Calligrapha serpentina ( Rogers, 1856 )

Gómez-Zurita, Jesús, 2021, Systematic revision of Calligrapha s. str. Chevrolat (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae, Chrysomelinae), Zootaxa 4953 (1), pp. 1-111 : 43-53

Calligrapha serpentina ( Rogers, 1856)

( Figs 7a , 8a , 9 )

Chrysomela serpentina Rogers, 1856 , Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., 8, p. 32.

Chrysomela serpentina: Suffrian, 1858 , Ent. Zeit., 19, p. 258.

Chrysomela serpentina var. b: Stål, 1865, Mon. Chrysom. Amer., 3, p. 270.

Calligrapha serpentina: Crotch, 1873 , Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., 25, p. 49.

Calligrapha serpentina: Gemminger & Harold, 1874 , Cat. Coleopt., 11, p. 3434.

Calligrapha serpentina: Jacoby, 1882 , Biol. Centr.-Amer., 1, p. 203.

Calligrapha serpentina: Jacoby, 1891 , Biol. Centr.-Amer., 1, suppl., p. 246.

Chrysomela serpentina: Townsend, 1895 , Canad. Ent., 27, p. 49.

Calligrapha serpentina: Linell, 1896 , J. N. Y. Ent. Soc., 4, p. 199.

Calligrapha serpentina: Cockerell, 1897 , J. N. Y. Ent. Soc., 5, p. 149.

Calligrapha serpentina: Fall, 1901 , Occ. papers Cal. Acad. Sci., 8, p. 155.

Calligrapha serpentina: Cockerell, 1902 , Psyche, 9, p. 379.

Calligrapha serpentina: Fall & Cockerell, 1907 , Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., 33, p. 197.

Calligrapha serpentina: Mason, 1910 , Canad. Ent., 42, p. 23.

Calligrapha serpentina: Woodworth, 1913 , Guide Calif. ins., p. 219.

Polyspila serpentina: Weise, 1916 , Col. Cat., 68, p. 43.

Calligrapha serpentina: Blackwelder, 1946 , Checklist Col. Amer., 4, p. 674.

Calligrapha serpentina: Bechyné, 1952 , Ent. Arb. Mus. Frey, 3, p. 25.

Calligrapha serpentina: Pallister, 1953 , Am. Mus. Nov., 1623, p. 51.

Calligrapha serpentina: Bechyné & Springlová de Bechyné, 1965 , Rev. Fac. Agron. Maracay, 3, p. 75.

Calligrapha serpentina: Wilcox, 1972 , Bull. Univ. St. N. Y., 421, p. 8.

Calligrapha serpentina: Ward et al., 1977 , US Dept. Agr., Tech. Bull., 1557, p. 17.

Calligrapha serpentina: Gómez-Zurita, 2005 , Canad. Field-Nat., 119, p. 95.

Calligrapha serpentina [pars]: Benítez-García et al., 2017, Rev. Mex. Biodiv., 88, p. 339.

Calligrapha serpentina: Merckx et al., 2018 , Biodiv. Inf., 13, p. 45.

William F. Rogers described Chrysomela serpentina based on five specimens from San Antonio, Texas, collected by a J. D. Clark ( Rogers 1856). Very little is known about this pioneering figure of North American entomology, but Weiss (1936) tracked the homonym figure of a contemporary gentleman born in 1820 in Northampton Co., Pennsylvania, who moved to Buffalo, New York in 1846 where he would follow a militar career until he became major general of the 4th Division of the National Guard, after 1868. However, this was not objectively the same Rogers who published on North American leaf beetles. The entomologist died soon after the publication of this work, as we can deduce thanks to one comment by John LeConte, in one of his articles: “I dedicate this species to the memory of my lamented and highly esteemed friend W. F. Rogers, whose synopsis of the Chrysomelae of the U. S. (Pr. Acad. 8, 29) gave evidence of ability and usefulness, which has been lost to science by his untimely death” (p. 27 in LeConte 1858). This heartfelt comment also helps deducing that there was a close relationship between the two entomologists and provides context to the remark accompanying the original description of C. serpentina whereby Rogers chose to keep the nomem nudum used by LeConte for this species in his collection. In fact, LeConte’s collection, currently in the Museum of Comparative Zoology of Harvard University, was likely the source of the original material for the description, as reported by Suffrian (1858). Of the five syntypes of C. serpentina Rogers mentioned in the original description, there is a single specimen that has survived in this collection and with accompanying data allowing referring it to the original series. This specimen is already identified as a type in the Museum of Comparative Zoology, which is formally proposed here as lectotype and redescribed below.

Lectotype ( Fig. 7a ), by present designation: female, San Antonio , Tex., Clark, M.C.Z. Type 22199, C. serpentina Rog., Jan –Jul 2005 MCZ Image Database ( MCZ). The specimen appears darker and duller in color than most studied individuals.

Description. Body ovoid elongate, moderately convex. Head, base of mandibles, pronotum, prosternum and scutellum dark brown with slight greenish metallic reflection; dark markings of elytra, epipleura, most of ventral surfaces brown with faint purplish metallic reflections; apex of mandibles, labrum, six basal antennomeres, legs, disc of metaventrite and apical abdominal ventrite dark reddish brown; background of elytra dull golden yellow. Length: 9.8 mm; width: 6.1 mm.

Head broad, deeply inserted into prothorax; frons feebly convex, with surface finely microreticulate and sparse shallow punctures, larger, deeper and denser near eyes and above antennal calli, with appressed short fine whitish setae; supraocular furrow shallow, short; frontal suture finely impressed anteriorly at middle, confluent with bisinuous frontoclypeal suture. Eyes proportionally small, dorsoventrally elongate, about twice longer than wide, entire, finely faceted. Genae nearly as long as transverse diameter of eye, round at apex, smooth, with sparse small punctures. Clypeus transverse, about twice as wide anteriorly as long at middle, slightly depressed posteriorly at middle, with surface finely microreticulate and relatively dense and deep punctures at sides, bearing short fine anteriorly appressed whitish setae. Labrum short, transverse, broadly curved at angles and slightly emarginate at depressed anterior border, with long pale yellow setae at sides and near anterior border. Mandibles large, strongly protruding from apical border of clypeus, about as long as longest diameter of eye, parallel at base and strongly curved at middle, with large, deep elongate punctures and appressed long pale yellow setae. Maxillary palpi slender, with apical palpomere, subtrapezoidal, slightly longer than wide, with feebly curved sides and slightly convex at apex; previous palpomere wider at apex than last palpomere, slightly elbowed near narrow cylindrical base; basal palpomere long, slightly clavate. Antennae relatively short, reaching humeri, slightly clavate beyond sixth antennomere; antennomeres 1–6 and base of seventh antennomere smooth and sparsely setose, with short, semierect pale yellow setae, and enlarged apical half of seventh antennomere and antennomeres 8–11 finely rugose and densely covered by fine short pubescence and scattered semierect longer setae; scape dorsoventrally flattened, about twice as long as wide, markedly convex anteriorly and slightly concave posteriorly; pedicel about half as long as scape and narrower, gradually enlarged toward apex; third antennomere slender, about 1.5x longer than pedicel, clavate; antennomeres 4–5 subequal to pedicel, and sixth antennomere shorter and slightly thinner; seventh antennomere slightly longer than pedicel, strongly enlarged from base to apex; antennomeres 8–10 slightly longer than seventh, slightly and progressively broader; antennomere 11 slightly longer than scape, conical in apical 2/5 and blunt at apex.

Pronotum transverse, 1.7x broader at base than long at middle, with sides parallel in basal half and gradually curved toward anterior angles apically, finely margined with margin concealed in dorsal view owing to lateral convexity of pronotum; anterior angles acute, prominent, round and with large trichobothrium at apex, with margin thicker than at sides; anterior border feebly convex at middle and markedly concave toward anterior angles behind eyes, finely margined, with margin obsolete behind frons at middle; posterior border at wide obtuse angle, broadly curved at middle, unmargined; posterior angles obtuse, with large trichobothrium at angle; surface finely microreticulate, with sparse, fine shallow punctures on disc and large, deep, fossette-like, occasionally confluent roundish punctures at sides, between disc and lateral vertical declivity of pronotum, and large, slightly elongate punctures along basal border; surface of pronotum at sides of disc anteriorly with large hollow area. Hypomera triangular, weakly convex and relatively smooth on disc, transversally concave at base, with large transverse elongate impressions; external side microreticulate and rugose, depressed, with large elongate folds perpendicular to hypomeral suture; hypomeral suture markedly impressed from base of pronotum, progressively divergent from margin toward base of anterior angles, with external margin raised above surface of hypomera. Prosternum relatively short, with anterior border regularly concave and finely margined, surface microreticulate and unpunctured in anterior half, rugose, with large, round confluent punctures in posterior half and posteriorly recumbent fine pale yellowish setae; prosternal process narrower between coxae than prosternal length anterior to procoxae, with strong punctures and posteriorly recumbent long, fine golden setae, enlarged toward nearly straigh apex. Scutellum lancet-shaped, elongate, about 1.4x longer at middle than wide at base; surface finely microsculptured, nearly smooth, unpunctured. Mesanepisterna and mesepimera finely microreticulate, with large, shallow, imprecise punctures. Metanepisterna long, nearly three times wider anteriorly than in posterior end, with disc slighly depressed within frame of slightly raised margins, markedly enlarged at anterior border; surface finely microreticulate and with moderate punctures, elongate and confluent in posterior end. Metaventrite slightly longer than ensemble prosternum and mesoventrite; anterior intercoxal process short, transverse, with thick margins; disc relatively flat, smooth, nearly unpunctured, slightly depressed medially, and with discrimen finely impressed in posterior half; sides convex, finely shagreened and with sparse fine punctures, slightly rugose near lateral and anterior borders; punctures of metaventrite with fine, posteriorly appressed short whitish setae; posterior margin between metacoxae at wide obtuse angle.

Elytra long, about 3/4 as long as body, wider at base than base of pronotum, with smooth humeral angles, weakly curved sides, widest at middle and regularly curved at apical third, finely margined; surface smooth, with scattered small dark punctures on pale areas, finer in apical third, and slightly bigger, deeper and tighter punctures around dark markings; scutellar row of 12 punctures and premarginal line of punctures present, with premarginal line regular in posterior half and slightly confused across midlateral and subhumeral spots. Characteristic pattern of dark markings ( Fig. 7a ) consisting of: (i) sutural stripe narrow, parallel to suture, reaching base of elytra narrowly surrounding scutellum, and progressively thining at apical declivity reaching sutural angle; (ii) subsutural stripe narrow, with basal end aligned with apex of scutellum and divergent from sutural stripe for four punctures basally before fusing laterally with sutural stripe, slightly enlarged at apical declivity of elytron and gradually thining at apex; (iii) arcuate band nearly half as long as elytron, weakly concave externally, parallel to and completely separated from subsutural stripe by pale interval as wide as arcuate band; apex of arcuate band prolonged laterally as transverse, anteriorly concave long stripe, reaching lateral declivity of elytron at same distance from premarginal row of punctures than distance from this row to elytral margin; (iv) internal humeral depression at dark basal margin of elytron with small dark spot, narrowly connected with base of humeral lunule on left elytron of type; (v) humeral spot elongate elliptic, about three times longer than wide, placed on humerus and completely fused laterally with humeral lunule; (vi) humeral lunule about 2.5x longer than humeral spot, rather regularly curved toward suture, with apex completely fused laterally to prebasal area of arcuate band; (vii) spot enclosed by humeral lunule medium-sized, slightly shorter than humeral spot, longer than wide, and narrower basally, with basal end aligned with bases of humeral spot and subsutural stripe, free and equally distant from humeral lunule and subsutural stripe; (viii) subhumeral spot small, about as long as wide, irregular, free and covering about four punctures of premarginal row of punctures; (ix) midlateral spot slightly larger than subhumeral spot, broadly elliptical, about 1.5x as long as wide, covering some 5–6 punctures of premarginal row, externally fused narrowly with dark margin of elytron; (x) spot of apical declivity elongate, placed at level with slight preapical enlargement of subsutural stripe and directed to sutural angle at apical declivity of elytron, basally equidistant between subsutural stripe and apical spot; (xi) apical spot slightly smaller than spot of apical declivity, elongate, parallel to preapical margin of elytron and directed toward sutural angle, fused at apex with apical end of spot of apical declivity; (xii) four additional spots on disc, one medium-sized, roundish, at lateral declivity of elytron, aligned with and posterior to humeral spot, at level with midpoint between subhumeral and midlateral spots; one roundish, smaller than midlateral spot, at lateral declivity of elytron, aligned with posthumeral additional spot and outer end of transverse stripe, placed slightly behind midlateral spot; one medium sized, elongate, transverse, on disc, more or less aligned with previous spot and midlateral spot; and one large, elliptic, in apical 1/3 of lateral declivity of elytron, placed at concavity of posterior transverse prolongation of arcuate band. Epipleura relatively wide at base, weakly narrowing posteriorly, rather strongly constricted at middle and gradually thinning toward sutural angle, slightly slanted ventrally, visible in lateral view; surface smooth, unpunctured, glabrous, except near apex, with fringe of short perpendicular and translucent setae.

Legs relatively short but slender. Femora elongate, weakly enlarged at middle, smooth, with sparse small punctures and fine appressed short whitish setae. Pro- and metatibiae slightly longer than corresponding femur, and mesotibiae about as long as mesofemora, feebly curved ventrally and gradually enlarged toward apex, with progressively widened external furrow in apical half; surface smooth, with scattered small elongate punctures and short semierect pale yellowish setae, becoming longer and denser toward apex ventrally. Tarsi shorter than corresponding tibia, with first tarsomere longer than wide at apex, second tarsomere narrower and shorter than first, narrower at base and more markedly expanded at apex, third tarsomere shorter than second and slightly wider than first and weakly emarginate at apex; onychium about as long as ensemble second and third tarsomeres, more strongly curved at base and clavate, with small acute tooth at apex ventrally and weakly divergent simple, sharp claws. First abdominal ventrite slightly shorter than metaventrite, with wide, short anterior convex process; surface glossy with network of transverse scratches on disc and relatively dense small punctures with posteriorly recumbent pale yellowish setae, rugose and slightly depressed at sides; second abdominal ventrite slightly less than half as long as first, smooth and glossy on disc with scattered small punctures and fine short pubescence, rugose and slightly depressed at sides; third and fourth ventrites progressively shorter than second, with similar sculpture; fifth abdominal ventrite as long as second at middle, smooth, unpunctured on disc, with scattered punctures at sides and near posterior border, with posteriorly recumbent short pale yellowish setae. Penis ( Fig. 8a ) elongate, slender, with sides nearly parallel in ventral view, more strongly curved dorsally than ventrally in lateral view, with apical quarter tapering to apex dorsally; sides slightly convergent after gonopore and before laterally projecting sharp teeth, slightly curved posteriorly; apical border sinuous at sides, projecting short convex lobe at middle; gonopore more or less round, covered posteriorly by elongate subtrapezoidal dorsal flap, with broadly round angles and slightly emarginate at apex; distal end of flagellum expanded as large flattened disc at apex, covering most of ostium, with large central orifice and membranous at periphery.

Material examined (952 specimens).

MEXICO

EGRC: (1) one specimen, Mexico, Tamaulipas, 12 mi SW Ciudad Victoria on Hwy101, 4300 ft, 27.vii.1982, C. & L. O’Brien & G. Wibmer leg. FSCA: (1) four specimens, Mexico, Puebla, 9.4 km SE Izúcar de Matamoros on Hwy190, 22.vii.1992, G.H. Nelson leg., Calligrapha serpentina (Rog.) J. Gómez-Zurita det. 2011; (2) two specimens, Mexico, Sonora, 25 km W Santa Ana Viejo, 31.vii.1985, W. Opitz leg., Calligrapha serpentina (Rog.) J. Gómez-Zurita det. 2011; (3) three specimens, Mexico, 8 km N Netapa, 12.viii.1971, S.R. & L.M. Steinhauser leg., Calligrapha serpentina (Rog.) J. Gómez-Zurita det. 2011; (4) one specimen, Mexico, 35 km S Netapa, 12.viii.1971, S.R. & L.M. Steinhauser leg., Calligrapha serpentina (Rog.) J. Gómez-Zurita det. 2011. MCZ: (1) one specimen, Juárez, Mex., 3.vii.1897, A.P. Morse; (2) one specimen, N. Sonora, Mexico, Morrison, Calligrapha serpentina ; (3) one specimen, Saltillo, Coahuila, Dr. Palmer; (4) three specimens, Mex., Saltillo, E. Palmer; (5) one specimen, Chihuahua, Chih., Mex., Wickham; (6) twenty-nine specimens, Chihuahua, Chih., Mex., Wickham, F.C. Bowditch Coll.; (7) seven specimens, Torreón, Coah., Mex., Wickham, F. Bowditch Collection; (8) one specimen, Torreón, Coah., Mex., 21.vii, Wickham; (9) one specimen, Lerdo, Dur., Mex., Wickham, F.C. Bowditch Collection, 6815; (10) two specimens, Villa Lerdo, Durango, Höge, Jacoby 2nd Coll. MfN: (1) nine specimens, Durango City [one with: 150]; (2) five specimens, Mexico, Durango City; (3) two specimens, Canelas; (4) four specimens, Mexico [one with: Call. serpentina R.]; (5) one specimen, Mexico Schl., 29775. MTJM: (1) two specimens, Mexico, Chihuahua, km 1613 S Chihuahua, 17.vii.1969, Ward, Tenorio & Bennett leg.; (2) four specimens, Mexico, Hidalgo, Ixmiquilpan, 21.viii.1971; (3) fourteen specimens, Mexico, San Juan, 25.viii.1925, C.E.W. Woodworth leg., Calligrapha serpentina (Rog.) J. Gómez-Zurita det. 2009; (4) two specimens, Mexico, Hidalgo, El Mexe [Lázaro Cárdenas], 24.vii.1951, J.J. McKelvey leg., Calligrapha serpentina (Rog.) J. Gómez-Zurita det. 2009. NHM: (1) one specimen, Villa Lerdo, Durango, Höge, Godman-Salvin Coll., Biol. Centr.-Amer.; (2) one specimen, Ventanas [Villa Corona], Mex., 2000 ft, Forrer, Godman-Salvin Coll., Biol. Centr.-Amer.; (3) one specimen, Temascaltepec, 1831, Mex D.F., G.B. Hinton Collector, Hinton Coll. B.M. 1937-173; (4) one specimen, Mochitlán, Guerrero, Baron, Biol. Cent. Am. 1905-71, Godman-Salvin Coll., Biol. Centr.-Amer.; (5) one specimen, Monclova, Coahuila, Dr. Palmer, Godman-Salvin Coll., Biol. Centr.-Amer.; (6) two specimens, Saltillo, Coahuila, Dr. Palmer, GodmanSalvin Coll., Biol. Centr.-Amer. [one with: Calligr. serpentina Stål ]; (7) one specimen, 43/13, Mexico. NHMB: (1) four specimens, Mexico, Coll. Kraatz, Clavareau det.; (2) one specimen, Calligrapha serpentina , Mexico, Blattk. 2742/790. NMNH: (1) two specimens, Chihuahua, Chih., Mex., Wickham, Wickham Collection 1933; (2) one specimen, Mexico, Chihuahua, km 30 Batopilas Rd., 27º08.000N 107º34.031W, 6.viii.2007, 1560 m, leg. David G. Furth, Calligrapha serpentina (Rog.) J. Gómez-Zurita det. 2011; (3) one specimen, Mexico, km 1613 S of Chihuahua, 17.vii.69, coll. Ward, Tenorio & Bennett, Calligrapha serpentina Rogers Det. C.L. Staines ; (4) one specimen, Tlahualilo, Mex., July 15, 1905, A.W. Morrill Collector, Hunter No. 890; (5) fourteen specimens [7 larvae + 7 adults], see alc. coll., Tlahualilo, Mex., 19.ix.18, U.C. Loftin, on hollyhocks; (6) one specimen, Gomez Palacio, Dgo., Mexico, 9.ix.1904, A.W. Morrill Collector; (7) two specimens, Durango, Jly. 96, Mex., Dr. E. Palmer; (8) two specimens, Mexico, Tlahualilo, 19.ix.1918, U.C. Loftin, F. Monrós Collection 1959 [one with: Calligrapha serpentina Rog. F. Monrós det. 1954]; (9) one specimen, Villa Lerdo, Durango, Höge, Gift of F.C. Bowditch, Gift ex MCZ, dupl. series, Calligrapha serpentina (Rogers) Det. C.L. Staines 2004 ; (10) one specimen, Mex., Durango, Cd. Durango, Airport, 19.ix.1985; (11) one specimen, Mex., Durango, Cd. Durango, Motel Campo Mexico Courts, 15.ix.1985; (12) one specimen, Jalisco, Mexico, La Venta, 11.viii.1954, R. Ryckman, C. Christianson & R. Lee Colrs., Calligrapha serpentina (Rog.) J. Gómez-Zurita det. 2011; (13) one specimen, N. Sonora, Mexico, Morrison; (14) two specimens, on weed leaves, Mex., 24.viii.1940, El Paso 17683, Calligrapha serpentina Rog. , HSB’40. RBINS: (1) fourteen specimens, Guanajuato, E. Dugès; (2) one specimen, Mexico City, Höge; (3) one specimen, Mex., N. Sonora, Morrison; (4) one specimen, Queretaro, Dr. Palmer; (5) one specimen, Saltillo, Coahuila, Dr. Palmer; (6) one specimen, Mexico, Genin; (7) one specimen, Mex., Reitter; (8) three specimens, Mex., Coll. F. Heylemans; (9) two specimens, Mexico. TAMUIC: (1) one specimen [X0533874], Mexico, Durango, 11 mi NW Cuencamé, 12.viii.1965, H.R. Burke & J. Meyer leg.; (2) one specimen [X0535295], Mexico, Sonora, 55 km SW Moctezuma, 23.vii.1980, S. McCleve & P. Jump leg. ZSM: (1) one specimen, Durango City, Staatssammlung München 1975 Erwerb Coll. Machatschke; (2) two specimen, Mexico, Coll. Kraatz, Clavareau det. Polyspila serpentina Rogers, Staatssammlung München 1975 Erwerb Coll. Machatschke.

USA

EGRC: (1) one specimen, USA, Arizona, [Cochise Co.], Chiricahua Mountains, Southwestern Research Station, 14.viii.1961, G.H. Nelson & family leg.; (2) one specimen, USA, Arizona, Cochise Co., on Hwy80, 5 mi E Douglas, 25.viii.1987, D.A. Ryder leg.; (3) one specimen, USA, Arizona, Cochise Co., Huachuca Mountains, Palmerlee, Miller Canyon, 30.vii.1989; (4) three specimens, USA, California, [Los Angeles Co.], Long Beach, 14.viii.1911, Wolcott leg.; (5) five specimens, USA, New Mexico, Eddy Co., Carlsbad Caverns National Park, 18.x.1980, on Sphaeralcea (Malvaceae) , M.E. Rice leg.; (6) one specimen, USA, New Mexico, Eddy Co., Sitting Bull Falls, 3.x.1932, E.G. Riley leg.; (7) two specimens, USA, New Mexico, Eddy Co., 2–4 mi NE Whites City, 19.x.1980, M.E. Rice leg.; (8) fifty-seven specimens, USA, New Mexico, Eddy Co., 13 mi NW Whites City, 27.vii.1989, E.G. Riley & C. Wolfe leg.; (9) one specimen, USA, New Mexico, Grant Co., 8 mi E Silver City, Central City, 15.vii.1971, J.R. McClellan leg.; (10) two specimens, USA, Texas, Brewster Co., Big Bend National Park, Rio Grande Village, 13.vii.1978, R. Turnbow leg., Calligrapha serpentina (Rog.) det. E. Riley; (11) one specimen, USA, Texas, Brewster Co., Big Bend National Park, Rio Grande Village, 7.x.1982, on Sphaeralcea in bloom, E.G. Riley leg.; (12) one specimen, USA, Texas, El Paso Co., Hueco Tanks State Park, 26.vii.1989, E.G. Riley leg.; (13) one specimen, USA, Texas, Jeff Davis Co., 4 mi SE Fort Davis on Hwy118, 16.vi.1963. G.H. & D.E. Nelson leg.; (14) one specimen, USA, Texas, Jeff Davis Co., 10–10.5 mi SE Fort Davis on Hwy118, 4.viii.2000, E.G. Riley leg.; (15) two specimens, USA, Texas, Jeff Davis Co., Fort Davis, 15.vi.1963, G.H. Nelson leg.; (16) eleven specimens, USA, Texas, Presidio Co., 1.5 mi E Presidio, 6.x.1982, on Sphaeralcea in bloom, E.G. Riley leg.; (17) two specimens, USA, Texas, Presidio Co., 11.3 mi N Shafter, 5.vi.1992, E.G. Riley & W. Godwin leg. FSCA: (1) one specimen, USA, Arizona, Cochise Co., 3 mi up Miller Canyon road, 12.vii.1975, J.M. Cicero leg.; (2) three specimens, USA, Arizona, Cochise Co., Fort Huachuca, 17.x.1968, Dwight Schuh leg.; (3) one specimen, USA, Arizona, Cochise Co., Huachuca Mountains, south end of Copper Canyon, 26.vii.1984, G.H. Nelson leg., Calligrapha serpentina (Rog.) J. GómezZurita det. 2011; (4) one specimen, USA, Arizona, Cochise Co., 5 mi SE Kansas Settlement, 25.vii.1987, T. Lawton leg.; (5) one specimen, USA, Arizona, Cochise Co., nr. Portal, Cave Creek Canyon, Southwestern Research Station, 21.viii.1973, L.L. Lampert leg.; (6) one specimen, USA, Arizona, Pima Co., Santa Rita Mountains, Madera Canyon, 21.vii.1968; (7) one specimen, USA, Arizona, Pima Co., Santa Rita Mountains, NW Madera Canyon, Box Canyon road, 18.vii.1985, S. Jay Hanselmans leg.; (8) one specimen, USA, Arizona, Santa Cruz Co., Patagonia, 4.vii.1961, L.B. Koenig, Calligrapha serpentina Rogers det. I. Askevold 1984 ; (9) one specimen, USA, California, [Los Angeles Co.], Long Beach, viii.1911; (10) three specimens, USA, New Mexico, Bernalillo Co., Albuquerque, Wickham leg.; (11) eight specimens, USA, New Mexico, Eddy Co., Dark Canyon road, 10.ii.1990, J. Huether leg.; (12) twenty-six specimens, USA, New Mexico, Eddy Co., Dark Canyon road, 28.ix-2.x.1991, J. Huether leg. [two specimens with wrong labels by Huether, one from Kansas and one from New York]; (13) six specimens, USA, New Mexico, Eddy Co., 10 mi SW White’s City, 16.viii.1976, B.F. & J.L. Carr leg.; (14) one specimen, USA, Texas, Brewster Co., 10 mi N Alpine, 26.vi.1994, J.E. Wappes leg.; (15) four specimens, USA, Texas, Brewster Co., Big Bend National Park, Rio Grande Village, 3.vii.1978, J.E. Wappes leg.; (16) one specimen, USA, Texas, Culberson Co., Guadalupe Pass, 10.iii.1990, J. Huether leg.; (17) twenty specimens, USA, Texas, Jeff Davis Co., Davis Mountains area, 10.iv.1990, J. Huether leg.; (18) one specimen, USA, Texas, Jeff Davis Co., Fort Davis, 7.vi.1940, E.N. Kellesvig-Waering leg.; (19) one specimen, USA, Texas, Jeff Davis Co., Fort Davis, 18.viii.1965, B.K. Dozier leg.; (20) one specimen, USA, Texas, Jeff Davis Co., 2 mi W Fort Davis, 20.vii.1956, H. & A. Howden leg.; (21) two specimens, USA, Texas, Jeff Davis Co., Hwy118 at 4 mi SE Fort Davis, 16.vi.1963 [1x], 5.vii.1963 [1x], on Sphaeralcea , G.H. & D.E. Nelson leg., Calligrapha serpentina (Rog.) J. Gómez-Zurita det. 2011; (22) four specimens, USA, Texas, Jeff Davis Co., Hwy118 at 6 mi SE Fort Davis, 5.vii.1963, on Sphaeralcea , G.H. Nelson leg., [one with: Calligrapha serpentina (Rog.) J. Gómez-Zurita det. 2011]; (23) one specimen, USA, Texas, Jeff Davis Co., 7 mi SE Fort Davis, 29.vi.1975, D. Weems leg., Calligrapha serpentina (Rog.) J. Gómez-Zurita det. 2011; (24) one specimen, USA, Texas, Jeff Davis Co., 2 mi NW Fort Davis on Hwy7, 27.vii.1969, sweeping roadside vegetation, G.H. & D.E. Nelson leg., Calligrapha serpentina (Rog.) J. Gómez-Zurita det. 2011; (25) five specimens, USA, Texas, Jeff Davis Co., Hwy17 at 9 mi NW Fort Davis, 5.vii.1968, R. Turnbow leg., Calligrapha serpentina (Rogers) Det. E.G. Riley ; (26) one specimen, USA, Texas, El Paso Co., El Paso, 10.ix.1994, Newbarth, Calligrapha serpentina Rog. det. Newbarth 1994 ; (27) one specimen, USA, Texas, El Paso Co., El Paso, 10.vii.2000, S.W. Duck leg.; (28) one specimen, USA, Texas, Presidio Co., 3 mi NW Lajitas, 2.x.1976, J.E. Wappes leg., Calligrapha serpentina Rogers det. A.J. Gilbert 1977 . JGZC: (1) one specimen, USA, Arizona, Cochise Co., Apache Pass Rd to Fort Bowie, 1523 m, 32º08.305’N 109º29.942’W, 30.vii.2017, on Sphaeralcea sp., J. GómezZurita & A. Cardoso leg., Calligrapha serpentina (Rogers) J. Gómez-Zurita det. 2017. MCZ: (1) one specimen, 8 mi N Cochise Stronghold, Cochise Co., Ariz., 15.viii.1957, C.W. O’Brien, serpentina Rog., C.A. Frost Collection 1962 ; (2) one specimen, Benson, Cochise Co., Ariz., 24.viii.1957, C.W. O’Brien, serpentina Rog., C.A. Frost Collection 1962 ; (3) one specimen, Hereford, Cochise Co., Ariz., W.M. Mann, Chrysomela serpentina Rog. 6815, Percy Gardner Bolster Coll’n; (4) four specimens, San Pedro Riparian nat’l Conserv. Area, Cochise Co., Az., 1. viii.1991, SPCover. elev. 4200, 6– 8 mi E Jct. Rt. 92 on Rt. 90 in Sierra Vista, San Pedro River Valley on Malvaceae , in open desert, strongly iridescent green when alive [one with: Calligrapha serpentina Rgs. det. D. Furth ‘91]; (5) six specimens, Ft. Huachuca, Ariz., H.C. Fall Collection; (6) two specimens, Ariz., Liebeck Collection; (7) one specimen, Ari.; (8) four specimens, Ariz. [LeConte Collection]; (9) three specimens, Ari., Horn Coll. H6815; (10) two specimens, Long Beach, Cal., viii.1911, N.S. Easton Collection [one with: serpentina Rogers 15681]; (11) one specimen, SyL, Cal., H.C. Fall Collection; (12) four specimens, Albuq., N.M., Wickham [one with: Cal. serpentina Stål ; one with: Horn Coll. H6815]; (13) three specimens, Albuquerque, N.M., Liebeck Collection [one with: C. serpentina Rog. ]; (14) two specimens, ix.1919,Albuq., New Mex., Wickham, serpentina Rog., C.A. Frost Collection 1962 ; (15) ten specimens, Albq., N. M., Frederick Blanchard Collection [one with: Chrysomela serpentina Rog. N. Mex. ]; (16) two specimens, Magdalena Mts., Liebeck Collection; (17) eleven specimens, Mesilla, N. Mex., 29.vi.1897 [2x], 30.vi.1897 [9x], A.P. Morse; (18) one specimen, Mesilla, N.M., 1.vii.1897; (19) one specimen, Organ Mts., N.M., 7.ix, Filmore Can., Abt. 5700 ft., Coll. Townsend, H.C. Fall Collection; (20) three specimens, N.M., Liebeck Collection; (21) one specimen, N. Mex., serpentina Rogers ; (22) one specimen, N.M., F.A. Eddy Collection; (23) one specimen, N. Mex., Frederick Blanchard Collection, Calligrapha serpentina Rog. ; (24) four specimens, N. M., coll. W.G. Dietz [one with: Chrysomela serpentina Rog. ]; (25) one specimen, N.M. [LeConte Collection]; (26) two specimens, N.M., Horn Coll. H6815 [one with: C. c. serpentina Rog. ]; (27) two specimens, Davis Mts., Tex., vi–vii.1928, O.C. Poling Collector; (28) eleven specimens, Davis Mts., Tex., 1.vii.1928 [3x], 1.ix.1928 [7x; two with exchange labels with Venezuela and China, respectively], 1.iii.1929 [1x], John George Gehring Collection; (29) five specimens, Alpine, Tex., Wickham [one with: 6815]; (30) one specimen, Calligrapha serpentina , Texas. MTJM: (1) one specimen, USA, New Mexico, Rodeo, 28.ix.1960, F.W. Honing leg. NHM: (1) one specimen, N. Sonora, Mexico, Morrison, Godman-Salvin Coll., Biol. Centr.-Amer. [see Selander & Vaurie (1962) for explanation]; (2) one specimen, Chrysomela serpentina , Arizona, Morrison; (3) eight specimens, Albuq., N. M., Wickham, Sharp Coll. 1905-313 [one with: Chrysomela serpentina ]; (4) one specimen, Las Cruces, N.M., Aug 30, [illegible], on Solidago canad ., 97-272; (5) one specimen: El Paso, Crawford, 44; (6) three specimens: Ft. Davis, Texas, Jeff Davis Co., August 12–13, 1974, ex: Sphaeralcea, Collectors A.J. Gilbert, M.E. Gilbert, Brit. Mus. 1978 -268 [one with: Calligrapha serpentina (Rogers) 1856 det. A.J. Gilbert ‘78]. NHMB: (1) one specimen, serpentina, Texas. NMCZ: (1) two specimens, Texas, Coll. Boucard, Coll. Achard Mus. Pragense. NMNH: (1) three specimens, Ariz., Charles Schaeffer Collection, HS Barber Bequest 1950; (2) one specimen, Nogales, Ariz., 1.ix.46, 15366, male; (3) two specimens, wild plants, Nogales, Ariz., Nogales 65088, 1.ix.46, 46-15366; (4) one specimen, Ariz., Brooklyn Mus. Coll. 1929, Calligrapha serpentina Rog. Schaeffer det.; (5) one specimen, C. serpentina on Hollyhock, Nogales, Ariz., 1.ix.47-12925; (6) seven specimens, Arizona, Morrison [three with: Coll. Hubbard & Schwarz]; (7) one specimen, Benson, Cochise Co., Ariz., 30.vii.1967, Collector C. Beegle; (8) two specimens, Ariz., Collection C.V. Riley; (9) one specimen, Hereford, Ariz., Cochise Co., W.M. Mann, Wickham Collection 1933; (10) three specimens, Hereford, Ariz., Cochise Co., W.M. Mann, W.M. Mann Coll. 1954; (11) four specimens, Hereford, Arizona, 28.vii.1907, Calligrapha serpentina (Rog.) J. Gómez-Zurita det. 2003 [two with: specimen transferred from Rutgers Univ.]; (12) four specimens, Huachuca Mts., Ariz., Shoemaker Collection 1956 [two with: 15681]; (13) five specimens, Huachucha Mts., Ariz., Ernest Shoemaker Collection, H.S. Barber Bequest 1950 [one with: 15681, Calligrapha serpentina Rogers ]; (14) one specimen, 10 mi N Sonoita, Sta. Cruz Co., Ariz., 4700 ft., Aug. 26, 1950, T. Cohn, P. Boore, M. Cazier collectors, Shoemaker Collection 1956, Calligrapha serpentina Rogers 15681; (15) one specimen, McNeal, Cochise Co., Ariz., 4100 ft., Sept. 13, 1950, W. Gertsch, M. Cazier Collectors, 15681, Shoemaker Collection 1956; (16) two specimens, Douglas, Ariz., 1.ix.1925, Calligrapha serpentina (Rog.) J. Gómez-Zurita det. 2003; (17) one specimen, Douglas, Ar., 24.vi.1939, W.W. Jones, Sphaeralcea , Calligrapha serpentina (Rog.) , HSB49; (18) one specimen, Douglas, Ar., 24.vi.1933; (19) two specimens, Arizona, Douglas, 20.vii.1968, J.H. Russell, on Sphaeralcea leaf, 68-19756 [one with: Calligrapha serpentina (Rog.) d. R. E. White]; (20) one specimen, Garden Canyon, Huachuca Mts., Ariz., W.H. Mann, W.H. Mann Coll. 1954, 6815; (21) one specimen, Arizona, Nogales, at Nogales 97238, 22.viii.1968, D. Laddey, on Primulus sp. leaf, 69-3891, Calligrapha serpentina d. R.E. White; (22) one specimen,Arizona, Morrison, Coll. Hubbard & Schwarz, Calligrapha serpentina (Rog.) J. Gómez-Zurita det. 2003; (23) one specimen, Ariz., Calligrapha serpentina Rog. ; (24) one specimen,Arizona; (25) one specimen, USA, Arizona, Santa Cruz Co., Sycamore Cyn.,Alascoa [?] Mts., 2.viii.1991, Lee Guidry, Calligrapha serpentina (Rog.) J. Gómez-Zurita det. 2011; (26) five specimens, Ari., Casey bequest 1925; (27) six specimens, Albuqu’e, N. Mex., Coll. Hubbard & Schwarz; (28) four specimens, Albuq., N.M., Wickham, 8615 [one with: Calligrapha serpentina Rogers 6815]; (29) three specimens, Albuq., N.M., Wickham, Wickham Collection 1933 [one with: Calligrapha serpentina Rog. 6815]; (30) one specimen, Wickham, Albuq., N.M., 6815, Wickham Collection 1933; (31) nine specimens, Albuq., N.M., 1933, [9], H.F. Wickham Collector; (32) thirteen specimens, Albuq., N.M., 1933, [33], H.F. Wickham Collector, Calligrapha serpentina (Rog.) J. GómezZurita det. 2003; (33) one specimen, Mesilla, Aug. 21 [illegible], CAIL 5202; (34) two specimens, Mesilla, N.M., Ckll, VIII, Wickham Collection 1933; (35) one specimen, Mesilla Prk., N.M., C.N. Ainslie collector, Collection F. Knab; (36) one specimen, NMX, Socorro Co., 22 mi E San Antonio, 13.viii.1996, J.E. Wappes; (37) one specimen, Japanese beetle Trap, Las Cruces, NM, July 5, ‘41, R.R. Ross Collector, Calligrapha serpentina Rog. Det. H.S. Barber ; (38) four specimens, Las Cruces, N. Mex., 25.ix.44, Harrison, Ball & Fraser, on Malvaceae (“copper mallow”) 44-24925, Calligrapha serpentina Rogers ; (39) two specimens, Las Cruces, NM, 3.ix, Coll. Hubbard & Schwarz [one with: Calligrapha serpentina Rog. ]; (40) four specimens, Las Cruces, NM, 12.viii, Coll. Hubbard & Schwarz; (41) one specimen, Las Cruces, NM, 9.viii, Coll. Hubbard & Schwarz; (42) one specimen, N.M., Ckll., 2514, Las Cruces, Wickham Collection 1933; (43) one specimen, on pepper, Dona Ana, N.M., 12.x.43, 16228; (44) one specimen, on bell pepper leaves, Anthony, N.M., 30.viii.43, 13454, Calligrapha serpentina (Rog.) , HSB’43; (45) one specimen, NM, Kaeber Collection, Chrysomela serpentina Rog. ; (46) three specimens, N.M., Wckm.; (47) one specimen, N.M., Wickham Coll., 15681, Shoemaker Collection 1956; (48) one specimen, N. Mex., Collection C.V. Riley; (49) three specimens, Texas, Brewster Co., Hwy67, 16 mi NE Alpine, 21 Jul. 1977, Coll. C.J. DeLoach, collected by hand from Sphaeralcea angustifolia [one with: Calligrapha serpentina (Rogers) Det. R. White 4.viii.77]; (50) one specimen, Rt. 67, 19 mi NE of Alpine, Texas, on Abutilon ?, 29.vii.1976, A-40b, Calligrapha serpentina (Rog.) J. Gómez-Zurita det. 2003; (51) one specimen, Texas, Brewster Co., Hwy67, 18 mi NE Alpine, 19 July 1977, coll. C.J. DeLoach, feeding on foliage of Sphaeralcea angustifolia or nr.; (52) one specimen, Alpine, Texas, 1–15.vi.1926, O.C. Poling, Charles Schaeffer Collection, HS Barber Bequest 1950; (53) one specimen, USA, Texas, Jeff Davis Co., 23 mi S Kent, 30º45’N 104º10’W, 1.ix.1993, E.E. Grisell & R.F. Denno, on Juglans microcarpa , Calligrapha serpentina Rogers Det. C.L. Staines 2004 ; (54) one specimen, USA, Texas, Presidio Co., Big Bend Ranch State Natural Area, Duck Pond, 5 mi W Sauceda Ranch, 29º29’N 104º01’W, 4–5.ix.1993, E.E. Grissell & R.F. Denno; (55) sixteen specimens, on Sphaeralcea angustifolia , nr. Presidio, Tex., 22.viii.1939, Loc. 13 [one with: Calligrapha serpentina (Rg.) HSB’39]; (56) one specimen, Tx., Big Bend Pk., R. Grande Village, 3. vii.1978, J.E. Wappes, Calligrapha serpentina (Rogers) det. J.E. Wappes 2002 ; (57) one specimen, Tex., Presidio Co., 3 mi NW Lajitas, 2.x.1976, J.E. Wappes Coll.; (58) four specimens, El Paso, Tex., 11.vii.1900, Dr. G.W. Bock collector [one with: Calligrapha serpentina Rog. ]; (59) one specimen, El Paso, Tex., 25.viii.1943, on string beans, Lot. No. 43-14791; (60) one specimen, Japanese Beetle Trap, El Paso, Tex., 3.vii.1943, T.R. Stephens Collector, 43-73; (61) six specimens [four adults, two larvae], Sphaeralcea frondleri, El Paso, Tex. , 15.viii.1944 -23293; (62) one specimen, on chile pepper foliage, El Paso, Tex., 29.ix.1943 -15520; (63) one specimen, El Paso, Tex., 14. ix.1943, on string beans, Lot No. 43-14699, Calligrapha serpentina (Rog.) J. Gómez-Zurita det. 2003; (64) one specimen, Davis Mts., Tex., 30.vi.1931, G.P. Engelhandt, Calligrapha serpentina ; (65) eleven specimens, Fort Davis, J. Davis Co., Texas, vii.1977, Dr. Leuczy [one with: Calligrapha serpentina Rog. ]; (66) three specimens, Marfa, Texas, July 3–6, 4600–4800 ft., Wickham, Wickham Collection 1933; (67) two specimens, Texas, US, Calligrapha serpentina Rog. ; (68) one specimen, Texas, Culbersome Co., 10 mi NE of Nickel Creek, 31º58’27’’N 104º36’42’’W, 5.viii.2010, G.F. Hevel, Calligrapha serpentina (Rog.) J. Gómez-Zurita det. 2011; (69) twelve specimens, Tex., Casey bequest 1925. NRM: (1) one specimen, N. Mexico, U.S.A., N. Amer., Eckman; (2) six specimens, Arizona, Morrison; (3) one specimen, N. Sonora, Mexico, Morrison, Calligrapha serpentina [see Selander & Vaurie (1962) for explanation]. OSAC: (1) three specimens, USA, New Mexico, Doña Ana Co., Las Cruces, 8.ix.1975, T.D. Schowaller leg., Calligrapha serpentina (Rog.) J. Gómez-Zurita det. 2009. OUMNH: (1) three specimens, N. America, Texas, Presidio Co., ca. 20 km W Valentine, Miller Ranch, 30º32’57’’N 104º39’40’’W, 12.viii.2007 [2x], 13.viii.2007 [1x], 1390 m alt., coll. Mann & Edmonds, Miller Ranch, Camp Holland area, OUMNH- 2007-067 [one with: Calligrapha serpentina (Rog.) J. Gómez-Zurita det. 2011]. RBINS: (1) three specimens, Albuquerque, New Mexico. TAMUIC: (1) nine specimens [X0534437, X0535338, X0536342, X0544290, X0545615, X0547104, X0548053, X0549918, X0550739], USA, Arizona, Cochise Co., 5 mi SW McNeal, 3.viii.1969, Mike McCleve leg.; (2) two specimens [X0533922, X0534779], USA, Arizona, Cochise Co., San Pedro River, 13.vii.1978, Scott McCleve leg.;(3) four specimens[X0533936, X0534229, X0534997, X0546057], USA, Arizona, Cochise Co., Wilcox, 25.vii.1992, J. & M. Huether leg.; (4) one specimen [X0537353], USA, Arizona, Santa Cruz Co., Patagonia, vii.1965; (5) seventy-five specimens [X0533046, X0533053, X0533574, X0533669, X0533757, X0533763, X0533966, X0534065,X0534067,X0534085, X0534086, X0534091, X0534098, X0534111, X0534122, X0534174, X0534176, X0534177, X0534188, X0534203, X0534293, X0534382, X0534404, X0534424, X0534644, X0534663, X0534761, X0535113, X0535180, X0535331, X0535517, X0535530, X0535565, X0535754, X0535829, X0536263, X0536949, X0537560,X0537804,X0538107, X0538731, X0538801, X0538870, X0539554, X0539959, X0540800, X0541138, X0541259, X0541276, X0542399, X0543850, X0544970, X0544975, X0545221, X0545345, X0546294, X0546434, X0546475,X0546660,X0546971, X0547134, X0547968, X0548034, X0548113, X0549004, X0549543, X0549778, X0550020, X0550410, X0550915, X0551018, X0551962, X0552431, X0552437, X0552494], USA, New Mexico, Eddy Co., 13 mi SW Whites City, 27.vii.1989, Edward G. Riley & Charles S. Wolfe leg.; (6) three specimens [X0541439, X0542131, X0550155], USA, New Mexico, Eddy Co., Sitting Bull Canyon, 19.viii.1982, Robert H. Turnbow leg.; (7) one specimen [X0533573], USA, New Mexico, Hidalgo Co., Guadalupe Canyon, 7.viii.1967, James W. Smith leg.; (8) one specimen [X0535844], USA, New Mexico, Otero Co., 0–14 mi W Cloudcroft, 7.vii.1994, J. Huether leg.; (9) two specimens [X0534521, X0552382], USA, Texas, Bexar Co., Rte. 180, 10– 20 mi E San Antonio, 7.viii.1994, J. Huether leg.; (10) one specimen [X0540750], USA, Texas, Brewster Co., 8 mi E Alpine, 11.viii.1969, Board & Hafernik leg.; (11) eleven specimens [X0537359, X0537669, X0540773, X0544630, X0545145, X0545681, X0546105, X0546483, X0549334, X0549424, X0550979], USA, Texas, Coryell Co., Michigan Flat, 25.vii.1977, William F. Chamberlain leg.; (12) one specimen [X0540661], USA, Texas, Culberson Co., 20 mi N Van Horn, 19.viii.1969, Board & Hafernik leg.; (13) one specimen [X0534450], USA, Texas, Jeff Davis Co., jct. Calamity Creek and Hwy 118, 8.viii.1992, Godwin & Riley leg., Calligrapha serpentina (Rog.) J. Gómez-Zurita det. 2011; (14) one specimen [X0541376], USA, Texas, Jeff Davis Co., vic. Davis Mountains, 26–28.vi.1994, J. Huether leg.; (15) three specimens [X0538732, X0551173, X0551788], USA, Texas, Jeff Davis Co., Davis Mountains State Park, 16.viii.1982, Robert H. Turnbow leg.; (16) one specimen [X0549242], USA, Texas, Jeff Davis Co., 1.1 mi S Fort Davis, 1 mi N SR166 on SR17, 21.viii.1974, H. Greenbaum leg.; (17) seven specimens [X0536960, X0541505, X0541506, X0544423, X0544573, X0549467, X0551247], USA, Texas, Jeff Davis Co., 6 mi SE Fort Davis, 11.viii.1969, Board & Hafernik leg.; (18) one specimen [X0542948], USA, Texas, Jeff Davis Co., 10 mi SE Fort Davis, 9.viii.1961, Horace R. Burke leg.; (19) two specimens [X0539148, X0548502], USA, Texas, Jeff Davis Co., 12 mi SE Fort Davis, 8.viii.1969, Board & Hafernik leg.; (20) one specimen [X0552542], USA, Texas, Jeff Davis Co., 9 mi NW Fort Davis, 5.vii.1978, James E. Wappes leg.; (21) two specimens [X0542370, X0548960], USA, Texas, Jeff Davis Co., on Rte. 118, 9.8 mi S Kent, 16–18.viii.1982, Timothy P. Friedlander leg.; (22) one specimen [X0534677], USA, Texas, Jeff Davis Co., 30 km SE Kent, 22.vii.1989, Robert S. Anderson leg., Calligrapha serpentina (Rog.) J. Gómez-Zurita det. 2011; (23) one specimen [X0538450], USA, Texas, Jeff Davis Co., Hwy 290, 9.1 mi W Toyahvale, 14.viii.1981, T.P., L.G. & T.A. Friedlander leg.; (24) one specimen [X0549111], USA, Texas, Jeff Davis Co., 9.5 mi SW Toyahvale, 6.5 mi W Rte. 17 on 1832, 14.viii.1981, Timothy P. Friedlander leg.; (25) four specimens [X0533756, X0538885, X0545030, X0546189], USA, Texas, Pecos Co., 10–20 mi W Sanderson, 26–30.vi.1994, J. Huether leg.; (26) one specimen [X0542245], USA, Texas, Presidio Co., 24 mi SW Marfa, 27.vi.1968, John E. Hafernik leg.; (27) four specimens [X0546669, X0550916, X0551849, X0552386], USA, Texas, Presidio Co., Presidio, 1.ix.1928, F.F. Bibby leg.; (28) four specimens, USA, Texas, Presidio Co., 1 mi SE Presidio, 20.vii.1968 [X0550747], 19.viii.1968 [X0538125, X0541246, X0551548], John E. Hafernik leg.; (29) four specimens, USA, Texas, Presidio Co., 8 mi SE Presidio, Estrada Creek, 18.vi.1968 [X0545039, X0549565], 9.vii.1968 [X0550059], 17.vii.1968 [X0540935], John E. Hafernik leg.; (30) three specimens [X0538109, X0541165, X0548981], USA, Texas, Presidio Co., 4 mi NW Presidio, 22.viii.1968, John E. Hafernik leg.; (31) nine specimens [X0536222, X0537846, X0540479, X0540895, X0542737, X0545950, X0547416, X0550031, X0551990], Texas, Presidio Co., 23 mi NW Presidio, 19.viii.1968, C.L. Cole leg.; (32) one specimen [X0538473], Texas, Presidio Co., Redford, 30.vi.1966, C.L. Cole leg.; (33) four specimens [X0537005, X0540249, X0543182, X0548755], Texas, Presidio Co., Shafter, 22.vi.1968, John E. Hafernik leg.; (34) three specimens [X0537822, X0539077, X0551202], USA, Texas, Presidio Co., Shafter, 2.viii.1968, M.L. Allendar leg.; (35) one specimen [X0547769], USA, Texas, Reeves Co., 2 mi E Balmorhea, 14.viii.1982, Robert H. Turnbow leg.; (36) one specimen [X0538939], USA, Texas, Reeves Co., 20 mi W Orla, 8.viii.1972, William F. Chamberlain leg. UASM: (1) one specimen [ UASM #193938], USA, California, Long Beach, viii.1911; (2) three specimens [ UASM #193935-193937], USA, Texas, El Paso, 10.vii.1900, S.W. Boek leg.

UNKNOWN

FSCA: (1) one specimen, [no data]. HNHM: (1) one specimen, Calligrapha serpentina . MCZ: (1) one specimen, Ala., Chrysomela serpentina Rogers ; (2) seven specimens, [no data] [LeConte Collection]; (3) one specimen, Horn Coll. H6815. MfN: (1) one specimen, Calligrapha serpentina Rogers ; (2) two specimens, [no data]. NHM: (1) one specimen, Mexique, named by Stål, Baly coll., serpentina Rogers , Mexico, Guatemala; (2) one specimen, mexicana Dej. , 138, 67-56; (3) one specimen, Sharp Coll. 1905-313; (4) one specimen, 5745; (5) one specimen, [no data]. NMNH: (1) one specimen, 77, 1.v.1973, Chrysomela serpentina Horn Rogers , Collection C.V. Riley; (2) one specimen, Sherman Coll’n. RBINS: (1) two specimens, Coll. Chapuis; (2) one specimen, [no data].

Variation. This species is very characteristic and rather constant in its diagnositic features, presenting slight differences in the tinge of dark metallic parts, which can range between bronzy and bluish reflections, and also small differences in the way the elytral markings can appear connected to each other, even though the basic pattern is always recognizable. More sporadically, one can find specimens where the basic markings have been reduced or fragmented, but when this happens it is likely that it responds to developmental problems (e.g., in one specimen studied, the humeral spot was lacking clearly in one elytron, and appeared as a minute darkening in the other elytron). It is worth mentioning here that this species is remarkable in the variety of colors that the pale background of elytra can take, from bright red to golden greenish, which may be related to their maturity.

Distribution. This species is endemic of Mexico and the south of a number of states in the USA, including Arizona, New Mexico and Texas, and there are also a number of historic records for Long Beach, in California ( Fig. 9 , white circles). C. serpentina is characteristic of steppic, arid lands where globemallows grow and has been identified in a number of such biomes in the USA and Mexico, including the Arizona-New Mexico Mountains, the Apache Highlands, the Chihuahuan and Sonoran Deserts, interior margins of the Sinaloan Dry Forests, and more sporadically to the south, in areas in or close to Central Mexican Matorral, Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt Pine-Oak Forest and Balsas Dry Forest.

Figures

FIGURE 7. Dorsal and lateral views of the lectotype of Calligrapha serpentina (Rogers) (a), lectotype of C. mexicana Stål (b), lectotype of C. serpentina var. discrepans (Achard) (c), holotype of C. serpentina ssp. temaxensis Bechyné (d), holotype of C. sallei (Achard) (e), and lectotype of C. serpens Bowditch (f). Scale = 5.0 mm.

FIGURE 8. Dorsal (apex), ventral and lateral views of the penises of Calligrapha serpentina (Rogers) (a), C. mexicana Stål (b), C. sallei (Achard) (c), C. discrepans (Achard) (d), and C. serpentina ssp. temaxensis Bechyné (e). Scale = 0.5 mm.

FIGURE 9. Distribution of Calligrapha serpentina (Rogers) (white circles) and of C. mexicana Stål (black circles).