Banisteriopsis C. R. Rob.

de Almeida, Rafael F., de Morais, Isa L., Alves-Silva, Thais, Antonio-Domingues, Higor & Pellegrini, Marco O. O., 2024, A new classification system and taxonomic synopsis for Malpighiaceae (Malpighiales, Rosids) based on molecular phylogenetics, morphology, palynology, and chemistry, PhytoKeys 242, pp. 69-138 : 69-138

2.9. 2. Banisteriopsis C. R. Rob. in Britton & al., N. Amer. Fl. 25 (2): 131. 1910.

Figs 3 M – O, Q – S , 4 B, D, O, R, T, V , 6 C , 7 F , 9 A – D, H , 11 B

Type species.

Banisteriopsis argentea (Kunth) C. R. Rob. [= Banisteriopsis muricata (Cav.) Cuatrec. ]

Notes.

Banisteriopsis comprises 65 currently accepted species (24 threatened species; Suppl. material 1) of treelets, shrubs, subshrubs or lianas, endemic to rainforests, savannas, and seasonally dry tropical forests from Mexico (North America) to Argentina (South America; POWO 2024). For an identification key for all species of Banisteriopsis , see Gates (1982) and Almeida et al. (2020).

Figures

Figure 3. Phyllotaxis, stipules, and petioles of Malpighiaceae A branch with opposite leaves of Bronwenia megaptera B branch with decussate leaves of Verrucularina glaucophylla C branch with alternate leaves of Stigmaphyllon angustilobum D branch with verticillate leaves of Pterandra pyroidea E interpetiolar stipules of Mascagnia cordifolia F epipetiolar stipules of Byrsonima intermedia G free stipules of Hiraea hatschbachii H connate stipules of Peixotoa catarinensis I transverse section of a circular petiole J transverse section of a plane-convex petiole K transverse section of a canaliculate petiole L leaf with very reduced petiole of Byrsonima basiloba M leaf with short petiole of Banisteriopsis adenopoda N leaf with long petiole of Stigmaphyllon caatingicola O alternate glands on the petiole of Banisteriopsis membranifolia P opposite to alternate glands on the petiole of Schwannia mediterranea Q subopposite glands on the petiole of Banisteriopsis membranifolia R discoid and sessile gland of Banisteriopsis laevifolia S cupuliform and stalked glands of Banisteriopsis adenopoda (line drawings and photographs A – C, G, I – K, L – O, Q – S by R. F. Almeida; D by C. Silva, E, F, H, P by M. O. O. Pellegrini).

Figure 4. Leaf blades of Malpighiaceae A leaf with sagittate base of Stigmaphyllon ciliatum B leaf with rounded base of Banisteriopsis adenopoda C leaf with cordate base of Stigmaphyllon blanchetii D leaf with cuneate base of Banisteriopsis vernoniifolia E leaf with obtuse base of Stigmaphyllon paralias F leaf with truncate base of Stigmaphyllon gayanum G leaf with oblique base of Stigmaphyllon lanceolatum H leaf with attenuate base of Acmanthera minima I leaf with entire margin of Stigmaphyllon caatingicola J leaf with 3 - lobed margin of Stigmaphyllon caatingicola K leaf with 5 - lobed margin of Stigmaphyllon angustilobum L leaf with crenate margin of Stigmaphyllon crenatum M leaf with ciliate margin of Stigmaphyllon ciliatum N leaf with dentate margin of Stigmaphyllon vitifolium O leaf with plane blade margin of Banisteriopsis membranifolia P leaf with revolute blade margin of Verrucularina glaucophylla Q rounded leaf apex of Tetrapterys phlomoides R mucronate leaf apex of Banisteriopsis magdalenensis S emarginate leaf apex of Hiraea cuiabensis T cuspidate leaf apex of Banisteriopsis adenopoda U acuminate leaf apex of Mamedea harleyi V acute leaf apex of Banisteriopsis membranifolia (photographs A – D, F, G, I, L, O, P, T – V by R. F. Almeida; E, M by M. O. O. Pellegrini; H by F. Farronay, Q by G. A. Dettke, N by A. C. Dal Col, R by C. Baez, S by I. L. Morais).

Figure 6. Compound inflorescences of Malpighiaceae A thyrse of 1 - flowered cincinni of Byrsonima sericea B corymb of 1 - flowered cincinni of Mascagnia cordifolia C umbel of 1 - flowered cincinni of Banisteriopsis argyrophylla D line drawing of an inflorescence of Stigmaphyllon angustilobum showing 1 - flowered cincinni arranged in umbels (1 st order inflorescence), arranged in dichasia (2 nd order inflorescence), arranged in a thyrse (3 rd order inflorescence) E photograph of the inflorescence branch of Stigmaphyllon angustilobum (photographs B, C by M. O. O. Pellegrini; A, E by R. F. Almeida; line drawing D by K. Souza).

Figure 7. Flowers of Malpighiaceae A side view of the flower of Amorimia coriacea showing the cincinnus peduncle with a bract at base and two bracteoles at apex B detail of the 2 - glandular bracteoles of Glicophyllum cardiophyllum C details of the glandular margin of the bracteole of Christianella multiglandulosa D bracteoles of Mezia araujoi concealing the floral bud at pre-anthesis (floral pedicel is absent) E floral bud of Niedenzuella multiglandulosa, showing a very short peduncle with a bract at base and two bracteoles at apex F flower of Banisteriopsis laevifolia showing pedicel with bract and bracteoles at base (peduncle absent) G plane and patent bract and bracteoles of Alicia anisopetala H cucullate bract and bracteoles of Dicella bracteosa I deflexed bract and bracteoles of Dicella nucifera J eglandular sepals concealing petals at pre-anthesis in Thryallis longifolia K 1 - glandular calyx of Hiptage benghalensis L 10 - glandular calyx of Camarea axillaris M 8 - glandular calyx of Christianella multiglandulosa showing the multi-glandular margin of sepals N erect sepals of Galphimia australis O revolute apex of sepals of Byrsonima basiloba P revolute and reflexed sepals of Thryallis longifolia Q floral diagram of a Malpighiaceae flower with sepals in green, sepal glands in red, lateral petals in yellow, posterior petal in brown, androecium in blue (connectives) and white (pollen sacs), and gynoecium in pink (diagram and photographs B, E, F, H, K, L, N, O, Q by R. F. Almeida; A – D, G, M by M. O. O. Pellegrini; I by Amaury Jr.; J, P by J. V. Santos).

Figure 9. Androecium and gynoecium of Malpighiaceae A stamen of Banisteriopsis multifoliolata showing filament in green, anther in orange, glandular connective in blue, and pollen sacs in yellow B scanning electron micrograph of an anther of Banisteriopsis multifoliolata C SEM of a pollen grain of Banisteriopsis multifoliolata showing colpi in blue and endoaperture in red D heteromorphic stamen ring with 10 fertile stamens of Banisteriopsis multifoliolata E homomorphic stamen ring of Bronwenia megaptera with 10 fertile stamens F heteromorphic stamen ring of Peixotoa hispidula showing 5 fertile stamens and 5 staminodes in yellow G 6 fertile and free stamens of Schwannia hexandra H gynoecium of Banisteriopsis multifoliolata showing ovary in lilac, styles in blue and stigmas in yellow I uncinate apex of styles of Amorimia septentrionalis J truncate style apex of Amorimia rigida K subulate apex of style of Byrsonima sericea L 3 parallel and erect styles of Bronwenia megaptera M single curved style of Schwannia hexandra N 3 divergent styles of Stigmaphyllon blanchetii with foliate apices O 3 erect, slightly curved, and pubescent styles of Diplopterys lutea P 3 divergent styles of Stigmaphyllon lalandianum with reduced foliate apices Q 3 divergent styles of Stigmaphyllon glabrum without foliate apex (all line drawings by K. Souza; SEMs by R. F. Almeida; all scales: 1 mm, except for the pollen grain: 10 µm).

Figure 11. Types of winged schizocarpic fruits in Malpighiaceae A single dorsal winged mericarp of Diplopterys pubipetala showing lateral wings B detail of part of the winged mericarp of Banisteriopsis argyrophylla C, D 1 dorsal winged mericarp (s) of Heteropterys byrsonimifolia E winged mericarp of Peixotoa catharinensis showing lateral winglets F winged mericarp of Amorimia candidae with two lateral wings more developed than the reduced dorsal wing G winged mericarp of Lophopterys floribunda H winged mericarp of Carolus chasei with two lateral wings more developed (dorsal wing absent) I winged mericarp of Mascagnia sepium with 1 lateral orbicular wing J winged mericarp of Tetrapterys phlomoides with 4 free, lateral wings (superior ones longer, inferior ones shorter) K winged mericarp of Glicophyllum cardiophyllum with 4 free, lateral wings (superior ones shorter, inferior ones longer) L winged mericarp of Niedenzuella acutifolia with 4 free, equalling lateral wings M winged mericarp of Hiptage benghalensis with three free, lateral wings more developed (photographs A by A. Popovkin; B, E, I, J by M. O. O. Pellegrini; C, D, F, H, K, L by R. F. Almeida; G by G. Shimizu; M by G. Cahyadi).