Blechnum polypodioides Raddi (1819: 294)

Dittrich, Vinícius Antonio De Oliveira, Salino, Alexandre & Monteiro, Reinaldo, 2015, The Blechnum occidentale (Blechnaceae, Polypodiopsida) species group in southern and southeastern Brazil, Phytotaxa 231 (3), pp. 201-229 : 221-225

11. Blechnum polypodioides Raddi (1819: 294) . Fig. 6

Type:— BRAZIL. Rio de Janeiro: Corcovado, without date, G. Raddi s.n. (holotype PI, isotypes B20 0032870-b, FI, photo K, US). Blechnum heterocarpum Fée (1852: 74) . Type:— BRAZIL, without date, P. Claussen s.n. . (holotype P?, isotype RB 00543237). Blechnum pohlianum Presl (1836: 103) . Type:— BRAZIL, without date, J.B.E. Pohl s.n. (holotype not located, isotype NY 00149778). Blechnum unilaterale Sw. f. maius Sehnem (1968: 22) . Type:— BRAZIL. Paraná: Guaratuba, 5 m, 16 December 1963, G.G. Hatschbach

10789 (holotype PACA?, isotypes MBM, NY).

Plants terrestrial; rhizomes erect to decumbent, stoloniferous, the scales black or tan, concolorous or atrocostate at the base and black toward apex, narrowly triangular, ca. 2.0 × 0.8 mm, margin predominantly entire, sometimes with trichomes; fronds monomorphic, 9.3–63.2 cm long; stipes 0.4–25.9 cm long, 0.9–1.1 mm diam., with hyaline trichomes, paleaceous, sparsely covered with lanceolate, broad-based scales, concolorous tan, sometimes with black stripes, those closest to the stem similar to stem scales; blade 8.7–37.3 × 0.6–6.4 cm, papyraceous, glabrous or with sparse hyaline trichomes on both surfaces and on margins, pinatissect, linear-lanceolate, narrowly elliptic or oblanceolate, gradually to abruptly attenuate toward base and apex, usually with 1–2(4) pairs of basal pinnae wider than long; rachis hairy, with hyaline trichomes on both surfaces; pinnae 15–34 pairs, 0.8–3.2 × 0.5–1.2 cm at the base, patent to ascending, fully adnate to rachis, decurrent and surcurrent, the basal ones deeply surcurrent, narrowly triangular, margin finely denticulate, plane, apex acute, acuminate or mucronulate (basal ones with acute, obtuse or rarely rounded apex); veins free, simple or 1–3-bifurcate, slightly thickened at the apex, ending before margin.

Distribution and habitat: —In Brazil in the States of Amazonas [first record], Pará [first record], Rondônia [first record], Piauí, Mato Grosso, Goiás, Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais, Espírito Santo, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Paraná, Santa Catarina, and Rio Grande do Sul; also in Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, Honduras, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Greater and Lesser Antilles, Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Paraguay, and Argentina. This is the first citation of the species for northern Brazil. Individuals of this species usually grow in ravines. They are also found on the ground without steep slopes, along forest edges or on rocks. Mickel & Beitel (1988) affirm that epiphytic individuals are rare, and none were here observed. They can be found from sea level to 2050 m in the study area, in almost all vegetation types. Not endangered in Brazil because it is an extremely common species.

Comments: —The holotype of the synonym Blechnum pohlianum C.Presl was not found in PR herbarium (Dittrich, personal observation), but there is a duplicate at NY, which is treated as an isotype.

Plants of this taxon were often determined as Blechnum confluens Schlechtendal & Chamisso (1830: 613) by several pteridologists. The type specimen of B. confluens (B) seems to be a hybrid between B. polypodioides and B. occidentale , as stated by Mickel & Beitel (1988). Cytological, molecular and cytochemical studies should be conducted with the type material to be sure that the specimen in question is actually a hybrid. Irwin et al. s.n. (MBM 72541) from Cavalcante, Goiás, seems to correspond to this hybrid, as well as Krieger et al. s.n. (CESJ 20374) from São João del Rei, Minas Gerais. Christensen (1906) considered B. confluens a synonym of B. occidentale and B. polypodioides Raddi a synonym of B. blechnoides (Lag. ex Sw.) C. Chr. , which is today considered synonymous with B. polypodioides Raddi , which reinforces the hypothesis of Mickel & Beitel (1988). The closest species to it is Blechnum asplenioides . For the distinctive features between them, see comments under B. asplenioides . Blechnum unilaterale Sw. is based on the same type as Asplenium blechnoides Sw. , and as it is a renaming of the latter, it is an illegitimate name, since the epithet blechnoides was available at the time and was not used.

Selected specimens examined: — BRAZIL. Minas Gerais: Aiuruoca, próximo ao Rio Aiuruoca , 13 March 1989, L. Krieger et al. s.n. ( CESJ 24747 ) ; Alto Caparaó, Parque Nacional do Caparaó, Vale Verde , ca. 1200 m, 26 February 1989, A. Salino 648 ( UEC) ; Antônio Carlos , 27 April 1982, L. Krieger s.n. ( CESJ 2693 ) ; Araponga, Parque Estadual da Serra do Brigadeiro, trilha para o Pico do Boné , 26 May 2000, A. Salino et al. 5462 ( BHCB, HRCB) ; Arinos, próximo ao Rio Piratinga , 26 September 2000, A. Salino et al. 5686 ( BHCB) ; Barbacena, Futuro Distrito Industrial de Barbacena , 21°13’15.64”S, 43° 44’36.24”W, ca. 1180 m, 09 December 2002, V.A.O. Dittrich & A. Salino 1259 ( HRCB) ; Belo Vale , 20°26’37”S, 43°56’00”W, 1300 m, 23 October 2001, A. Salino & F.A. Carvalho 7678 ( BHCB) ; Caeté , 20 March 1939, H.L. Mello Barreto 8673 ( BHCB) ; Caldas, Pocinhos do Rio Verde, Serra dos Poços , ca. 21°56’S, 46°23’W, ca. 1150–1200 m, 16 June 1995, M.R. Pietrobom-Silva 1913 ( MBM) ; Camanducaia, Monte Verde, estrada para o pico do Selado , 1550 m, 18 August 2001, V.A.O. Dittrich et al. 926 ( HRCB) ; Carangola, Fazenda São Sebastião , 20°44’S, 42°00’W, 700 m, 10 March 1988, L.S. Leoni 68 ( GFJP) ; Caratinga, Estação Biológica de Caratinga , 24 March 2000, A. Salino et al. 5118 ( BHCB, HRCB) ; Catas Altas, Parque Natural do Caraça, Gruta da Bocaina , 20°07’36”S, 43°27’48”W, 28 September 2002, A. Salino 8073 ( BHCB) ; Caxambu , proximidades de Caxambu, 11 June 1957, G.F.J. Pabst 4064 ( HBR) ; Coronel Pacheco, Fazenda da Companhia , 500 m, 20 August 1944, E.P. Heringer 1521 ( RB) ; Delfim Moreira, Água Limpa, estrada para o Mosteiro de Santa Maria de Serra Clara , 01 November 1974, J.P.P. Carauta 1752 ( PACA) ; Grão Mogol, vale do riacho Ribeirão , 900 m, 03 September 1986, I. Cordeiro & R. Mello-Silva s.n. ( SPF 44535 ) ; Itabirito, área da Serra da Moeda , 20°19’10”S, 43°56’17”W, 1450 m, 14 June 2001, A. Salino et al. 7089 ( BHCB) ; Itambé do Mato Dentro, Fazenda do Caixão , 08 March 2000, R.C. Mota 190 ( BHCB) ; Jaboticatubas, Rod. MG-2, Campo Redondo , 08 August 1972, G.G. Hatschbach 30083 ( MBM, PACA) ; Juiz de Fora , July 1979, L. Krieger 15 ( CESJ) ; Laranjal , 02 June 1971, Krieger s.n. ( CESJ 9949 ) ; Lima Duarte, Parque Estadaul de Ibitipoca , 1200 m, 07 October 1986, L. Krieger s.n. ( CESJ 21265 ) ; Mar de Espanha , 23 August 1984, P.G. Windisch et al. s.n. ( CESJ 20396 ) ; Marliéria, Parque Estadual do Rio Doce, na estrada entre a entrada da trilha do Vinhático e a sede de pesquisa, 02 March 1999, A. Salino 4474 ( BHCB) ; Marmelópolis, estrada para o Pico dos Marins , entre 22°30’00” e 22°30’30”S e 45°08’15” e 45°08’45”W, 1500 m, 03 April 2002, V.A.O. Dittrich 1128 ( HRCB) ; Nova Lima, Mata da Mutuca, Córrego da Mutuca , 09 March 2001, F.A. Carvalho et al. 15 ( BHCB) ; Ouro Branco , 22 June 1984, L. Krieger s.n. & C.A. Pavan ( CESJ 20387 ) ; Ouro Preto, Falcão , 20 November 1977, J. Badini s.n. ( OUPR 10432 ) ; Paula Cândido, povoado de Airões , ca. 20°53’S, 42°54’W, ca. 400 m, 28 March 1997, M. Almeida-Neto 141 ( SJRP) ; Poços de Caldas, Serra dos Poços , Cachoeira das Antas , ca. 21°47’S, 46°34’W, ca. 1200–1250 m, 15 June 1995, M.R. Pietrobom-Silva 1822 ( MBM) ; Rio Pomba , 26 June 1909, without collector ( OUPR 5656 ) ; Rio Preto, Gruta do Funil , 02 November 1967, J.P.P. Carauta 476 ( PACA) ; Santa Rita de Jacutinga, Cachoeira da Vargem do Sobrado , 19 April 1992, L. Krieger s.n. ( CESJ 29462 ) ; Santa Rita do Sapucaí, Serra da Bela Vista , ca. 1300 m, 07 June 1996, O.S. Ribas 1436 ( BHCB, MBM, UPCB) ; São Gonçalo do Rio Abaixo, Estação de Pesquisa Ambiental de Peti , 19°53’33”S e 43°21’55”W, 23 April 2002, A. Salino 7996 ( BHCB) ; São Gonçalo do Rio Preto, Parque Estadual do Rio Preto , mata ciliar atrás da casa dos hóspedes, 18°07’34”S, 43°21’24”W, 04 July 2000, A. Salino et al. 5191 ( BHCB) ; São João del Rei, Serra de São José , 18 February 1985, L. Krieger et al. s.n. (R) ; Tombos, Usina , 26 August 1942, H.L. Mello Barreto 1935a ( RB) ; Viçosa, Agricultural College land, 11 April 1930, Y. Mexia 4594 (B, HBR). Serra do Cipó , na região do Palácio , 29 June 1996, A. Salino 2790 ( BHCB, HRCB). Espírito Santo: Afonso Cláudio , Rodovia BR-262, km 134,5, 20°17’S, 41°15’W, 980 m, 22 February 1990, M.F. Morel et al. 149 ( SJRP) ; Marechal Floriano , 04 March 1995, G.M.F.V. Aquije 278 (R) ; Santa Teresa, na entrada da trilha que sobe a encosta ao lado do Country Club , 25 February 1996, A. Salino 2629 ( BHCB) ; Serra, Estação Biológica do Mestre Álvaro, subida para o morro do Mestre Álvaro , perto de Vitória, 21 November 1982, J.R. Pirani et al. 171 ( SP). Rio de Janeiro: Cachoeiras de Macacu , Serra de Pati , ca. 350 m, 16 February 1977, J.P.P. Carauta et al. 2302 ( PACA) ; Itatiaia, Parque Nacional do Itatiaia , 04 February 1967, A. Sehnem 9030 ( PACA) ; Majé, Praia da Olaria , no fundo da Baía da Guanabara, 25 November 1967, G.F.J. Pabst 9025 ( HB, MBM) ; Mendes, Cinco Lagos , 12 May 1980, J.P.P. Carauta et al. 3496 ( PACA) ; Rio de Janeiro, Corcovado , 600 m, 30 May 1957, A. Sehnem 7106 ( PACA) ; Vassouras, Morro Azul, 26 June 1944, F. Segadas Vianna 502 ( HB). São Paulo: Analândia , Serra do Cuscuzeiro , ca. 22°08’S, 47°40’W, 700 m, 04 January 1988, A. Salino 429 ( BHCB, SJRP) ; Bragança Paulista, Mata dos Padres , 19 October 1986, F. Frigo 20 ( SJRP) ; Brotas, Fazenda Rochedo, estrada Itirapina-Brotas , ca. 800 m, 05 June 1992, A. Salino 1363 ( BHCB) ; Campos do Jordão, Parque Estadual de Campos do Jordão , ao lado do alojamento para pesquisadores, 05 April 2002, V.A.O. Dittrich & A. Mantovani 1146 ( HRCB) ; Caraguatatuba, Parque Estadual da Serra do Mar , estrada da intermediária, km 30,5, 23°41’32”S, 45°37’06”W, 600 m, 18 April 2000, A. Salino et al. 5275 ( BHCB, ESA) ; Cosmorama, Estrada vicinal Angelo Gabade , Fazenda Borges , ca. 20°35’S, 49°53’W, 26 August 1997, F.P.F. Athayde & M. Almeida N. 242 ( SJRP, SP) ; Cubatão, Serra do Mar, Rodovia Anchieta , ca. 23°53’S, 46°26’W, 21 May 1995, M.R. Pietrobom-Silva 1772 ( MBM, SJRP) ; Cunha, Parque Estadual da Serra do Mar, Núcleo Cunha , 15 December 1996, A. Salino 2870 ( BHCB, ESA, HRCB) ; Espírito Santo do Pinhal, Morro da Pedra do Ovo , ca. 22°12’S, 46°44’W, 14 November 1986, A. Salino 61 ( UEC) ; Guarujá, Forte dos Andradas , picada para Praia do Obuseiro , 17 September 1994, O. Yano & Z.R. Mello 23116 ( SP) ; Jaci, Fazenda Remanso, divisa com José Bonifácio , 12 September 1992, M.R. Pietrobom-Silva 363 ( SJRP) ; Miracatu , proximidades da Rodovia BR-116, km 114, 07 July 1978, O. Yano 1074 ( SP) ; Mongaguá, Morro de Itaoca , 13 December 1984, E.A.G.D. Vigna s.n. ( BHCB 17373 ) ; Piquete, estrada Piquete-Itajubá , km 52, 22°33’S, 45°15’W, ca. 1200 m, 19 July 1996, P.G. Windisch & R. Bonotto 8262 ( SJRP) ; São Luís do Paraitinga, Parque Estadual da Serra do Mar, núcleo de Santa Virgínia , 23°20’S, 45°09’W, 950 m, 03 June 2001, A. Salino et al. 6230 ( BHCB) ; São Miguel Arcanjo, Parque Estadual de Carlos Botelho, Trilha da Represa , 24°03’30”S, 47°59’23”W, 25 April 2002, R.G. Udulutsch et al. 706 ( ESA) ; São Paulo, Parque Estadual da Serra do Mar, Núcleo de Curucutu, trilha do Campo , 23°59’07”S, 46°44’07”W, 800 m, 11 April 2001, A. Salino 6477 ( BHCB, ESA, HRCB) ; Sete Barras, Parque Estadual Carlos Botelho, núcleo de Sete Barras , estrada Sete Barras - São Miguel Arcanjo , ca. 24°12’S, 47°55’W, ca. 300 m, 28 September 2002, V.A.O. Dittrich & T.B. Breier 1239 ( HRCB) ; Teodoro Sampaio, Parque Estadual do Morro do Diabo, ca. 30 km da sede, Córrego 7 de Setembro , ca. 22°32’S, 52°11’W, ca. 250–350 m, 16 January 1995, M.R. Pietrobom-Silva 1564 ( MBM, SJRP) ; Ubatuba, Araribá, ca. 5 m, 12 September 1999, V.A.O. Dittrich & M.C.O. Jorge 630 ( ICN). Paraná: Cândido de Abreu , Rio do Coronel , 08 July 1970, G.G. Hatschbach 24426 ( MBM, PACA) ; Cerro Azul, próximo a Pinta , 14 October 1971, L.T.D. Dombrowski & Y.S. Kuniyoshi 3742 ( MBM, PACA) ; Curitiba, Parque Barigui , 28 May 1996, V.A.O. Dittrich & C. Kozera 142 ( MBM, UPCB) ; Guaraqueçaba, Rio do Cedro , 50 m, 19 October 1967, G.G. Hatschbach 17479 ( MBM, PACA) ; Guaratuba , 16 December 1963, G.G. Hatschbach 10789 ( MBM) ; Jaguariaíva, Rio das Mortes , 17 December 1991, J. Cislinski & A.C. Cervi 31 ( UPCB) ; Morretes, Rio Sagrado , 06 December 1973, G.G. Hatschbach 33456 ( MBM, PACA) ; Piraquara, Mananciais da Serra , ca. 1050 m, 23 May 1998, V.A.O. Dittrich 370 ( ICN) ; Ponta Grossa, Parque Estadual de Vila Velha , 10 November 2003, P.B. Schwartsburd 6 ( HRCB) ; Rio Branco do Sul, Ribeirinha , 07 December 1967, G.G. Hatschbach 18089 ( MBM, PACA, UPCB) ; São José dos Pinhais, Estrada para usina de Guaricana , Palmitalzinho , 20 March 1997, J. Cordeiro 1434 & J.M. Cruz ( INPA, MBM) ; Tibagi, Canyon Guartelá , 13 December1996, J.M. Silva et al. 1822 ( MBM) ; Tunas do Paraná, Parque Estadual de Campinhos, 08 May 1998, O.S. Ribas et al. 2640 ( MBM). Santa Catarina: Blumenau , Vale do Rio Júlio , Fazenda Faxinal , 600 m, 17 September 1993, D. Falkenberg 6190 ( MBM) ; Brusque , 50 m, 10 October 1949, R. Reitz 3099 ( RB) ; Itaiópolis, Itaió , 900 m, 10 December 1965, R. Reitz & R.M. Klein 17352 ( PACA) ; São Bento do Sul, ca. 13 km do bairro de Serra Alta, em direção a Corupá , ca. 49°17’W, 26°22’S, ca. 590 m, 03 March 1991, P.G. Windisch 6040 ( SJRP). Rio Grande do Sul: Montenegro, Morro Zimmer, 01 September 1967, A. Sehnem 9430 ( MBM, PACA) ; Pareci Novo , 100 m, 16 September 1952, A. Sehnem 6173 ( MBM, PACA) ; São Leopoldo, Morro das Pedras , 100 m, 01 August 1935, A. Sehnem 616 ( PACA) ; Sapucaia do Sul, Morro do Sapucaia, 100 m, 10 October 1934, A. Sehnem 3387 ( PACA). Amazonas: unknown municipality, Rio Curuquetê , 15 July 1971, G.T. Prance et al. 14337 (K). Pará: Itaituba, Serra do Cachimbo , 23 April 1983, I.L. Amaral et al. 898 ( INPA). Rondônia: Guajará-Mirim, summit of Serra dos Pacaás Novos, 400 m, 02 August 1968, G.T. Prance et al. 6695 ( INPA, K) .

Excluded taxa

Blechnum hastatum Kaulfuss (1824: 161) — cited by Sehnem (1968) for Brazil, as Blechnum auriculatum var. hastatum (Kaulf.) Hieron. (sic). It does not occur in Brazil.

Blechnum meridense Klotzsch (1847: 349) — cited by Rolleri et al. (2012) for Brazil, based in one specimen from LP (Albricht 165 pro parte), not seen.

Figures

FIGURE 6. Blechnum polypodioides. A. Habit. B. Median pinna. C. Rhizome scale. (All from R.F. Novelino 419, CESJ).