Harpactrox Gustafsson & Bush, 2017

Bush, Sarah E., 2017, Morphological revision of the hyperdiverse Brueelia - complex (Insecta: Phthiraptera: Ischnocera: Philopteridae) with new taxa, checklists and generic key, Zootaxa 4313 (1), pp. 1-443 : 154-155

Harpactrox Gustafsson & Bush , new genus

Type species. Harpactrox loeiensis new species

Diagnosis. No other genus treated here is particularly close to Harpactrox n. gen. All other genera with medianly folded parameres, proximal mesomeres that overlap with basal apodeme, and visible ames also have aps on at least some male tergopleurites (with the exception of some Priceiella (Thescelovora) n. subgen., Figs 300–301 ), and no other genus in the Brueelia -complex have the accessory preantennal nodi found in Harpactrox ( Fig. 248 ). Only Titanomessor n. gen. ( Fig. 212 ) has a medianly continuous dorsal preantennal suture that does not interrupt the marginal carina as in Harpactrox ( Fig. 248 ), and only Traihoriella ( Figs 266–268 ) have male genitalia similar to those of Harpactrox ( Figs 250–252 , 256–258). Like Harpactrox, Anarchonirmus n. gen. ( Fig. 116 ) and Saepocephalum n. gen. ( Fig. 240 ) both have a marginal carina that is fused to the ventral anterior plate and is not displaced or interrupted by the clypeo-labral suture. For additional comparisons, see the description of Saepocephalum (above).

Harpactrox is separated from Titanomessor by the following characters: marginal carina displaced at osculum and clypeo-labral suture reaches anterior margin of head in Titanomessor ( Fig. 212 ), but not in Harpactrox ( Figs 248 , 255, 260). In Titanomessor mts 3–5 in males and mts 3–4 in females are mesosetae ( Figs 210–211 ), whereas in Harpactrox ( Figs 248 , 260 ) all mts are microsetae in both sexes [except Ha. geminodus n. sp. (Fig. 255) in which mts 3 is slightly longer than other mts ]. Parameral heads are blunt and not folded medianly in Titanomessor ( Fig. 215 ), but parameral heads are folded medianly in Harpactrox ( Figs 251 , 258). Mesosomal lobes are wide and gonopore is ventral and open both distally and proximally in Titanomessor ( Fig. 214 ), whereas in Harpactrox ( Figs 250 , 257) the lobes are slender and the gonopore is terminal, and closed at least proximally.

Harpactrox and Traihoriella can be separated by the following non-genitalic characters: aps present on at least some segments in male Traihoriella ( Figs 263 , 270 ; Table 2), but never in Harpactrox ( Figs 246 , 253 ); clypeolabral suture reaches anterior margin of head and marginal carina is displaced dorsally and ventrally at osculum in Traihoriella ( Figs 265 , 272 ), but not in Harpactrox ( Figs 248 , 255, 260); dorsal preantennal suture is absent in Traihoriella ( Figs 265 , 272 ), but present in Harpactrox ( Fig. 184 ); mts 3 are macrosetae in Traihoriella ( Fig. 197 ), but microsetae in Harpactrox ( Figs 248 , 255, 260). Male genitalia of Harpactrox ( Figs 249–251 , 256–258) and Traihoriella ( Figs 266–268 , 273–275 ) are very similar, and as more species of each genus are discovered, it may be impossible to separate these two genera on male genitalia alone, however they are separable on the following characters: ames microsetae are present in Harpactrox ( Figs 250 , 257), but absent in Traihoriella ( Figs 267 , 274 ); pst2 microsetae in Harpactrox ( Figs 251 , 258), but sensilla in Traihoriella ( Figs 268 , 275 ). Neither Traihoriella ( Figs 269 , 276 ) nor Harpactrox ( Figs 252 , 259, 262) have cross-pieces, and in both genera the vos are at least partly situated on the subgenital plate.

The ventral preantennal structure of Harpactrox ( Figs 248 , 255, 260) is similar to that of Anarchonirmus ( Fig. 116 ), but there are few other similarities. Female subgenital plate flares into a medianly displaced cross-piece in Anarchonirmus ( Fig. 121 ) but not in Harpactrox ( Figs 252 , 259, 262); antennae are sexually dimorphic and dorsal preantennal suture is absent in Anarchonirmus ( Figs 115-117 ), but antennae are monomorphic and suture is present in Harpactrox ( Figs 248 , 255, 260); parameral heads are blunt and parameral blades are slender with a distinct heel distal to mesosome in Anarchonirmus ( Fig. 120 ), but parameral heads are folded medianly and parameral blades are broad with no such heel in Harpactrox ( Figs 251 , 258). In both genera the gonopore is terminal, but in Anarchonirmus ( Fig. 119 ) the mesosomal lobes are large and serrated, and extend distal to gonopore, whereas in Harpactrox ( Figs 250 , 257) the lobes are small and smooth, and do not extend distal to gonopore. No ames are visible in Anarchonirmus ( Fig. 119 ), but these are visible in Harpactrox ( Figs 250 , 257).

Description. Both sexes. Head indented-dome shaped, often broader than long ( Figs 248 , 255, 260). Marginal carina not interrupted laterally or medianly, continuous with ventral anterior plate, not displaced at osculum.

Clypeo-labral suture does not reach anterior margin of head. Ventral carinae not clearly continuous with marginal carina in all species. Dorsal preantennal suture transversal, encompassing ads and, in some species, the dsms (Fig. 255). Head setae as in Figs 248 , 255, 260; as3 and pns absent. Preantennal nodi very large; small accessory nodus median to the main nodus, only connected ventrally. Coni short. Antennae monomorphic. Eye protruding. Temporal carinae not visible. All mts of roughly equal size, short. Gular plate large, indistinct.

Prothorax rectangular ( Figs 246–247 , 253–254 , 261 ); ppss on postero-lateral corner. Proepimera variable. Pterothorax pentagonal; lateral margins widely divergent; posterior margin convergent to rounded median point; mms widely separated medianly. Meso- and metasterna not fused, nude. Leg chaetotaxy as in Fig. 25 , except fI-p2 absent.

Abdomen slenderly oval ( Figs 246–247 , 253–254 , 261 ). Abdominal chaetotaxy as in Table 2. aps absent on all segments. Tergopleurites rectangular; tergopleurites II–IX+X in male, and in segments II–VIII in female narrowly to moderately separated medianly. Sternal plates rectangular, not approaching pleurites. Pleural incrassations wide, with ornate anterior ends. Re-entrant heads variable. Male subgenital plate indistinct in Harpactrox geminodus , but trapezoidal in Ha. loeiensis n. sp., reaching distal end of abdomen. Female subgenital plate indistinct anteriorly, approaching vulval margin, with no cross-piece. Vulval margin ( Figs 252 , 259, 262) with short vms, thorn-like vss; vos located on subgenital plate (in Ha. pontifrons n. sp. both on and along lateral margin of plate, Fig. 262 ); distal setae longer, situated median to vss.

Basal apodeme slightly convergent distally ( Figs 249 , 256). Proximal mesosome oval to rounded trapezoidal, overlapping basal apodeme. Gonopore ( Figs 250 , 257) distinct, different between species, but very broad, dominating the terminal end of the mesosome, closed distally and proximally. Ventral ridges vague. Mesosomal lobes small, triangular; 1–2 ames sensilla submedianly anterior to gonopore; 1–2 pmes submedianly just lateral to gonopore; pmes may be microsetae or sensilla. Parameral heads ( Figs 251 , 258) folded medianly. Parameral blades lobe-like; pst1 sensillus, central; pst2 microseta, lateral or sublateral near distal tip.

Host distribution. Known only from two species of Asian trogons of the genus Harpactes Swainson, 1833 . Hosner et al. (2010) showed that Apalharpactes Bonaparte, 1854 is best treated as a separate genus from Harpactes . We have not seen any material from the two host species in Apalharpactes , but note that in the phylogeny of Hosner et al. (2010), Apalharpactes is more closely related to the African Apaloderma Swainson, 1833 , which is parasitised by the louse genus Trogoniella Tendeiro, 1960 , which does not belong to the Brueelia - complex.

Geographical range. The three species described here occur in Thailand and on the Philippines, but the genus may range throughout the distribution of Harpactes trogons, which includes most of South-East Asia, Indonesia, and southern India.

Etymology. Harpactrox is formed by the host genus of the type species, Harpactes Swainson, 1833 , and the Greek “- trox ” for “gnawer” or “ nibbler ”. The generic name of the hosts, Harpactes is derved from Greek “ harpaktes ” for “robber”. Gender: masculine.

Remarks. With the description of Harpactrox , four different genera of ischnoceran lice have been described from members of the Trogoniformes ( Price et al. 2003) . Based on their phylogenetic position in Bush et al. (2016), and some aspects of morphology, we here place Brueelia -complex lice from New World trogons in Guimaraesiella. This placement, however, is tenuous, as there are also morphological similarities between Guimaraesiella from trogons and Harpactrox , especially in the preantennal area; future studies with additional material may find that these lice are more closely related than is presently assumed.

Included species

* Harpactrox geminodus new species * Harpactrox loeiensis new species * Harpactrox pontifrons new species

Figures

FIGURES 25. Dorso-ventral views of coxae I – III, trochanters I – III, and femora I – III, showing terminology of the leg setae used here. Other parts of the thorax removed for clarity. Setae situated marginally are illustrated and named on both dorsal (lefthand) and ventral (right-hand) sides. Terminology for individual seta as used in the text obtained by combining the leg segment (larger font) and the setal name (smaller font). Abbreviations: a 1 – 5, anterior setae 1 – 5; cI – III, coxae I – III; d 1 – 3, dorsal setae 1 – 3; dm 1 – 4, distal marginal setae 1 – 4; fI – III, femur I – III; p 1 – 3, posterior setae 1 – 3; s 1 – 6, sensilla 1 – 6; tI – III, trochanter I – III; v 1 – 4, ventral setae 1 – 4.

FIGURES 300 – 301. Priceiella (Thescelovora) alliocephala n. gen., n. subgen. & n. sp. ex Platylophus galericulatus ardesiacus: 300, male habitus, dorsal and ventral views. 301, female habitus, dorsal and ventral views.

FIGURES 248 – 252. Harpactrox loeiensis n. gen. & n. sp. ex Harpactes erythrocephalus annamensis: 248, male head, dorsal and ventral views. 249, male genitalia, dorsal view. 250, male mesosome, ventral view. 251, male paramere, dorsal view. 252, female subgenital plate and vulval margin, ventral view.

FIGURES 212 – 216. Titanomessor sexloba n. gen. & n. sp. ex Laniarius erythrogaster: 212, male head, dorsal and ventral views. 213, male genitalia, dorsal view. 214, mesosome, ventral view. 215, parameres, dorsal view. 216, female subgenital plate and vulval margin, ventral view. Scale for parameres same as for male genitalia.

FIGURES 265 – 269. Traihoriella punjabensis Ansari, 1947 ex Psilopogon virens marshallorum: 265, male head, dorsal and ventral views. 266, male genitalia, dorsal view. 267, male mesosome, ventral view. 268, male paramere, dorsal view. 269, female subgenital plate and vulval margin, ventral view.

FIGURES 116 – 121. Anarchonirmus albovittatus n. gen. & n. sp. ex Pomatostomus temporalis strepitans: 116, male head, dorsal and ventral view; dorsal sensilla and pts not visible in the material examined. 117, female antenna, ventral view. 118, male genitalia, dorsal view. 119, male mesosome, ventral view. 120, male paramere, dorsal view. 121, female subgenital plate and vulval margin, ventral view (anterior dotted line outline pigmented part of subgenital plate, posterior dotted line extent of marginal thickening).

FIGURES 240 – 245. Saepocephalum stephenfryi n. gen. & n. sp. ex Corcorax melanoramphos: 240, male head, dorsal and ventral views. 241, female antenna, ventral view. 242, male genitalia, dorsal view. 243, male mesosome, ventral view. 244, male paramere, dorsal view. 245, female subgenital plate and vulval margin, ventral view.

FIGURES 210 – 211. Titanomessor sexloba n. gen. & n. sp. ex Laniarius erythrogaster: 210, male habitus, dorsal and ventral views. 211, female habitus, dorsal and ventral views.

FIGURES 260 – 262. Harpactrox pontifrons n. gen. & n. sp. ex Harpactes ardens ardens: 260, female head, dorsal and ventral views. 261, female habitus, dorsal and ventral views. 262, female subgenital plate and vulval margin, ventral view.

FIGURES 263 – 264. Traihoriella punjabensis Ansari, 1947 ex Psilopogon virens marshallorum: 263, male habitus, dorsal and ventral views. 264, female habitus, dorsal and ventral views.

FIGURES 270 – 271. Traihoriella laticeps (Piaget, 1880) n. comb. ex Aulacorhynchus prasinus atrogularis: 270 male habitus, dorsal and ventral views. 271, female habitus, dorsal and ventral views.

FIGURES 246 – 247. Harpactrox loeiensis n. gen. & n. sp. ex Harpactes erythrocephalus annamensis: 246, male habitus, dorsal and ventral views; only examined male with distorted abdomen, and shape of abdomen here reproduced as closely as possible; anterior sternites and some ventral setae missing in only available male specimen, and here included tentatively. 247, female habitus, dorsal and ventral views.

FIGURES 253 – 254. Harpactrox geminodus n. gen. & n. sp. ex Harpactes erythrocephalus erythrocephalus: 253, male habitus, dorsal and ventral views. 254, female habitus, dorsal and ventral views.

FIGURES 272 – 276. Traihoriella laticeps (Piaget, 1880) n. comb. ex Aulacorhynchus prasinus atrogularis: 272, male head, dorsal and ventral views. 273, male genitalia, dorsal view. 274, male mesosome, ventral view. 275, male paramere, dorsal view. 276, female subgenital plate and vulval margin, ventral view.

FIGURES 184 – 188. Turdinirmus merulensis (Denny, 1842) ex Turdus merula: 184, male head, dorsal and ventral views. 185, male genitalia, dorsal view. 186, male mesosome, ventral view. 187, male paramere, dorsal view. 188, female subgenital plate and vulval margin, ventral view.

FIGURES 196 – 197. Maculinirmus mundus (Nitzsch [in Giebel], 1866) ex Oriolus oriolus oriolus: 196, male habitus, dorsal and ventral views. 197, female habitus, dorsal and ventral views.

FIGURES 114 – 115. Anarchonirmus albovittatus n. gen. & n. sp. ex Pomatostomus temporalis strepitans: 114, male habitus, dorsal and ventral views. 115, female habitus, dorsal and ventral views. (dotted lines on sternites outline densely pigmented areas).