Ipomoea indica (Burm.) Merrill

Wood, John R. I., Munoz-Rodriguez, Pablo, Williams, Bethany R. M. & Scotland, Robert W., 2020, A foundation monograph of Ipomoea (Convolvulaceae) in the New World, PhytoKeys 143, pp. 1-823 : 1

234. Ipomoea indica (Burm.) Merrill , Interpr. Herb. Amboin.445. 1917. (Merrill 1917: 445)

Convolvulus indicus Burm., Herb. Amboin. Actuar. [6]. 1755. (Burman 1755: 6). Type. Icon. Besler, Hort. Eyst. Aest. Ord. 8: t. 2 (1613), lectotype designated by Fosberg (1976).

Pharbitis indica (Burm.) R.C. Fang , Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 64: 105. 1979. (Fang 1979 and Huang: 105).

Convolvulus roseus Miller, Gard. Dict. ed. 8: Convolvulus n.18. 1768. (Miller 1768: Convolvulus n. 18). Type. JAMAICA. Houston s.n. (holotype BM000953173).

Convolvulus acuminatus Vahl , Symb. Bot. 3: 26. 1794. (Vahl 1794: 26). Type. [U.S. VIRGIN ISLANDS]. St Croix, West s.n. (?holotype C10009677).

Ipomoea acuminata (Vahl) Roem. & Schult. , Syst. Veg. 4: 228. 1819. (Roemer and Schultes 1819: 228), nom. illeg., non Ipomoea acuminata Ruiz & Pav. (1799) .

Pharbitis acuminata (Vahl) Choisy in A.P. de Candolle , Prodr. 9: 342. 1845. (Choisy 1845: 342).

Ipomoea vahliana House , Ann. New York. Acad. Sci. 18: 204. 1908. (House 1908b: 204). Type. Based on Convolvulus acuminatus Vahl

Ipomoea indica var. acuminata (Vahl) Fosberg , Bot. Not. 129: 38. 1976. (Fosberg 1976: 38).

Ipomoea congesta R. Br. (Brown 1810: 485) . Type. AUSTRALIA. Queensland, Cape York Penisular, Banks & Solander (holotype BM001040638).

Convolvulus congestus (R. Br.) Spreng. , Syst. Veg. 11: 601. 1825 [pub. 1824]. (Sprengel 1824: 601), nom. illeg., non Convolvulus congestus R. Br. (1814) .

Pharbitis acuminata var. congesta (R.Br.) Choisy in A.P. de Candolle , Prodr. 9: 343. 1845. (Choisy 1845: 343).

Ipomoea mutabilis Ker-Gawl. , Bot. Reg. 1: t. 39. 1815. (Ker-Gawler 1815: t. 39). Type. Cultivated from seed from Veracruz, Mexico (lectotype t. 39 in Bot. Reg. 1 (1815), designated here).

Convolvulus mutabilis (Ker Gawl.) Spreng., Syst. Veg. (ed. 15 bis) 1: 593. 1825 [pub. 1824]. (Sprengel 1824: 593).

Modesta mutabilis (Ker-Gawl.) Raf. , Fl. Tellur. 4: 76. 1836 [pub. 1838]. (Rafinesque 1838a: 76).

Ipomoea cathartica Poir. in Lam. , Encycl. Meth. Suppl. 4: 633. 1816. (Poiret 1814-17: 633). Type. [DOMINICAN REPUBLIC]. Santo Domingo, P. A. Poiteau (holotype FI?, isotype P-JUSS-6829).

Pharbitis cathartica (Poir.) Choisy in A.P. de Candolle , Prodr. 9: 342. 1845. (Choisy 1845: 342).

Convolvulus mollis Kunth , Nov. Gen. Sp. Pl. 3: 104. 1818 [pub.1819]. (Kunth 1819: 104), nom. illeg., non Convolvulus mollis Burm. f. (1768). Type. VENEZUELA. Sucre, Cumaná, Humboldt & Bonpland 233 (holotype P00670757).

Ipomoea mollis (Kunth) G. Don , Gen. Hist. 4: 275. 1838. (Don 1838: 275).

Pharbitis mollis (Kunth) Choisy in A.P. de Candolle , Prodr. 9: 342.1845. (Choisy 1845: 342).

Convolvulus bogotensis Kunth , Nov. Gen. Sp. Pl. 3: 104. 1818 [pub.1819]. (Kunth 1819: 104). Type. COLOMBIA. Santa Fe de Bogota, Humboldt & Bonpland s.n. (holotype P00670756).

Ipomoea bogotensis (Kunth) G. Don , Gen. Hist. 4: 273. 1838. (Don 1838: 273).

Pharbitis bogotensis (Kunth) Choisy in A.P. de Candolle , Prodr. 9: 341. 1845. (Choisy 1845: 341).

Ipomoea lilacina Schrank , Denkschr. Bot. Ges. Regensb. 2: 31. 1822. (Schrank 1822: 31). Type. BRAZIL. [Minas Merais, sabaria], C.F. P. Martius s.n. (lectotype M0184854, designated here).

Convolvulus portoricensis Spreng. , Syst. Veg. 1: 595. 1825 [pub. 1824]. (Sprengel 1824: 595. Type. PUERTO RICO. No type cited.

Ipomoea portoricensis G. Don , Gen. Hist. 4: 278. 1838. (Don 1838: 278).

Ipomoea amoena Blume , Bijdr. Ned. Ind. 718. 1825. (Blume 1825-26: 718). Type. INDONESIA. "In Moluccanis insulis, nunc etiam in horto Bot. Buitenzorgii culta". (Wherabouts unknown,?BOG).

Convolvulus pudibundus Lindl. , Bot. Reg. 12: t. 999. 1826. (Lindley 1826: t. 999). Type. Cultivated plant from St. Vincent (lectotype t. 999 in Bot. Reg. 12 (1826), designated here).

Ipomoea pudibunda (Lindley) G. Don , Gen. Hist. 4: 276. 1838. (Don 1838: 276).

Ipomoea punctata Macfad. , Bot. Misc. 2: 116. 1830 (Macfadyen 1830: 116). Type. JAMAICA. Aylmer’s Estate Estate. (type not found at K).

Ipomoea cataractae Endl. , Prodr. Fl. Norfolk. 53. 1833. (Endlicher 1833: 53). Type. NORFOLK ISLAND. Caskade Bay, F.L. Bauer s.n. (lectotype W0050656, designated here; isolectotypes W0050657, K000830895).

Pharbitis insularis Choisy, Mem. Soc. Phys. , Genève 6: 57 [439]. 1834. (Choisy 1834: 57 [439]. Type. POLYNESIA. Friendly Islands, D. Nelson (lectotype BM001209580, designated here).

Ipomoea insularis (Choisy) Steud. , Nomencl. Bot. 1: 817. 1840. (Steudel 1840: 817).

Ipomoea learii Knight ex Paxton , Paxton’s Mag. Bot. 6: 267. 1839. (Paxton 1839: 267). Type. Cultivated plant from Sri Lanka sent by Lear (lectotype K000612914, designated here).

Pharbitis learii (Knight ex Paxton) Lindl. , Edwards’s Bot. Reg. 27: t. 56. 1841. (Lindley 1841: t. 56).

Pharbitis medians Choisy in A.P. de Candolle , Prodr. 9: 343.1845. (Choisy 1845: 343). Type. REUNION [Bourbon], Bory St Vincent s.n. (lectotype G00134749, designated here).

Pharbitis rosea Choisy in A.P. de Candolle , Prodr. 9: 342. 1845. (Choisy 1845: 342). Type. BRAZIL. Minas Gerais, Congonhas de Sabará, Martius 1228 (probable holotype M0184855).

Pharbitis dealbata M. Martens & Galeotti , Bull. Acad. Roy. Sci. Bruxelles 12: 272. 1845. (Martens and Galeotti 1845: 272). Type. MEXICO. [Veracruz], Dans les bois de Mirador et de Zacupan", H. Galeotti 1352 (holotype BR, not found, isotypes G00227843, K000612766).

Ipomoea dealbata (M. Martens & Galeotti) Hemsl., Biol. Cent.-Amer., Bot. 2 (11): 386. 1882. (Hemsley 1882: 386).

Pharbitis calycosa A. Rich. , Hist. Fis. Cuba 3: 128. 1850. (Sagra 1850: 128). Type. CUBA. (P, not found).

Pharbitis hispida var. imberbis Beurl. , Kongl. Vetensk. Acad. Handl. 40: 138. 1854 [pub. 1856]. (Beurling 1856: 138). Type. PANAMA. Colón, Porto Bello, J.I. Bilberg s.n. (isotype S-07-4787).

Pharbitis grandiflora Beurl. , Kongl. Vetensk. Acad. Handl. 40: 139. 1854 [pub. 1856]. (Beurling 1856: 139). Type. PANAMA. Colón, Porto Bello, J.I. Bilberg s.n. (isotype S-R-7905).

Ipomoea jamaicensis var. glabrata Griseb. Fl. Brit. W. I. 474. 1864 [pub. 1862]. (Grisebach 1862b: 474). Type. JAMAICA. Mcfadden s.n. (lectotype K000612713 with Grisebach’s annotation, designated here).

Ipomoea jamaicensis var. glabrata Meisn. in Martius et al. , Fl. Brasil. 7: 226. 1869. (Meisner 1869: 226), nom. illeg., non Ipomoea jamaicensis var. glabrata Grisebach (1862b) . Type. BRAZIL. MEXICO, Tampico, Berlandier 29 (lectotype BM001209638, designated here).

Ipomoea jamaicensis var. intermedia Meisn. in Martius et al. , Fl. Brasil. 7: 226. 1869. (Meisner 1869: 226). Type. BRAZIL. São Paulo, Ypanema, C.F.P. Martius s.n. (lectotype M0184878, designated here).

Ipomoea jamaicensis var. sericea Meisn. in Martius et al. , Fl. Brasil. 7: 226. 1869. (Meisner 1869: 226). Type. BRAZIL. Minas Gerais, Congonhas de Sabará, C.F.P. Martius 1228 (lectotype M0184855, designated here).

Ipomoea jamaicensis forma triloba Arechav. , An. Mus. Nac. Montevideo 7: 194. 1909. (Arechaveleta y Balpardo 1909: 194). Type. URUGUAY. Not specified, (?MVM, n.v.).

Ipomoea halierca I.M. Johnst., Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. ser. 4, 20: 85. 1921. (Johnston 1921: 85). Type. MEXICO. Clarion Island [Revillagigedo], H.L. Mason 1553 (holotype CAS0003013, isotypes CAS, F, GH, K, MICH, US).

Ipomoea congesta var. brevipedunculata Hochr. , Candollea 5: 185. 1934. (Hochreutiner 1934: 185). Type. INDONESIA. Java, Tjinjiroean, Hochreutiner 1635 (G, n.v.).

Ipomoea indica forma albiflora Stone, Micronesica 2: 139. 1966. (Stone 1966: 139). Type. GUAM. Harmon Village, Stone 4729 (GUAM, n.v.).

Type.

Based on Convolvulus indicus Burm.

Description.

Twining perennial herb, stems pubescent. Leaves petiolate, 5-15 × 5-15 cm, ovate or, commonly, shallowly 3-lobed, both forms sometimes on the same plant, apex acuminate and shortly mucronate, base cordate with rounded auricles, adaxially pubescent, abaxially paler, pubescent to grey-tomentose; petioles 2.5-10 cm. Inflorescence of axillary, pedunculate clusters, sometimes reduced to single flowers; peduncles 5-9 cm, pubescent; bracteoles ± persistent, pubescent, usually narrowly linear-lanceolate, acuminate, 4-10 × 0.5-1 mm but sometimes oblong-elliptic, foliose and shortly petiolate, c. 15-30 × 4-15 mm; secondary peduncles 2-3 mm; pedicels very short, 2-7 mm; sepals subequal, 13-20 × 3-5 mm, narrowly ovate, finely acuminate, pubescent, often somewhat spreading at muturity; corolla 5-6 cm long, funnel-shaped, deep blue with violet midpetaline bands, drying pink, glabrous, limb unlobed, 4-5 cm diam. Capsules subglobose, 8-10 mm diam., glabrous, 6-seeded; seeds black, 4-5 mm long, appearing glabrous but minutely tomentellous.

Illustration.

Figure 121A; O 'Donell (1959b: 135); Acevedo-Rodríguez (2005: 170); Austin (1998: 404); Bosser and Heine (2000: 46); Deroin (2001: 203).

Distribution.

Widely cultivated as an ornamental and frequently naturalised throughout tropical and subtropical countries of the world. Of New World, perhaps Mexican, origin, it is not native in India despite its name. Most of the records cited below are of naturalised, wild populations, but some records may have been of cultivated plants. In some areas it is very common, the Caribbean islands, and Misiones Department in Argentina, for example, whereas in others it is surprisingly uncommon as in Bolivia and Ecuador. There is some evidence that it is more common on islands and is certainly on most islands in tropical America. It probably spreads in humid areas by cuttings and broken off shoots as a result of cattle grazing as seeds are not commonly formed.

URUGUAY. W.G. Herter 272 (LIL, MO, S, SI); M. Berro 5009 (K).

ARGENTINA. Buenos Aires: C.M. Hicken 14477 (K, SI). Chaco: T. Meyer 519 (LIL). Corrientes: T.M. Petersen 2652 (C, K, S); Corrientes, A. Krapovickas 41921 (CTES, FCQ, K). Entre Ríos: T. Meyer 10213 (LIL). Misiones: E.L. Ekman 1438 (S); Iguazu, R. Vanni et al. 2872 (CTES, K). Tucumán: A. Lourteig 990 (LIL).

PARAGUAY. T. Rojas 13279 (LIL, S). Alto Paraná: Est. San Pedro, E. Zardini & L. Guerrero 42736 (PY). Central: San Lorenzo, N. Soria 727 (FCQ); Guairá: Reserva Ybytyrusu, M. Vera et al. 2804 (FCQ); Villarica, P. Jörgensen 4296 (MO, S). Itapúa: Cordillera San Rafael, F. González 312 (FCQ); Yacyretá, J. de Egea & T. Hostettler 228 (BM, FCQ). Misiones: Isla Yacyretá, S. Keel et al. 1374 (FCQ). Ñeembucú: Pilar, C. Vogt & A. Contreras 718 (FCQ). Paraguarí: 1 km NW of Sapacai, J.R.I. Wood et al. 28153 (FCQ); Macizo Acahay, E. Zardini & A. Aguayo 8397 (PY). San Pedro: A.L. Woolston 1228 (K, S).

BRAZIL. Bahia: Blanchet 694 (BM); J.L. Hage et al. 1369 (CEPEC, K); L.P. de Queiroz et al. 15916 (HUEFS, OXF). Dist. Fed.: E.P. Heringer 13063 (NY). Goiás: W.R. Anderson et al. 7777 (NY). Minas Gerais: C.W. Mosén 1912 (S), Widgen s.n. (K, S). Paraná: P. Dusen 3945 (NY, S). Rio de Janeiro: L. Torres & M. Vianna 110 (NY). Rio Grande do Sul: Malme 488 (S). Santa Catarina: L.B. Smith et al. 7252 (K, S, US). São Paulo: M. Sakane 683 (NY, SP).

GUYANA. Mazarini Forest Station 425 (K).

CHILE. Pahlman s.n. 2/2/1912 (S).

BOLIVIA. Cochabamba: Cercado, R. Steinbach 69 (F, LPB, NY, MICH, MO, S, US). Santa Cruz: Chiquitos: Santiago, J.R.I. Wood 28138 (LPB, OXF, USZ); Florida, Samaipata, J.R.I. Wood 28108 (LPB, OXF, USZ)

PERU. Amazonas: R. Ferreyra 7096 (K). Cajamarca: San Ignacio, Chulalapa, J. Campos & M. Vásquez 2514 (MO, OXF). Lima: sea cliffs, F.R. Fosberg et al. 28235 (K); Canta, G. Vilcapoma 7649 (USM). Pasco: D.N. Smith 2746 (USM). San Martín: Alto Río Huallaga, Llewelyn Williams 6804 (F).

ECUADOR. Galápagos: A.M. Stewart 323 (MO).

COLOMBIA. Bolívar: E.P. Killip & A.C. Smith 14132 (GH). Boyacá: A.E. Lawrance 193 (BM, K, MO, S). Cundinamarca: J. Triana 3803 (BM). Norte de Santander: Ocaña, L. Schlim 210 (K). Quindío: E. André 2058 (K). Valle: F.W. Pennell & E.P. Killip 8497 (K).

VENEZUELA. J. Steyermark 87777 (S). Miranda: A. Carmona 14 (MO). Sucre: J. Steyermark & R. Liesner 120713 (MO).

PANAMA. B.C. Seemann 172 (BM, K); Chagres, A. Fendler 244 (K)

COSTA RICA. Guacimo, A. Tonduz 14738 (BM, K); Alajuela, Valverde Vega, M. Chavarria 592 (K, MO); San José, M. Chavarria 669 (K, MO); Limón Prov., Cahuita, P. Wilkin 473 (BM); S. of Limón, P. Wilkin 481 (BM).

NICARAGUA. Estelí, El Portillo, L.O. Williams & A. Molina 42320 (BM, F).

HONDURAS. Siguatepeque, T.C. Yuncker et al. 6041 (K); Colón, J. Saunders 944 (BM); Copán-Sta Rita, A. & A.R. Molina 24671 (BM, F)

BELIZE. P. Gentle 148 (S); Honey Camp, C.L. Lundell 660 (K); New Town, W.A. Schipp 830 (BM, K); Orange Walk, C. Whitefoord 8149 (BM).

GUATEMALA. Petén, P.N. Tikal, R. Tun Ortíz 167 (BM, F), 257 (F, S), 259 (BM, F).

MEXICO. Campeche: E. de Constitución, E.F. & H. Cabrera 13521 (BM, MEXU). Chiapas: Ocosingo, E. Martínez et al. 25219 (K). Durango: El Mezquital, A. Garcia 1053 (IEB). Guanajuato: Santa Catarina, E. Carranza & E. Pérez 5108 (IEB). Guerrero: G.B. Hinton 10432 (K). Hidalgo: S. Montes et al. 47 (IEB). Michoacán: Nuevo Urecho, E. Vargas 37 (IEB); Coalcomán, E. Carranza & I. Silva 6809 (IEB). Querétaro: Pinal de Amoles, E. Pérez 4466 (IEB). Quintana Roo: Tulum, O. Téllez & E. Cabrera 3197 (BM); Chumpon, E. Cabrera 601 (BM, MEXU). Sinaloa: Clarion Island, A.W. Anthony 403 (E, K, S). Tabasco: Tenosique, S. Zamudio 755 (IEB). Tamaulipas: E. Palmer 201 (K); Berlandier 29 (BM). Veracruz: Valle de Córdoba, E. Bourgeau 1737 (K); ibid., E. Kerber 32 (BM, K); Misantla, C.A. Purpus 5955 (BM). Yucatán: Cozumel Island, G.F. Gaumer 119 (K); Kantunilkin, E.F. & H. Cabrera 14287 (IEB).

UNITED STATES. California: R. Moran 13134 (BM); R. Spjut 16034 (BM). Florida: A.H. Curtiss 2168 (BM, K), 5843 (K); H. Moldenke 388 (K, S), 772 (K); Rugel 197 (BM).

BERMUDA. O. Degener 1234 (NY); A.B. Rendle 790 (BM).

BAHAMAS. Hog Island. H.F.A. von Eggers 4149 (BM, K); New Providence, Nassau, A.E. Wright 146 (K); Anguilla Isles, P. Wilson 8019 (K); Eleuthera, W.H. Lewis 7243 (NY); Grand Bahama, W.H. Lewis 7106 (NY).

CUBA. C. Wright 3088 (BM, K, NY); M. López Figuieras 804 (HAC, HAJB). Guantánamo: Baracoa, E.L. Ekman 3984 (NY, S). Cienfuegos: J.G. Jack 631) (A). La Habana: Bro. León 20619 (NY). Las Tunas: Manatí, Bro. León 16782 (HAC, NY). Matanzos: A.H. Curtis 575 (BM, K). Pinar del Río: N.L. Britton 7565 (NY). Santiago de Cuba: F. Millspaugh 1079 (NY). Villa Clara: Bro. Fernando. 357 (NY).

CAYMAN ISLANDS. D.R. Stoddart 7040 (BM); G.R. Proctor 35112 (BM); W. Fawcett [5/1888] (K).

JAMAICA. C.D. Adams 8575 (BM); Sangster 537 (BM); W. Stearn 152 (BM), 262 (BM); W. Purdie s.n. (K); W. Harris & N.L. Britton 10785 (K, NY).

HAITI. L.R. Holdridge 1924 (BM); E.L. Ekman H9255 (S); T.A. Zanoni et al. 34717 (NY).

DOMINICAN REPUBLIC. R.A. & E.S. Howard 9703 (BM); E.L. Ekman H16116 (S); M.M. Mejía & T. Zanoni 6032 (NY).

PUERTO RICO. H.F.A. von Eggers 618 (K); P. Sintenis 963 (K); C. Taylor 10065 (NY).

LESSER ANTILLES. U.S. Virgin Islands: St Thomas: H.F.A. von Eggers 1138 (K); St John: P. Acevedo-Rodríguez & A. Siacca 4666 (NY). U.K. Virgin Islands: Tortula: Fistlock 151 (K). St Kitts: fide Powell (1979). Montserrat: J.A. Shafer 526 (NY). Guadeloupe: A. Duss 4419 (NY). Dominica: C.A. Shillingford 159 (BM). St. Lucia: I. Vélez 3309 (K). St Vincent: H.H. & G.W. Smith 1169 (K, NY). Barbados: C.C. Skeete 6 (K).

TRINIDAD. W. Johnson 1079 (BM).

HAWAII. C.R. Annable & D. Atha 3091 (NY); G.W. Barclay 1333 (BM); Faurie 1039 (BM).

Typification.

The type of Ipomoea punctata has not been found. There are two McFadyen specimens at Kew but neither are labelled Ipomoea punctata nor is Aylmer Estate cited on the labels.

Meisner cited various syntypes of Ipomoea jamaicensis var. glabrata but many of these have not been traced and may have been destroyed in Berlin in 1943. We have selected Berlandier 29 (BM) as lectotype as it conforms with the protologue.

Note.

This species might be confused with Ipomoea purpurea and I. magnifolia but it is usually easily distinguished by the leaves grey-pubescent or tomentose beneath and the clustered flowers with very persistent bracteoles. However, it is extremely variable so leaves are sometimes glabrous, lobed or entire, bracteoles may be reduced and flowers are occasionally solitary varying in colour from blue to deep violet with prominent darker midpetaline bands. Molecular studies suggest it is not monophyletic so more than one species may eventually be recognised.

Figures

Figure 121. Photographs of Ipomoea species. A I. indica B I. hederacea C I. pubescens D I. alba E I. purpurea (colour variants). A John Pink B Steven Turner C Darwin Initiative Project 162 / 11 / 010 D Tom Carruthers E Darwin Initiative Project 162 / 11 / 010.