Callicebus donacophilus (d'Orbigny, 1863)

Russell A. Mittermeier, Anthony B. Rylands & Don E. Wilson, 2013, Phitheciidae, Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 3 Primates, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions, pp. 432-483 : 459

2.

White-eared Titi

Callicebus donacophilus

French: Titi de d'Orbigny / German: Weil 3ohr-Springaffe / Spanish: Titi de orejas blancas

Other common names: Bolivian Gray Titi, Bolivian Titi, Bolivian Titi Monkey, d'Orbigny’s Titi, Reed Titi

Taxonomy. Callithrix donacophilus d’Orbigny, 1836 ,

Moxos (Beni), Rio Mamoré Basin, Bolivia.

C. donacophilus was considered to have a number of subspecies prior to the 2001 review by C. P. Groves, who validated all other forms as full species. Following Groves,it represents the donacophilus species group, which also includes the closely related C. pallescens , C. olallae , C. oenanthe , and C. modestus . Monotypic.

Distribution. NE Bolivia (throughout much of lowland Bolivia E of the Rio Manique) and W Brazil (S Rondonia State at least as far W as the upper Rio Jiparana). S limits are unclear, but it occurs in the vicinity of the Bolivian city of Santa Cruz and may contact or intergrade with the distribution of the Pale Titi (C. pallescens ) in SE Bolivia; in Rondonia, it may occur as far N as the Serra dos Pacaas Novos, where there may be a contact zone with the Brown Titi ( C. brunneus ) or Prince Bernhard’s Titi ( C. bernhardi ); the S and E limits ofits distribution in Brazil are unclear, but they may be ecologically constrained by inappropriate habitats in the Brazilian cerrado savannas to the S, and possible contact zones with Prince Bernhard’s Titi (which is now known to occur to the W of the Rio Jiparana) and the Ashy Titi ( C. cinerascens ) in the E.

Descriptive notes. Head-body 27-:8-33 cm (males) and 30.5-42 cm (females), tail 37.2-44.5 cm (males) and 41-46 cm (females); weights unknown, but likely ¢.800 g as for other members of the donacophilus species group. Male and female White-eared Tits are similar in size and coloration. Their bodies are predominantly buff or grayishagoutl to orange agouti, and chests, bellies, and inner surfaces of their limbs uniformly orange. Hands and feet are buffy or buffy agouti, lighter than the rest of body. The White-eared Titi has distinct whitish ear tufts and a malar (cheek) stripe. Tail is buffy to whitish, mixed with some blackish hairs.

Habitat. Typical lowland Amazon rainforest to drier forests of the ecotone with the Bolivian pampas and Brazilian cerrado savannas. The White-eared Titi may be absent from some areas of more humid forest in the Beni. It is tolerant of habitat disturbance and can be found in urban areas of the city of Santa Cruz and in the vicinity of rural settlements. It prefers the lower strata of forest vegetation.

Food and Feeding. There is no information available for this species.

Breeding. There is no specific information available for this species, but all titis form monogamous breeding pairs. The male provides parental care by carrying the single offspring.

Activity patterns. There is no information available for this species.

Movements, Home range and Social organization. The White-eared Titi may occur at relatively low densities, with some estimates from Bolivia (0-04-0-18 ind/km?) suggesting potentially large home ranges of hundreds of hectares. Home ranges may be smaller than this if White-eared Titis are patchily distributed within specific habitat types.

Status and Conservation. CITES Appendix II. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. No major threats to the White-eared Titi are known at the present time, due primarily to its extensive geographic distribution. Nevertheless, there is some impact from ongoing expansion of agricultural frontiers in south-eastern Bolivia and Rondonia. It occurs in Beni Biological Station Biosphere Reserve and Amboro National Park in Bolivia.

Bibliography. Ferrari et al. (2000), Groves (2001), Hershkovitz (1988, 1990), Mercado & Wallace (2010), Moncao et al. (2008), Norconk (2011), Veiga, Wallace & Ferrari (2008b).

Figures

On following pages: 4. Olallas’ Titi (Callicebus olallae); 5. San Martin Titi (Callicebus oenanthe); 6. Coppery Titi (Callicebus cupreus); 7. Red-crowned Titi (Callicebus discolon; 8. Ornate Titi (Callicebus ornatus); 9. Chestnut-bellied Titi (Callicebus caligatus); 10. Doubtful Titi (Callicebus dubius); 11. Stephen Nash's Titi (Callicebus stephennashi); 12. Caqueta Titi (Callicebus caquetensis);, 13. Ashy Titi (Callicebus cinerascens); 14. Hoffmanns's Titi (Callicebus hoffmannsi); 15. Lake Baptista Titi (Callicebus baptista); 16. Red-bellied Titi (Callicebus moloch).

Distribution. NE Bolivia (throughout much of lowland Bolivia E of the Rio Manique) and W Brazil (S Rondonia State at least as far W as the upper Rio Jiparana). S limits are unclear, but it occurs in the vicinity of the Bolivian city of Santa Cruz and may contact or intergrade with the distribution of the Pale Titi (C. pallescens ) in SE Bolivia; in Rondonia, it may occur as far N as the Serra dos Pacaas Novos, where there may be a contact zone with the Brown Titi ( C. brunneus ) or Prince Bernhard’s Titi ( C. bernhardi ); the S and E limits ofits distribution in Brazil are unclear, but they may be ecologically constrained by inappropriate habitats in the Brazilian cerrado savannas to the S, and possible contact zones with Prince Bernhard’s Titi (which is now known to occur to the W of the Rio Jiparana) and the Ashy Titi ( C. cinerascens ) in the E.