Brevisentis jacksoniensis ( Gray, 1834 )

Hyman, Isabel T. & Ponder, Winston F., 2010, A morphological phylogenetic analysis and generic revision of Australian Helicarionidae (Gastropoda: Pulmonata: Stylommatophora), and an assessment of the relationships of the family 2462, Zootaxa 2462 (1), pp. 1-148 : 44-45

Brevisentis jacksoniensis ( Gray, 1834)

Figures 7J–K , 8J–K , 9J–K , 10B , 11B , 12G–H , 13G , 14D , 15P–R

Helix jacksoniensis Gray, 1834: 65 ; Reeve, 1854: pl. 207, sp. 1462.

Helix (Microcystis) jacksoniensis: Cox, 1868: 7 , pl. 9, fig. 6.

Nanina (Microcystis) jacksoniensis: Pfeiffer & Clessin, 1881: 36 .

Nanina (Subg. Xesta Sect. Microcystis ) jacksoniensis: Tryon, 1886: 113 , pl. 37, fig. 21.

Nanina (Microchlamys) jacksoniensis: Cox, 1909: 7 .

Melocystis jacksoniensis: Iredale, 1937c: 5 .

Expocystis exclusus Iredale, 1941: 4 , fig. 7.

Melocystis exclusus: Smith, 1992: 238 .

Material examined. New South Wales, Australia: Syntypes: BMNH no number (two shells measured, photographed), Port Jackson .

Other material: AM C101143 ( exclusus holotype; shell measured, photographed), Broken Bay, N Sydney (33º34' S, 151º19' E), pre 1900; AM C205293 (one specimen dissected, radula examined), Hornsby, sandstone woodland forest at end of Quarry Rd. (off Dural St.) (33º42.16' S, 151º04.81' E), under dumped rubbish in Eucalypt pilularis / Angophora costata / Casuarina , 17 Jul. 1999, M. Shea, E. Shea; AM C356645 (two specimens dissected), Sydney W, Mulgoa, Littlefields Creek valley, N off Fairlight Rd., about 500 m from Mulgoa Rd. junction (33º50' S, 150º39' E), in vines & Lantana , 28 Jul. 1991, M. Shea; AM C348670 (one specimen dissected), Sydney N, 50 m downstream of Berowra Waters ferry, E side of Berowra Creek, bottom of Berowra Waters Rd. (33º36' S, 151º7' E), under a rock in vine thicket at base of steep valley slope, 30 Nov. 1998, M. Shea.

Description. External morphology: Shell ( Figures 7J–K , 8J–K , 9J–K ) 4.4–4.8 whorls, pale golden brown; shape and sculpture as for genus. Animal (in alcohol) grey overlaid with strong to weak red colouration. Right mantle lap moderately long, wide at base but tapering rapidly to a point; left mantle lap similar in shape but shorter, not fused, uniform in colour. Right and median mantle lobes small; left mantle lobe very small. Caudal apparatus as for genus; caudal horn moderately large.

Mantle cavity (10B): As for genus. Mantle with pigmentation of black and white spots with orange spots sometimes present.

Genital system ( Figures 12G–H , 13G , 14D ): As for genus. Carrefour and talon both shallowly embedded in albumen gland. Free oviduct short. Bursa copulatrix short to moderately short, less than or equal to half spermoviduct length. Vagina very short (e.g., AM C205293) to moderately long (e.g., AM C135218), internally with longitudinal pilasters. Penis moderately short; epiphallus enters penis through moderately long pustular verge, about half the length of the penis; penis interior variable, epiphallus end of penis internally covered in pustules, base of penis internally with distinct longitudinal ridges, pustules sometimes fused into transverse or longitudinal ridges. Penial sheath present, enclosing penis only. Epiphallus equal to or longer than penis; internally with longitudinal pilasters. Spermatophore as for genus.

Radula ( Figure 15P–R ): As for genus. Radular formula (40.13.1.13.40) × 116 rows.

Range and habitat. Brevisentis jacksoniensis ranges from Kiama to the Warrumbungle National Park in New South Wales, and is also found in the Blue Mountains and as far west as Bathurst. It is found in rainforest, sclerophyll forest and vine thickets, under logs and rocks or in leaf litter.

Remarks. The exact identity of this species has been in question for many years. Cox (1909) suspected that Helix marmorata Cox, 1864 (nom. nov. for Helix circumcincta ) was the same as Helix jacksoniensis . Iredale (1937c) synonymised marmorata and jacksoniensis with circumcincta , placing it in his monotypic genus Melocystis . Iredale (1941) later explained that the erection of Melocystis was based on Odhner’s (1917) description of the radula of marmorata , which appeared to be distinct from that of other ‘microcystids’ (e.g., Expocystis and Tarocystis ). However, Iredale (1941) believed that Odhner (1917) had misidentified the species and had actually dissected Nitor subrugata ( Reeve, 1852) . Iredale (1941) then went on to say that the holotype of jacksoniensis , while recorded from Port Jackson, New South Wales, was actually a non-Australian shell that had been mislabelled and therefore the species should be removed from Australian lists. This decision was followed by Smith (1992) and Smith et al. (2002). However, examination of the syntypes has indicated that the name does belong to an Australian species, as outlined above. In addition, examination of the holotype of Melocystis exclusus shows that it is identical to Helix jacksoniensis .

Figures

FIGURE 7. Shells, dorsal view. A. Helicarion cuvieri, AM C443929. B. Helicarion cuvieri, BMNH 197780 (S of Vitrina verrauxii). C. Helicarion mastersi, AM C101139 (H). D. Helicarion mastersi, AM C101138 (PRH of H. mastersi callidus). E. Mysticarion insuetus, AM C113776 (S). F. Mysticarion porrectus, AM C101136 (PRH). G. Mysticarion hyalina, BMNH 1983075 (H). H. Parmavitrina planilabris, AM C103630. I. Peloparion helenae, AM C101142 (H). J. Brevisentis jacksoniensis, BMNH not registered (S). K. Brevisentis jacksoniensis, AM C101143 (H of B. exclusus). L. Fastosarion superba, BMNH not registered (POS). Scale bars 3 mm (G, I–K), 5 mm (A–F, H), 10 mm (L). Photographs by M. Allan (D, I), H. Barlow (A, C, H), D. Beechey (E–F, K), W. Ponder (B, G, J, L). Abbreviations: H, holotype; POS, possible syntype; PRH, probable holotype; S, syntype.

FIGURE 8. Shells, lateral view. A. Helicarion cuvieri, AM C443929. B. Helicarion cuvieri, BMNH 197780 (S of Vitrina verrauxii). C. Helicarion mastersi, AM C101139 (H). D. Helicarion mastersi, AM C101138 (PRH of H. mastersi callidus). E. Mysticarion insuetus, AM C113776 (S). F. Mysticarion porrectus, AM C101136 (PRH). G. Mysticarion hyalina, BMNH 1983075 (H). H. Parmavitrina planilabris, AM C103630. I. Peloparion helenae, AM C101142 (H). J. Brevisentis jacksoniensis, BMNH not registered (S). K. Brevisentis jacksoniensis, AM C101143 (H of B. exclusus). L. Fastosarion superba, BMNH not registered (POS). Scale bars 3 mm (E–G, I–K), 5 mm (A–D, H), 10 mm (L). Photographs by H. Barlow (A, C–D, G–H, L), D. Beechey (E, J), W. Ponder (B, F, I, K). Abbreviations: H, holotype; POS, possible syntype; PRH, probable holotype; S, syntype.

FIGURE 9. Shells, ventral view. A. Helicarion cuvieri, AM C443929. B. Helicarion cuvieri, BMNH 197780 (S of Vitrina verrauxii). C. Helicarion mastersi, AM C101139 (H). D. Helicarion mastersi, AM C101138 (PRH of H. mastersi callidus). E. Mysticarion insuetus, AM C113776 (S). F. Mysticarion porrectus, AM C101136 (PRH). G. Mysticarion hyalina, BMNH 1983075 (H). H. Parmavitrina planilabris, AM C103630. I. Peloparion helenae, AM C101142 (H). J. Brevisentis jacksoniensis, BMNH not registered (S). K. Brevisentis jacksoniensis, AM C101143 (H of B. exclusus). L. Fastosarion superba, BMNH not registered (POS). Scale bars 3 mm (D–G, I–K), 5 mm (A–C, H), 10 mm (L). Photographs by H. Barlow (A, C–D, H–I), D. Beechey (F, K), W. Ponder (B, E, G, J, L). Abbreviations: H, holotype; POS, possible syntype; PRH, probable holotype; S, syntype.

FIGURE 10. Mantle cavities. A. Helicarion cuvieri, AM C424333. B. Brevisentis jacksoniensis, AM C356645. C. Stanisicarion freycineti, AM C391188. D. Nitor circumcincta, AM C365822. E. Tarocystis responsivus, AM C425327. F. New Caledonian species NC3, MNHN no registration number. Scale bars 1 mm (D–E), 2 mm (A–C, F). Abbreviations: dg, digestive gland; i, intestine; k, kidney; mc, mantle collar; mlo, median mantle lobe; pc, pericardium; pn, pneumostome; pv, pulmonary vein; rla, right mantle lap; rlo, right mantle lobe; ur1, primary ureter; ur2, secondary ureter.

FIGURE 11. Nervous systems. Cerebral commissure cut (cut regions shaded with diagonal lines). A. Helicarion cuvieri, AM C424333. B. Brevisentis atratus, AM C205294. C. Stanisicarion freycineti, AM C391188. D. Nitor circumcincta, AM C365822. E. Tarocystis responsivus, AM C425327. F. New Caledonian species NC3, MNHN no registration number. G. Ctenophila caldwelli, AM C205301. H. Madagascan species MA1, AM C205304. I. Macrochlamys petrosa, AM C205305. J. Everettia sp., BMNH 20020188. K. Coneuplecta pampini, AM C438751. L. Lamprocystis guttula, FMNH 174940. M. Trochomorpha rubens, FMNH 175247. Scale bars 1 mm except for J (scale bar 2 mm). Abbreviations: ce, cerebral ganglion; pa, parietal ganglion; pe, pedal ganglion; pl, pleural ganglion; vg, visceral ganglion.

FIGURE 12. Reproductive systems. A. Helicarion cuvieri, AM C424333. B. Helicarion mastersi, AM C334204. C. Mysticarion porrectus, AM C205296. D. Mysticarion hyalina, AM C128630. E. Parmavitrina planilabris, AM C334357. F. Peloparion helenae, AM C205295. G. Brevisentis jacksoniensis, AM C348670. H. Brevisentis jacksoniensis, AM C205293. I. Fastosarion superba, AM C425248. Scale bars 2 mm (C–D, F–H), 5 mm (A–B, E, I). Abbreviations: alb, albumen gland; bc, bursa copulatrix; c, caecum; ep, epiphallus; fl, flagellum; fov, free oviduct; her, hermaphrodite duct; m, muscle attaching penial sheath to epiphallus (only shown in E); ov, ovotestis; p, penis; pr, prostate; prm, penis retractor muscle; pt, penial sheath; ut, uterus; v, vagina; vd, vas deferens.

FIGURE 13. Penis interiors. A. Helicarion cuvieri, AM C424333. B. Helicarion mastersi, AM C334204. C. Mysticarion porrectus, AM C205296. D. Mysticarion hyalina, AM C128630. E. Parmavitrina planilabris, AM C334357. F. Peloparion helenae, AM C205295. G. Brevisentis jacksoniensis, AM C205293. H. Fastosarion superba, AM C425248. I. Stanisicarion freycineti, AM C391188. J. Stanisicarion virens, QMMO19238. K. Eungarion mcdonaldi, AM C438760. L. Parmacochlea fischeri, AM C441743. Scale bars 1 mm (A–D, F–G I, K–L), 2 mm (E, H, J). Abbreviations: c, caecum; ep, epiphallus; fl, flagellum; p, penis; pp, penial pilaster; ppu, penial pustules; prm, penis retractor muscle; pt, penial sheath; pv, penial verge; vd, vas deferens.

FIGURE 14. Spermatophores. SEM. A, B. Helicarion cuvieri, AM C424333. C. Helicarion mastersi, AM C334204. D. Brevisentis jacksoniensis, AM C205293. E, F. Eungarion mcdonaldi, AM C438760. G, H. Nitor wiangariensis, AM C334361. Scale bars 0.1 mm (F), 0.2 mm (H), 0.5 mm (B, C, G), 1 mm (A, D, E).

FIGURE 15. Radulae. SEM. A–C Helicarion mastersi, AM C334204. D–F. Mysticarion porrectus, QMMO29298. G–I. Mysticarion hyalina, AM C128630. J–L. Parmavitrina planilabris, AM C334357. M–O. Peloparion helenae, AM C205295. P–R. Brevisentis jacksoniensis, AM C205293. Scale bars 20 mm (A–I, M–R); 50 mm (J–L).