Odocoileus virginianus (Zimmermann 1780)

Wilson, Don E. & Reeder, DeeAnn, 2005, Order Artiodactyla, Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1, Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, pp. 637-722 : 658

Odocoileus virginianus (Zimmermann 1780)

[Dama] virginianus Zimmermann 1780 , Geogr. Gesch. Mensch. Vierf. Thiere, 2: 129.

Type Locality: "Bewohnt in grossen Heerden Carolina v), Virginien, Louisiana w), und geht vielleicht bis Panama x) hinunter"; restricted by Hershkovitz (1948 c:43) to USA, Virginia .

Vernacular Names: White-tailed Deer.

Subspecies: :

Subspecies Odocoileus virginianus subsp. virginianus Zimmermann 1780

Subspecies Odocoileus virginianus subsp. acapulcensis Caton 1877

Subspecies Odocoileus virginianus subsp. borealis Miller 1900

Subspecies Odocoileus virginianus subsp. cariacou Boddaert 1784

Subspecies Odocoileus virginianus subsp. carminis Goldman and Kellog 1940

Subspecies Odocoileus virginianus subsp. chiriquensis J. A. Allen 1910

Subspecies Odocoileus virginianus subsp. clavium Barbour and G. M. Allen 1922

Subspecies Odocoileus virginianus subsp. couesi Coues and Yarrow 1875

Subspecies Odocoileus virginianus subsp. curassavicus Hummelinck 1940

Subspecies Odocoileus virginianus subsp. dacotensis Goldman and Kellog 1940

Subspecies Odocoileus virginianus subsp. goudotii Gay and Gervais 1846

Subspecies Odocoileus virginianus subsp. gymnotis Wiegmann 1833

Subspecies Odocoileus virginianus subsp. hiltonensis Goldman and Kellog 1940

Subspecies Odocoileus virginianus subsp. leucurus Douglas 1829

Subspecies Odocoileus virginianus subsp. macrourus Rafinesque 1817

Subspecies Odocoileus virginianus subsp. mcilhennyi F. W. Miller 1928

Subspecies Odocoileus virginianus subsp. margaritae Osgood 1910

Subspecies Odocoileus virginianus subsp. mexicanus Gmelin 1788

Subspecies Odocoileus virginianus subsp. miquihuanensis Goldman and Kellogg 1940

Subspecies Odocoileus virginianus subsp. nelsoni Merriam 1898

Subspecies Odocoileus virginianus subsp. nemoralis C. H. Smith 1827

Subspecies Odocoileus virginianus subsp. nigribarbis Goldman and Kellogg 1940

Subspecies Odocoileus virginianus subsp. oaxacensis Goldman and Kellogg 1940

Subspecies Odocoileus virginianus subsp. ochrourus V. Bailey 1932

Subspecies Odocoileus virginianus subsp. osceola Bangs 1896

Subspecies Odocoileus virginianus subsp. peruvianus Gray 1874

Subspecies Odocoileus virginianus subsp. rothschildi Thomas 1902

Subspecies Odocoileus virginianus subsp. seminolus Goldman and Kellogg 1940

Subspecies Odocoileus virginianus subsp. sinaloae J. A. Allen 1903

Subspecies Odocoileus virginianus subsp. taurinsulae Goldman and Kellogg 1940

Subspecies Odocoileus virginianus subsp. texanus Mearns 1898

Subspecies Odocoileus virginianus subsp. thomasi Merriam 1898

Subspecies Odocoileus virginianus subsp. toltecus Saussure 1860

Subspecies Odocoileus virginianus subsp. tropicalis Cabrera 1918

Subspecies Odocoileus virginianus subsp. ustus Trouessart 1910

Subspecies Odocoileus virginianus subsp. venatorius Goldman and Kellogg 1940

Subspecies Odocoileus virginianus subsp. veraecrucis Goldman and Kellogg 1940

Subspecies Odocoileus virginianus subsp. yucatanensis Hays 1872

Distribution: S Canada extending N of 60°N in the North West Territory and in the Yukon, USA (absent from California to W Colorado), and all nations of Central America; South America in Bolivia, N Brazil, Colombia, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Surinam, and Venezuela. Introduced to Czech Republic, Finland, New Zealand, and West Indies, possibly surviving on Cuba, Curacao, St. Croix, and St. Thomas Isls.

Conservation: CITES – Appendix III ( Guatemala) as O. v. mayensis ; U.S. ESA – Endangered as O. v. clavium, Endangered (but proposed delisting) as O. v. leucurus ; IUCN – Endangered as O. v. clavium , Lower Risk (nt) as O. v. leucurus , otherwise Lower Risk (lc).

Discussion: Reviewed by Smith (1991, Mammalian Species, 388) and Geist (1998). The species includes two divisions ( Groves and Grubb, 1987; Grubb, 1990), the cariacou division or Cariacu (including also acapulcensis, chiriquensis, curassavicus, goudotii, margaritae, mexicanus, miquihuanensis, nelsoni, nemoralis, oaxacensis, peruvianus, rothschildi, sinaloae, thomasi , toltecus, tropicalils, truei, ustus, veraecrucis, and yucatanensis) and the nominate virginianus division, the White-tailed Deer sensu stricto (including also borealis , carminus, clavium, couesi, dacotensis, hiltonensis, leucurus, macrourus, mcilhennyi, nigribarbis, ochrourus, osceola, seminolus, taurinsulae, texanus, and venatorius). Three taxa in Venezuela (goudotii, gymnotis, margaritae) regarded as species by Molina and Molinari (1999) but not by Moscarella et al. (2003).