped furrow anteriorly (division variable); pleural disc absent (present); ambulatory ampullae with asperities (ampullae without asperities); spiracular chambers extending beyond peritreme (chambers absent or small and not extending beyond outer border of peritreme); abdominal segment X reduced to small anal lobes (reduced or not) ( Craighead 1923; Duffy 1953b, 1957).

Parandrinae pupae may be distinguished from Prioninae (within parenthesis) by the head opisthognathous (prognathous, hypognathous or opisthognathous); scape directed backward (directed backward, laterally or forward); antennae extending to between pro- and mesofemur (generally extending to at least first abdominal segment, and often recurved beneath body), moniliform (never moniliform, sometimes serrate or pectinate); prothorax without lateral tubercles (often with lateral tubercles), lateral border smooth (smooth, denticulate or serrate); abdominal segment IX with a pair of urogomphi (with or without urogomphi); abdomen without gin-traps (often with gin-traps), abdominal sternites glabrous (glabrous or setose); pronotum, metanotum, abdominal tergites I–VII and lateral abdominal lobes with small spines (dorsal ornamentation variable) ( Craighead 1923; Duffy 1953b, 1957; Nakamura 1981).