Sorex Linnaeus 1758

Wilson, Don E. & Reeder, DeeAnn, 2005, Order Soricomorpha, Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1, Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, pp. 220-311 : 282

Sorex Linnaeus 1758

Sorex Linnaeus 1758 , Syst. Nat., 10th ed., Vol. 1: 53 .

Type Species: Sorex araneus Linnaeus 1758

Synonyms: Amphiosorex Hall 1959 ; Amphisorex Duvernoy 1835 ; Asorex Mezhzherin 1965 ; Atophyrax Merriam 1884 ; Corsira Gray 1838 ; Dolgovia Vorontsov and Kral 1986 ; Eurosorex Stroganov 1952 ; Fredgia Vorontsov and Kral 1986 ; Homalurus Schulze 1890 ; Hydrogale Pomel 1848 ; Kratochvilia Vorontsov and Kral 1986 ; Microsorex Coues 1877 ; Musaraneus Brisson 1762 ; Neosorex Baird 1858 ; Oxyrhin Kaup 1829 ; Soricidus Altobello 1927 ; Stroganovia Yudin 1989 ; Yudinia Vorontsov and Kral 1986 .

Species and subspecies: 77 species with 92 subspecies in 3 subgenera:

Subgenus Sorex (Sorex) Linnaeus 1758

Subgenus Sorex (Ognevia) Heptner and Dolgov 1967

Subgenus Sorex (Otisorex) De Kay 1842

Species Sorex (Otisorex) alaskanus Merriam 1900

Species Sorex (Sorex) alpinus Schinz 1837

Species Sorex (Sorex) antinorii Bonaparte 1840

Species Sorex (Sorex) araneus Linnaeus 1758

Species Sorex (Sorex) arcticus Kerr 1792

Subspecies Sorex (Sorex) arcticus subsp. arcticus Kerr 1792

Subspecies Sorex (Sorex) arcticus subsp. laricorum Jackson 1925

Species Sorex arizonae Diersing and Hoffmeister 1977

Species Sorex (Sorex) arunchi Lapini and Testone 1998

Species Sorex (Sorex) asper Thomas 1914

Species Sorex (Sorex) averini Zubko 1937

Species Sorex (Otisorex) bairdi Merriam 1895

Subspecies Sorex (Otisorex) bairdi subsp. bairdi Merriam 1895

Subspecies Sorex (Otisorex) bairdi subsp. permiliensis Jackson 1918

Species Sorex (Sorex) bedfordiae Thomas 1911

Species Sorex (Otisorex) bendirii Merriam 1884

Subspecies Sorex (Otisorex) bendirii subsp. bendirii Merriam 1884

Subspecies Sorex (Otisorex) bendirii subsp. albiventer Merriam 1895

Subspecies Sorex (Otisorex) bendirii subsp. palmeri Merriam 1895

Species Sorex (Sorex) buchariensis Ognev 1922

Species Sorex (Sorex) caecutiens Laxmann 1785

Species Sorex (Otisorex) camtschatica Yudin 1972

Species Sorex (Sorex) cansulus Thomas 1912

Species Sorex (Otisorex) cinereus Kerr 1792

Subspecies Sorex (Otisorex) cinereus subsp. cinereus Kerr 1792

Subspecies Sorex (Otisorex) cinereus subsp. acadicus Gilpin 1867

Subspecies Sorex (Otisorex) cinereus subsp. fontinalis Hollister 1911

Subspecies Sorex (Otisorex) cinereus subsp. hollisteri Jackson 1900

Subspecies Sorex (Otisorex) cinereus subsp. lesueurii Duvernoy 1842

Subspecies Sorex (Otisorex) cinereus subsp. miscix Bangs 1899

Subspecies Sorex (Otisorex) cinereus subsp. ohionensis Bole and Moulthrop 1942

Subspecies Sorex (Otisorex) cinereus subsp. streatori Merriam 1895

Species Sorex (Sorex) coronatus Millet 1828

Species Sorex (Sorex) cylindricauda Milne-Edwards 1871

Species Sorex (Sorex) daphaenodon Thomas 1907

Subspecies Sorex (Sorex) daphaenodon subsp. daphaenodon Thomas 1907

Subspecies Sorex (Sorex) daphaenodon subsp. sanguinidens G. Allen 1914

Subspecies Sorex (Sorex) daphaenodon subsp. scaloni Ognev 1933

Species Sorex (Otisorex) dispar Batchelder 1911

Subspecies Sorex (Otisorex) dispar subsp. dispar Batchelder 1911

Subspecies Sorex (Otisorex) dispar subsp. blitchi Schwartz 1956

Species Sorex emarginatus Jackson 1925

Species Sorex (Sorex) excelsus G. M. Allen 1923

Species Sorex (Otisorex) fumeus G. M. Miller 1895

Subspecies Sorex (Otisorex) fumeus subsp. fumeus G. M. Miller 1895

Subspecies Sorex (Otisorex) fumeus subsp. umbrosus Jackson 1917

Species Sorex (Otisorex) gaspensis Anthony and Goodwin 1924

Species Sorex (Sorex) gracillimus Thomas 1907

Subspecies Sorex (Sorex) gracillimus subsp. gracillimus Thomas 1907

Subspecies Sorex (Sorex) gracillimus subsp. granti Okhotina 1993

Subspecies Sorex (Sorex) gracillimus subsp. hyojironis Kuroda 1939

Subspecies Sorex (Sorex) gracillimus subsp. minor Okhotina 1993

Subspecies Sorex (Sorex) gracillimus subsp. natalae Okhotina 1993

Species Sorex (Sorex) granarius Miller 1910

Species Sorex (Otisorex) haydeni Baird 1857

Species Sorex (Sorex) hosonoi Imaizumi 1954

Species Sorex (Otisorex) hoyi Baird 1857

Subspecies Sorex (Otisorex) hoyi subsp. hoyi Baird 1857

Subspecies Sorex (Otisorex) hoyi subsp. alnorum Preble 1902

Subspecies Sorex (Otisorex) hoyi subsp. eximius Osgood 1901

Subspecies Sorex (Otisorex) hoyi subsp. montanus Brown 1966

Subspecies Sorex (Otisorex) hoyi subsp. thompsoni Baird 1858

Subspecies Sorex (Otisorex) hoyi subsp. winnemana Preble 1910

Species Sorex (Sorex) isodon Turov 1924

Species Sorex (Otisorex) jacksoni Hall and Gilmore 1932

Species Sorex (Sorex) kozlovi Stroganov 1952

Species Sorex (Otisorex) leucogaster Kuroda 1933

Species Sorex (Otisorex) longirostris Bachman 1837

Subspecies Sorex (Otisorex) longirostris subsp. longirostris Bachman 1837

Subspecies Sorex (Otisorex) longirostris subsp. eonis Davis 1957

Subspecies Sorex (Otisorex) longirostris subsp. fisheri Merriam 1895

Species Sorex (Otisorex) lyelli Merriam 1902

Species Sorex (Otisorex) macrodon Merriam 1895

Species Sorex (Sorex) maritimensis Smith 1939

Species Sorex merriami Dobson 1890

Species Sorex (Otisorex) milleri Jackson 1947

Species Sorex minutissimus Zimmermann 1780

Species Sorex (Sorex) minutus Linnaeus 1766

Species Sorex (Ognevia) mirabilis Ognev 1937

Species Sorex (Otisorex) monticolus Merriam 1890

Subspecies Sorex (Otisorex) monticolus subsp. monticolus Merriam 1890

Subspecies Sorex (Otisorex) monticolus subsp. alascensis Merriam 1895

Subspecies Sorex (Otisorex) monticolus subsp. calvertensis Cowan 1941

Subspecies Sorex (Otisorex) monticolus subsp. elassodon Osgood 1901

Subspecies Sorex (Otisorex) monticolus subsp. insularis Cowan 1941

Subspecies Sorex (Otisorex) monticolus subsp. isolatus Jackson 1922

Subspecies Sorex (Otisorex) monticolus subsp. longicaudus Merriam 1895

Subspecies Sorex (Otisorex) monticolus subsp. malitiosus Jackson 1919

Subspecies Sorex (Otisorex) monticolus subsp. obscurus Merriam 1891

Subspecies Sorex (Otisorex) monticolus subsp. parvidens Jackson 1921

Subspecies Sorex (Otisorex) monticolus subsp. prevostensis Osgood 1901

Subspecies Sorex (Otisorex) monticolus subsp. setosus Elliot 1899

Subspecies Sorex (Otisorex) monticolus subsp. shumaginensis Merriam 1900

Subspecies Sorex (Otisorex) monticolus subsp. soperi Anderson and Rand 1945

Species Sorex (Otisorex) nanus Merriam 1895

Species Sorex (Otisorex) neomexicanus Bailey 1913

Species Sorex (Otisorex) oreopolus Merriam 1892

Species Sorex (Otisorex) orizabae Merriam 1895

Species Sorex (Otisorex) ornatus Merriam 1895

Subspecies Sorex (Otisorex) ornatus subsp. ornatus Merriam 1895

Subspecies Sorex (Otisorex) ornatus subsp. juncensis Nelson and Goldman 1909

Subspecies Sorex (Otisorex) ornatus subsp. lagunae Nelson and Goldman 1909

Subspecies Sorex (Otisorex) ornatus subsp. relictus Grinnell 1932

Subspecies Sorex (Otisorex) ornatus subsp. salarius von Bloeker 1939

Subspecies Sorex (Otisorex) ornatus subsp. salicornicus von Bloeker 1932

Subspecies Sorex (Otisorex) ornatus subsp. sinuosus Grinnell 1913

Subspecies Sorex (Otisorex) ornatus subsp. willetti von Bloeker 1942

Species Sorex (Otisorex) pacificus Coues 1877

Subspecies Sorex (Otisorex) pacificus subsp. pacificus Coues 1877

Subspecies Sorex (Otisorex) pacificus subsp. cascadensis Carraway 1990

Species Sorex (Otisorex) palustris Richardson 1828

Subspecies Sorex (Otisorex) palustris subsp. palustris Richardson 1828

Subspecies Sorex (Otisorex) palustris subsp. albibarbis Cope 1862

Subspecies Sorex (Otisorex) palustris subsp. brooksi Anderson 1934

Subspecies Sorex (Otisorex) palustris subsp. gloveralleni Jackson 1926

Subspecies Sorex (Otisorex) palustris subsp. hydrobadistes Jackson 1926

Subspecies Sorex (Otisorex) palustris subsp. labradorensis Burt 1938

Subspecies Sorex (Otisorex) palustris subsp. navigator Baird 1858

Subspecies Sorex (Otisorex) palustris subsp. punctulatus Hooper 1942

Subspecies Sorex (Otisorex) palustris subsp. turneri Johnson 1951

Species Sorex planiceps Miller 1911

Species Sorex (Otisorex) portenkoi Stroganov 1956

Species Sorex (Otisorex) preblei Jackson 1922

Species Sorex (Otisorex) pribilofensis Merriam 1895

Species Sorex (Sorex) raddei Satunin 1895

Species Sorex (Sorex) roboratus Hollister 1913

Species Sorex (Sorex) samniticus Altobello 1926

Species Sorex (Sorex) satunini Ognev 1922

Species Sorex saussurei Merriam 1892

Subspecies Sorex saussurei subsp. saussurei Merriam 1892

Subspecies Sorex saussurei subsp. godmani Merriam 1897

Species Sorex sclateri Merriam 1897

Species Sorex (Sorex) shinto Thomas 1905

Subspecies Sorex (Sorex) shinto subsp. shinto Thomas 1905

Subspecies Sorex (Sorex) shinto subsp. sadonis Yoshiyuki and Imaizumi 1986

Subspecies Sorex (Sorex) shinto subsp. shikokensis Abe 1967

Species Sorex (Sorex) sinalis Thomas 1912

Species Sorex (Otisorex) sonomae Jackson 1921

Subspecies Sorex (Otisorex) sonomae subsp. sonomae Jackson 1921

Subspecies Sorex (Otisorex) sonomae subsp. tenelliodus Carraway 1990

Species Sorex stizodon Merriam 1895

Species Sorex (Otisorex) tenellus Merriam 1895

Species Sorex thibetanus Kastschenko 1905

Species Sorex trowbridgii Baird 1857

Subspecies Sorex trowbridgii subsp. trowbridgii Baird 1857

Subspecies Sorex trowbridgii subsp. destructioni Scheffer and Dalquest 1942

Subspecies Sorex trowbridgii subsp. humboldtensis Jackson 1922

Subspecies Sorex trowbridgii subsp. mariposae Grinnell 1913

Subspecies Sorex trowbridgii subsp. montereyensis Merriam 1895

Species Sorex (Sorex) tundrensis Merriam 1900

Species Sorex (Otisorex) ugyunak Anderson and Rand 1945

Species Sorex (Sorex) unguiculatus Dobson 1890

Species Sorex (Otisorex) vagrans Baird 1857

Subspecies Sorex (Otisorex) vagrans subsp. vagrans Baird 1857

Subspecies Sorex (Otisorex) vagrans subsp. halicoetes Grinnell 1913

Subspecies Sorex (Otisorex) vagrans subsp. paludivagus von Bloeker 1939

Species Sorex ventralis Merriam 1895

Species Sorex veraecrucis Jackson 1925

Subspecies Sorex veraecrucis subsp. veraecrucis Jackson 1925

Subspecies Sorex veraecrucis subsp. cristobalensis Jackson 1925

Subspecies Sorex veraecrucis subsp. oaxacae Jackson 1925

Species Sorex (Otisorex) veraepacis Alston 1877

Subspecies Sorex (Otisorex) veraepacis subsp. veraepacis Alston 1877

Subspecies Sorex (Otisorex) veraepacis subsp. chiapensis Jackson 1925

Subspecies Sorex (Otisorex) veraepacis subsp. mutabilis Merriam 1898

Species Sorex (Sorex) volnuchini Ognev 1922

Subspecies Sorex (Sorex) volnuchini subsp. volnuchini Ognev 1922

Subspecies Sorex (Sorex) volnuchini subsp. dahli Zagorodnyuk 1996

Species Sorex (Sorex) yukonicus Dokuchaev 1997

Discussion: Type genus of Soricidae . The systematic relationships of a large number of Holarctic species were studied by George (1988); her proposals for subgeneric allocation are mainly followed here. Keys and/or reviews are available for the species of various geographical areas: Canada ( van Zyll de Jong, 1983 a); North and Middle America ( Carraway, 1990, 1995; Junge and Hoffmann, 1981); China ( Hoffmann, 1987); Siberia ( Yudin, 1989); and Europe ( Niethammer and Krapp, 1990). Microsorex was formerly regarded as a full genus, then reduced to a subgenus of Sorex by Diersing (1980 b), and is now regarded as a synonym of subgenus Otisorex (see George, 1988). Besides subgenera a number of species groups have been distinguished such as the araneus arcticus group ( Hausser et al., 1985; Meylan and Hausser, 1973), the cinereus group ( van Zyll de Jong, 1991 b), and the vagrans group ( Carraway, 1990), the boundaries and contents of which are still highly controversial (see Demboski and Cook, 2003). Old World species of Sorex were reviewed by Dannelid (1991 b) who provided a phylogenetic hypothesis of relationships. Fumagalli et al. (1996, 1999), Ohdachi et al. (1997 a, 2001), and Demboski and Cook (2001, 2003), among others, provided important genetic studies of the phylogeny and geographical variation of certain species complexes. Zima et al. (1998) reviewed data on chromosomal variation in Sorex and suggested species groups that are not always congruent with clusters based on genetical or morphological data.

Not all species can be allocated to subgenera or species groups. There exist various proposals for species groups based on chromosomes, genetics, or morphology, and not all are congruent. Many species have never been studied properly, and the genus offers a wide and promising field for further research. Not all taxon names can be allocated to species. The enigmatic Sorex fimbripes Bachman, 1837 cannot be identified in the absence of the holotype specimen or new material from the type locality ( Handley and Varn, 1994). Also the identities of the taxa Sorex pusillus Gmelin, 1774 ; Sorex dorichurus Kishida, 1937 ; Sorex longiusculus Kishida, 1928 (? nomen nudum); Sorex longicaudatus Kishida, 1930 (nomen nudum, not Okhotina, 1993); and Sorex longicaudatus Yoshikura, 1956 (not Okhotina, 1993) remain unsolved .