Parmarion martensi Simroth, 1893

Hyman, Isabel T. & Ponder, Winston F., 2010, A morphological phylogenetic analysis and generic revision of Australian Helicarionidae (Gastropoda: Pulmonata: Stylommatophora), and an assessment of the relationships of the family 2462, Zootaxa 2462 (1), pp. 1-148 : 99-100

Parmarion martensi Simroth, 1893

Figures 32E , 33F , 34F , 36M–O

Material examined. Hawaii: BPBM 252738 (two specimens dissected, one radula examined), Kahaluu, Oahu, I. Santos-Bear ; BPBM 251680 (one specimen dissected), Kahaluu, Oahu, E. Morikawa .

Description. External morphology: Shell highly reduced, orange-brown. Protoconch and teleoconch smooth. Animal light brown. Mantle laps very large, partially fused, leaving a circular opening through which the shell can be seen, uniform in colour. Right mantle lobe of medium size, median and left mantle lobes fused to form very large lobe over head. Sole of foot tripartite; caudal apparatus as for family; caudal horn short; caudal foss vertical slit in tail.

Mantle cavity ( Figure 32E ): As for family.

Digestive system: Oesophageal crop present (separated from stomach by slight constriction).

Genital system ( Figures 33F , 34F ): As for family. Ovotestis composed of only one lobe, situated at apex of shell. Free oviduct short; capsular gland present; internal longitudinal pilasters present at base. Bursa copulatrix inserted on vagina, short, less than half spermoviduct length; duct of bursa copulatrix narrow, distinguishable from bursa copulatrix, internally with longitudinal pilasters. Vagina very short. Stimulator inserted on atrium, internally with a large dart, apical stimulator glands present. Epiphallus enters penis through simple pore; penis internally covered in pustules, pilasters absent, penial diverticulum absent. Penial sheath enclosing penis and epiphallus; penis retractor muscle attached to junction of penis and epiphallus. Epiphallus shorter than penis; epiphallic retractor caecum absent. Flagellum present; flagellum and distal part of epiphallus without internal cryptae and externally smooth and slender. Spermatophore not present in dissected specimens.

Radula ( Figure 36M–O ): Wide, but without lateral wrinkles. Central tooth with small ectocones; mesocone lanceolate, shorter than tooth base. Lateral and marginal tooth fields distinguishable. Lateral teeth with endocone smaller than central tooth ectocones; ectocone equal in size to those on central tooth; mesocone shorter than tooth base. Marginal teeth with endocones absent; ectocones approximately same length and breadth as mesocone, not subdivided into extra teeth. Radular formula (160.14.1.14.160) × 135 rows.

Remarks. Anatomical data are available for Parmarion pupillaris Humbert, 1863 ( Schileyko 2003a; Van Mol 1968), which may be conspecific with the type species of this genus ( Schileyko 2003a). Parmarion martensi shows similar anatomical features but has a smaller flagellum that appears to have no internal cryptae. This may be due to the fact that the specimen dissected appeared to be reproductively immature.

Parmarion is distributed from south China to Java and contains 2–5 species ( Schileyko 2003a). It has also been introduced into other regions, including Hawaii ( Hollingsworth et al., 2007).

Figures

FIGURE 32. Mantle cavities. A. Caldwellia imperfecta, AM C205300. B. Madagascan species MA1, AM C205304. C. Sheldonia poeppigii, NMSA V9710. D. Macrochlamys petrosa, AM C205303. E. Parmarion martensi, BPBM 252738. Scale bars 2 mm (A–B, E), 3 mm (C), 5 mm (D). Abbreviations: dg, digestive gland; i, intestine; k, kidney; mc, mantle collar; pc, pericardium; pn, pneumostome; pv, pulmonary vein; ur1, primary ureter; ur2, secondary ureter.

FIGURE 33. Penis interiors. A. Erepta odontina, AM C205302. B. Kalidos balstoni, AM C205303. C. Madagascan species MA1, AM C205304. D. Sheldonia poeppigii, NMSA L5563. E. Elisolimax flavescens, NMSA V9710. F. Parmarion martensi, BPBM 252738. G. Coneuplecta pampini, AM C438751. H. Hiona pilsbryi, BPBM 206801 & 20701. I. Trochomorpha rubens, FMNH 175247. J. Videna planorbis, FMNH 160957. K. Dendrotrochus eva eva, FMNH 175196. L. Orpiella concavum, BMNH no registration number. Scale bars 1 mm (A, C–D, F–H, J, M), 2 mm (B, E, I, K). Abbreviations: bc, bursa copulatrix; c, caecum; ep, epiphallus; fov, free oviduct; ovi, ovipositer; p, penis; pp, penial pilaster; prm, penis retractor muscle; ppu, penial pustules; pv, penial verge.

FIGURE 34. Reproductive systems. A. Madagascan species MA1, AM C205304. B. Elisolimax flavescens, NMSA V9710. C. Sheldonia poeppigii, NMSA L5563. D. Macrochlamys petrosa, AM C205305. E. Sesara infrendens, BMNH 1995067. F. Parmarion martensi, BPBM 252738. Scale bars 1 mm (E), 2 mm (A), 5 mm (B–D, F). Abbreviations: alb, albumen gland; bc, bursa copulatrix; c, caecum; ep, epiphallus; fl, flagellum; fov, free oviduct; her, hermaphrodite duct; ls, lime-sac; m, muscle attaching penial sheath to epiphallus (only shown in E); ov, ovotestis; p, penis; pr, prostate; prm, penis retractor muscle; pt, penial sheath; st, stimulator; ut, uterus; v, vagina; vd, vas deferens.

FIGURE 36. Radulae. SEM. A–C. Sheldonia poeppigii, NMSA V9710. D–F. Elisolimax flavescens, NMSA L5563. G– I. Macrochlamys petrosa, AM C205305. J–L. Sesara infrendens, BMNH 1995067. M–O. Parmarion martensi, BPBM 252738. P–R. Everettia sp., BMNH 20020188. Scale bars 10 mm (G–I), 20 mm (A–F, J–R).