Macroscapha tensa, (G. W. MULLER, 1908)

Brandão, Simone N., 2010, Macrocyprididae (Ostracoda) from the Southern Ocean: taxonomic revision, macroecological patterns, and biogeographical implications, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 159 (3), pp. 567-672 : 636-644

MACROSCAPHA TENSA (G. W. MÜLLER, 1908)

NOMEN DUBIUM ( FIGS 43 , 45, 46 )

1908 Macrocypris tensa G. W. Müller, 1908: 96 , pl. 12, figs 8–9.

1979 non? Macrocyprina tensa, Maddocks, 1979 .

1986 non Macrocyprina tensa, Hartmann, 1986: 173– 174 .

1987 non Macrocyprina tensa, Hartmann, 1987: 132 .

1988 non Macrocyprina tensa, Hartmann, 1988: 149 , fig. 10.

1989 non Macrocyprina tensa, Hartmann, 1989a: 220 ; Hartmann 1989b: 253.

1990 non Macrocyprina tensa, Hartmann, 1990: 212 .

1990 in part Macroscapha tensa, Maddocks, 1990: 103–105 , graph 51 (in part).

1992 non Macroscapha cf. tensa, Hartmann, 1992: 216 .

1997 in part Macroscapha tensa, Hartmann, 1997: 249–251 .

Material: No specimens could be studied because the only type specimen of Mh. tensa (one adult female carapace with fragmented soft parts), designated lectotype by Maddocks (1990: 104), is lost (personal communication of the curator of the Crustacea Division of the Museum für Naturkunde of the Humboldt University, Berlin). Furthermore, some of the specimens previously recorded as Mh. tensa were re-studied herein but included in different species (see below).

Distribution ( Fig. 43 ): Recent. Davis Sea (Gauss station, 65°S, 90°E), 385 m. Other records are herein considered misidentifications (see below).

Valve measurements ( Fig. 45) (from Maddocks, 1990: 104): LV L 2.42 mm, H 0.96 mm; RV L 2.42 mm, H 0.91 mm.

Remarks: Müller (1908) described ‘ Macrocypris tensa ’ based on a single carapace with fragmented, female soft parts and provided two drawings – one valve in lateral view and the furca ( Müller, 1908: pl. 12.8, 12.9). The record of ‘ Macrocyprina tensa ’ by Hartmann (1986: 173, figs 87–89, pls. V.7-9, VI.1-2) from the Scotia Sea (off Western Antarctic Peninsula) was based on specimens with more acute posterior angle (as noted by the author himself), and also more elongate and rectilinear outline. Furthermore, the specimens from the Scotia Sea ( Hartmann, 1986: figs 87–89) bear ramified radial pore canals, which Hartmann considered characteristic of ‘ Macrocyprina tensa ’, even though the pore canals were not illustrated by Müller. With this record, Hartmann (1986) introduced a ‘new concept’ of Mh. tensa , including specimens with a wide range of valve outlines, which was followed by him ( Hartmann, 1987, 1988, 1989a, b, 1990, 1991) and also by Maddocks (1990). After I re-studied part of the material previously recorded as Mh. tensa , I conclude that Hartmann’s ‘concept’ of Mh. tensa includes at least five different species (see Remarks above), but which most probably excludes the ‘real’ Mh. tensa (= from the type locality).

In her revision of the family Macrocyprididae, Maddocks (1990) transferred M. tensa to the genus Macroscapha , designated the single female syntype as the lectotype and provided one line drawing for each valve of this specimen ( Maddocks, 1990: figs 14.7, 15.7). Maddocks (1990) stated that part of the material recorded by Hartmann (1986, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1992) as Mh. tensa probably belonged to the closely related species Mh. opaca Maddocks, 1990 . Maddocks also included in Mh. tensa 20 other specimens (studied by herself) collected from the continental shelf of the Weddell and Scotia Seas and from one abyssal locality off the southern tip of South America (in this last station only one female was collected). By the beginning of the 1990s then, the concept of Mh. tensa included very wide variability in size (adult length ranging from 1.44 to 2.50 mm!; Fig. 46 ) and valve outline, and its geographical and bathymetrical distribution was circumantarctic (Antarctic and Subantarctic regions) and eurybathic (from the continental shelf to abyssal depths). In this way, departing from the initial lack of information on the species ‘ Macrocypris tensa ’ considerable confusion was generated, which made its concept even less clear and stable. As a result of that, and because of the insignificant information available about the morphology of topotype specimens, I consider Mh. tensa a nomen dubium until a neotype is designated. It should be noted that several Macroscapha species with rectilinear, elongated outlines (at least the eight species herein included in the informal group Mh. tensaopaca ) inhabit the SO. It is significant that, as noted by Jellinek & Swanson (2003), close macrocypridid species can only be identified with certainty if the soft parts are available. I go further and state that the correct identification of species of the informal group ‘ Mh. tensa-opaca ’ depends on the observation of the copulatory process of the hemipenis. Consequently, to avoid even more uncertainties and in order to ascertain that the name Mh. tensa will be kept for the same species as Müller described, I suggest that the neotype of Mh. tensa should preferably be a male collected as close as possible to the type locality – ‘Gauss-Station’ – in the Davis Sea at 385 m depth.

MACROSCAPHA CACTUS SP. NOV. ( FIGS 43 , 44A , 45A, 47A–C, 47P , 48A–C , 49A–B , 50 , 51A , 52E–F, 52.2)

Etymology: As a result of the resemblance of the terminal element of the copulatory process of the hemipenis ( Fig. 44A ) to a cactus (name used in apposition).

Material: 10 live specimens.

Holotype: 1 A M ( SNB 0041 ), EASIZ II, # 171, ZMH K-41483 .

Paratypes: 2 A F, 4 A M ( SNB 0042 , 0764-0766 ), 2 (A-1), 1 (A-3?), EASIZ II , # 171, ZMH K-40824 .

Distribution ( Fig. 43 ): Eastern Weddell Sea, 231 m.

Left valve measurements ( Fig. 45A): Holotype, RV L 2.16 mm, H 0.76 mm; LV L 2.18 mm, H 0.78 mm. A F L 2.16–2.17 mm, H 0.81–0.82 mm; A M L 2.05– 2.31 mm, H 0.76–0.82 mm; (A–1) L 1.74–1.79 mm, H 0.64–0.65 mm; (A–?3) L 1.04 mm, H 0.40 mm.

Diagnosis: Carapace quite large (for the genus); lateral outline subtrapezoidal, rectilinear; anterior and posterior margins narrowly rounded. In all specimens studied herein, LV larger than, and overlapping RV anterodorsally, posterodorsally and ventrally. Podomere V of female appendage V (= palp podomere IV) with short and thick, terminal claws, dorsal one shortest, medial one longest. Furca with symmetrical rods. Hemipenis subtrapezoidal in outline; copulatory process trisegmented, with ‘cactus’-shaped terminal element. Zenker’s organ with thin central, sclerotized tube, terminal bulb medium-sized; vas deferens arranged in few loops, shorter than central tube.

Description: Carapace quite large (for the genus); lateral outline subtrapezoidal, rectilinear; anterior and posterior margin narrowly rounded; dorsal angle conspicuous; ventral margin fairly straight. Zone of concrescence mostly medium sized, but fairly wide anteroventrally; radial pore canals mostly straight, but also few ramified; calcified inner lamella wide, vestibules fairly closed. In all specimens LV larger than, and overlapping RV anterodorsally, posterodorsally and ventrally.

Antennae I and II with slender podomeres and setae. Podomeres II and III of antenna I fused, no suture visible. Length of podomere IV of antenna II approximately two times length of podomere III. Base of mandible with one conical plus four or five tricuspidate teeth-like setae; exopodite with one reduced plus six or seven medium-sized setae. Vibratory plate of maxilla I with two strahlen plus around 16 feathered setae. Exopodite of appendage V with three proximal and seven distal setae; podomere V of female appendage V (= palp podomere IV) with short and thick, terminal claws, dorsal one shortest, medial one longest. Male appendage V very asymmetrical, right appendage with one very long and thick modified seta (= peg), plus one short, modified seta (= peg) and one short, simple seta on podomere II (palp podomere I); podomere III smoothly curved; left appendage with two short, modified setae (= pegs), and one short, simple seta on podomere II (palp podomere I); podomere III pointed at 90°. Podomere II of appendage VI with three long setae; podomere VI with one long and one medium-sized claw, and one short seta. Furca with symmetrical, barbed rods, and short, thick, distal setae fused to rod. Hemipenis subtrapezoidal in outline; copulatory process trisegmented, proximal element thick, robust, rod-shaped; weakly sclerotized, irregularly shaped medium element; and ‘cactus’-shaped terminal element. Zenker’s organ with thin central, sclerotized tube, terminal bulb medium-sized; vas deferens arranged in few loops, shorter than central tube. Genital lobes suboval.

Adult chaetotaxy: Antenna I 1, 2(0/.2), +3(.1/.1.), 4(.1/.1.), 5(.1/.1), 6(.2/.3), 7(0/0:4). Antenna II 1(0/:1), 2(0/ 0:1), Exopodite (0/0:2,1r), 3(0/.6.4), 4[female (.1r./.1r.1c,3)] [male (.1r./.1r.1c,2mod,1)], 5(0/.1c,1:4c,1), 6(0/0:2c,3). Mandible 1(.1./ 4t,+5.), 2(0/.2:1), Exopodite (0/0:1r,7), 3(0/.4:4), 4(.3.2/.4), 5(0/0:3c,2). Maxilla I vibratory plate (3re,+17), palp 1(.1/0), 2(.4/0), 3(0/0:5- 6). Appendage V 1(0/.1), Exopodite (0/0:3.7), [female 2, 3, 4(0/.1) 5(.1./0:1c,1)]; [male 2(.1r/2mod,1), 3(0/ 0:1mod)]. Appendage VI 1(.2/0), 2(.2.1/.1), 3(.1/.0), 4(.1/0), 5(1,1r/0) 6(0/0:1,2c). Appendage VII 1(0/0:1), 2(.1.1.1/1) 3(.1/0), 4(.1/0), 5(.2/0), 6(0/0:2,1re). Furca 1(0/0:3r.1).

Remarks: The valve lateral outline of Mh. cactus sp. nov. differs from other previously described Macroscapha species in: (1) it is more subtriangular and rectilinear than Mh. atlantica , Mh. gyreae Mh. heroica , Mh. jiangi , Mh. inaequalis , Mh. inaequata , Mh. marchilensis , Mh. opaca , Mh. sinuata , Mh. rehmi sp. nov., Mh. scotia sp. nov., Mh. turbida , and Mh. walterae sp. nov.; (2) it presents a more narrowly rounded anterior margin and more acutely pointed posterior margin than Mh. tensa (based on drawings of the lost lectotype ( Maddocks, 1990: figs 14.2, 15.2).

MACROSCAPHA FALCIS SP. NOV. ( FIGS 43 , 44B , 45B, 47D–F, 47Q , 48D–F , 49C–D, 49G–H, 49Q , 51B–E , 52A–D, 52.1)

Etymology: From the Latin, falcis = hook (name used in apposition) because of the hook-shaped copulatory process of the hemipenis ( Fig. 44B ).

Material: 90 live specimens plus 14 valves.

Holotype: 1 A F ( SNB 0854 ) (soft parts in glass slide, valves in micropalaeontological slide), ANDEEP III , # 74-6-S, ZMH K-41497 .

Paratypes:15 A F (SNB 0852-0853), 35 A M (SNB 0100-DNA 3, SNB 0102-0104-DNA 5-7, SNB 0108- DNA 11, SNB 0464-0477-DNA 171-184, SNB 0483- 0494-DNA 190-201) 23 (A-1), 2 (A-2), nine live specimens (SNB 0810-0819), 5 RV, 5 LV, 2 RLV, ANDEEP III , # 74-6-E; 1 A F, 4 (A-1), ANDEEP III , # 74-6-S, ZMH K-41496.

Distribution ( Fig. 43 ): Recent. Eastern Weddell Sea, 1040–1048 m.

Valve measurements ( Fig. 45B): Holotype, RV L 2.28 mm, H 0.84 mm; LV L 2.30 mm, H 0.86 mm. Paratypes, A F LV 2.29–2.34 mm, H 0.83–0.87 mm; A M LV 2.32–2.48 mm, H 0.80–0.87 mm; (A–1) LV 1.75– 1.92 mm, H 0.62–0.70 mm; (A–2) LV L 1.40–1.42 mm, 0.50–0.51 mm.

Diagnosis: Carapace large (for the genus); lateral outline subtrapezoidal, slightly sinuous, rectilinear; anterior and posterior margins narrowly rounded. In all specimens studied herein, LV larger than, and overlapping, RV anterodorsally, posterodorsally, and ventrally. Podomere V of female appendage V (= palp podomere IV) with short and thick, terminal claws, dorsal one shortest, medial one longest. Furca with symmetrical rods. Hemipenis very high in relation to length in lateral outline; copulatory process trisegmented, with hook-shaped terminal element; distal tip of posterior ramus of hook sinuous. Zenker’s organ with robust central tube and medium-sized terminal bulb; vas deferens arranged in few loops, which are shorter than the length of the chitinous tube.

Description: Carapace large (for the genus); lateral outline subtrapezoidal, slightly sinuous, rectilinear; dorsal angle quite conspicuous; posterodorsal margin of LV conspicuously sinuous; posterior angle acute in RV, more obliquely rounded in LV; ventral margin

› Figure 52. Hemipenis of the species of the informal group ‘ Macroscapha tensa-opaca’. Macroscapha falcis sp. nov.: A, paratype adult male (SNB 0469-DNA 176); B, paratype adult male (SNB 0464-DNA 171); C, paratype adult male (SNB 0104-DNA 7); D, paratype adult male (SNB 0468-DNA 175); 1, paratype adult male (SNB 0102-DNA 5, ZMH K-41496). Macroscapha cactus sp. nov.: E, holotype adult male (SNB 0041, ZMH K-41483); F, 2, paratype adult male (SNB 0765, ZMH K-40824). Macroscapha solecavai sp. nov.: G, paratype adult male (SNB 0562-DNA 269); H, paratype adult male (SNB 0560-DNA 267); J, paratype adult male (SNB 0561-DNA 268); K, paratype adult male (SNB 0563-DNA 271, ZMH K-41499); I, 3, paratype adult male (SNB 0511-DNA 218, ZMH K-41498). Macroscapha sp. nov. 1: L, 4, adult male (SNB 0859, ZMH K-33305). M, adult male (ZMH K-33193a). Macroscapha opaca Maddocks, 1990 : N, adult male (SNB 0754, ZMH K-41382); O, adult male (SNB 0045, ZMH K-40825); P, adult male (SNB 0039, ZMH K-40828); Q, adult male (SNB 0495-DNA 202, ZMH K-42018); R, adult male (SNB 0558- DNA 265, ZMH K-41333); S, adult male (SNB 0673-DNA 351, ZMH K-41495); T, adult male (SNB 0760, ZMH K-40833); U, adult male (SNB 0033, ZMH K-40831); V, adult male (SNB 0117-DNA 20, ZMH K-41331); W, adult male (SNB 0378-DNA 111); X, adult male (SNB 0380-DNA 113); Y, adult male (SNB 0381-DNA 114), (ZMH K-41490); 5, adult male (SNB 0533-DNA 240, ZMH K-41492). A–Y, hemipenis; 1–5, copulatory rod of hemipenis. Scale bars = 100 Mm.

slightly sinuous; anterior margin narrowly rounded. Vestibules wide; zone of concrescence fairly narrow; radial pore canals straight. In all specimens studied herein, LV larger than, and overlapping, RV anterodorsally, posterodorsally, and ventrally. Females higher in relation to length than males.

Antennae I and II with slender podomeres and setae. Podomeres II and III of antenna I fused, no suture visible. Length of podomere IV of antenna II less than two times length of podomere III. Exopodite of mandible with one reduced and seven medium-sized setae. Vibratory plate of Maxilla I with one short and two long strahlen plus around 15 feathered setae, basal endite with two ventral setae; other endites without basal setae. Exopodite of appendage V with three proximal setae and seven distal setae; podomere V of female appendage V (= palp podomere IV) with short and thick terminal claws, dorsal one shortest, medial and dorsal ones long, subequal. Male appendage V very asymmetrical, right appendage with one very long, and thick modified seta (= peg), plus one short, modified seta (= peg), and one short, simple seta on podomere II (palp podomere I); podomere III smoothly curved; left appendage with two short, modified setae (= pegs), and one short, simple seta on podomere II (palp podomere I); podomere III pointed at 90°. Podomere VI of appendage VI with one very short and one short setae, and one long claw. Furca with barbed, symmetrical, with thick rods; terminal setae thick and short; slight suture between terminal setae and rods. Hemipenis very high in relation to length and strongly curved; copulatory process trisegmented, proximal element thick, robust, rodshaped; weakly sclerotized, large, irregularly shaped medium element; and a hook-shaped terminal element, distal tip of posterior ramus of hook sinuous. Zenker’s organ with robust central tube and medium-sized terminal bulb; vas deferens arranged in few loops, which are shorter than the length of the chitinous tube.

Adult chaetotaxy: Antenna I 1, 2(0/.2), +3(.1/.1.), 4(.1/.1.), 5(.1/.1), 6(.2/.3), 7(0/0:4). Antenna II 1(.1/:1), 2(0/ 0:1), Exopodite (0/0:2,1r), 3(0/.6.4), 4[female (.2r./.2r.1c,2)] [male (.1r./.1r.1c,2mod,1)], 5(0/.1c,1:4c,1), 6(0/0:2c,2). Mandible 1(.1./ 4t,+5.), 2(0/.2:1), Exopodite (0/0:1r,7), 3(0/.4:4), 4(.3.2/.4), 5(0/0:3c,3). Maxilla I vibratory plate (3re,+16), palp 1(.1/0), 2(.4/0), 3(0/0:6). Appendage V 1(0/.1:0-1), Exopodite (0/0:3.7), [female 2, 3, 4(0/.1) 5(.1./0:1c,1)]; [male 2(.1r/2mod,1), 3(0/ 0:1mod)]. Appendage VI 1(.2/0), 2(.2.1/.1), 3(.1/.0), 4(.1/0), 5(1,1r/0) 6(0/0:1,2c). Appendage VII 1(0/0:1), 2(.1.1.1/1) 3(.1/0), 4(.1/0), 5(.2/0), 6(0/0:2,1re). Furca 1(0/0:3r.1).

Remarks: Macroscapha falcis sp. nov. (from the eastern Weddell Basin) is very similar to, Mh. solecavai sp. nov. (from the Powell Basin and described below). Otherwise, genetic (S. N. Brandão & I. Schön, unpubl. data) and morphological differences justify the description of both new species. Macroscapha solecavai is smaller (adult LV length from 2.10 to 2.24 mm), more rectilinear in valve outline, and has a more acute posterior angle than Mh. falcis (adult length 2.30 to 2.40 mm) ( Figs 47 , 48 ). Furthermore, the hemipenis of the former species is higher in relation to length, and shows a more sinuous distal tip of the posterior ramus of the hook-shaped copulatory process ( Figs 44B–C , 52A–D, 52G–K).

The valve lateral outline of Mh. falcis sp. nov. diverges from other previously described Macroscapha species in: (1) it is more subtriangular and rectilinear than Mh. atlantica , Mh. gyreae Mh. heroica , Mh. jiangi , Mh. inaequalis , Mh. inaequata , Mh. marchilensis , Mh. opaca , Mh. sinuata , Mh. rehmi sp. nov., Mh. scotia sp. nov., Mh. turbida , and Mh. walterae sp. nov.; (2) more narrowly rounded anterior margin and more acutely pointed posterior margin than Mh. tensa (based on drawings of the lost lectotype; Maddocks, 1990: figs 14.2, 15.2).

MACROSCAPHA OPACA MADDOCKS, 1990 SPECIES

Figures

Figure 43. Geographical distribution and height ¥ length scatter plot of valves of species of the informal group ‘Macroscapha tensa-opaca’. Macroscapha opaca herein – material studied herein; Mh. opaca Maddocks – material studied by Maddocks (1990).

Figure 44. Copulatory rods of the hemipenis of the species of the ‘Macroscapha tensa-opaca’ informal group. Macroscapha cactus sp. nov.: A, holotype adult male (SNB 0041, ZMH K-41483). Macroscapha falcis sp. nov.: B, paratype adult male (SNB 0104-DNA 7, ZMH K-41496). Macroscapha solecavai sp. nov.: C, paratype adult male (SNB 0560-DNA 267, ZMH K-41499). Macroscapha opaca Maddocks, 1990: adult male (SNB 0045, ZMH K-40825). Macroscapha sp. nov. 1: E, adult male (SNB 0859, ZMH K-33305). Macroscapha sp. nov. 2: F, adult male (SNB 0866, ZMH K-34505). Scale bar = 100 Mm.

Figure 46. Height ¥ length scatter plot of valves of specimens previously recorded (Hartmann, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1989a, 1989b, 1990, 1992; Maddocks, 1990) as Macroscapha tensa (Müller, 1908).

Figure 47. Right valves and Zenker’s organ of species of the informal group ‘Macroscapha tensa-opaca’. Macroscapha cactus sp. nov.: A, P, holotype adult male (SNB 0041, ZMH K-41483); B, paratype adult male (SNB 0764); C, paratype adult male (SNB 0766) (ZMH K-40824). Macroscapha falcis sp. nov.: D, holotype adult female (SNB 0854, ZMH K-41497); E, paratype adult male (SNB 0471-DNA 178); F, paratype adult male (SNB 0493-DNA 200); Q, adult male (SNB 0104-DNA 7), (ZMH K-41496). Macroscapha solecavai sp. nov.: G, paratype adult female (SNB 0566-DNA273); H, paratype adult male (SNB 0563-DNA 271); I, paratype adult male (SNB 0561-DNA 268) (ZMH K-41499); R, adult male (SNB 0518-DNA 225), (ZMH K-41498). Macroscapha sp. nov. 1: J, A (ZMH K-33305). Macroscapha sp. nov. 2: L, A (ZMH K-34505a). Macroscapha sp. nov. 3: K, A? (ZMH K-33786). Macroscapha sp.: M, A (ZMH K-34500); N, A (ZMH K-35373).?Macroscapha sp.: O, subfossil (ZMH K-33970). A–O, right valve external view; P–R, Zenker’s organ. Scale bars = 500 Mm.

Figure 48. Left valves and Zenker’s organ of species of the informal group ‘Macroscapha tensa-opaca’. Macroscapha cactus sp. nov.: A, holotype adult male (SNB 0041, ZMH K-41483); B, paratype adult male (SNB 0764); C, paratype adult male (SNB 0766) (ZMH K-40824). Macroscapha falcis sp. nov.: D, holotype adult female (SNB 0854, ZMH K-41497); E, paratype adult male (SNB 0471-DNA 178); F, paratype adult male (SNB 0493-DNA 200) (ZMH K-41496). Macroscapha solecavai sp. nov.: G, paratype adult female (SNB 0566-DNA273); H, paratype adult male (SNB 0563-DNA 271); I, paratype adult male (SNB 0561-DNA 268) (ZMH K-41499). Macroscapha sp. nov. 1: J, A (ZMH K-33305c). Macroscapha sp. cf. Macroscapha sp. nov. 1: K, A (ZMH K-33305b); O, adult male (SNB 0859, ZMH K-33305a). Macroscapha sp. nov. 2: L, A (ZMH K-34505a); P, adult male (SNB 0859, ZMH K-34505). Macroscapha sp.: M, N, A (ZMH K-34500); Q, adult male (SNB 0863, ZMH K-33928). A–N, left valve external view; O–Q, Zenker’s organ. Scale bars = 500 Mm.

Figure 49. Valves of species of the informal group ‘Macroscapha tensa-opaca’. Macroscapha cactus sp. nov.: A, B, holotype adult male (SNB 0041, ZMH K-41483). Macroscapha falcis sp. nov.: C, D, paratype adult male (SNB 0472-DNA 179); G, H, subfossils (A-1); Q, subfossil (A-1), (ZMH K-41496). Macroscapha solecavai sp. nov.: E, F, paratype adult male (SNB 0560-DNA 267); J, K, paratype (A-1) female (SNB 0568-DNA 275, ZMH K-41499); I, paratype subfossil (A-?3, ZMH K-41498). Macroscapha opaca Maddocks, 1990: L, M (A-1) female (SNB 0506-DNA 213, ZMH K-42018). N, P, subfossil (A-2) (ZMH K-41495); O, subfossil (A-1) (ZMH K-40831). Macroscapha sp. nov. 1: R, subfossil A, (ZMH K-33305). A, C, E, left valve (LV) internal view; B, D, F, right valve (RV) internal view; G, J, L, N, RV external view; H, I, K, M, O, P, LV external view; Q, RLV dorsal view; R, RLV ventral view. Scale bar = 500 Mm. The arrows point towards the anterior of the animal.

Figure 50. Soft parts of Macroscapha cactus sp. nov. A–D, holotype adult male (SNB 0041, ZMH K-41483). A, B, male appendage V; C, appendage VI; D, furca. Scale bars = 100 Mm.

Figure 51. Soft parts of species of the informal group ‘Macroscapha tensa-opaca’. Macroscapha falcis sp. nov.: A, paratype adult female (SNB 0852); B, paratype adult male (SNB 0470-DNA 177); C, D, paratype adult male (SNB 0466-DNA 173); E, paratype adult female (SNB 0873), (ZMH K-41496). Macroscapha solecavai sp. nov.: F, G, paratype adult male (SNB 0515-DNA 222, ZMH K-41498). Macroscapha sp. nov. 1: H, I, adult male (SNB 0859, ZMH K-33305a). Macroscapha sp. nov. 2: J, adult male (SNB 0866, ZMH K-34505). A, E, female appendage V; B, J, furca; C, D, F–I, male appendage V. Scale bars = 100 Mm.