Encarsia

Schmidt, Stefan & Polaszek, Andrew, 2007, The Australian species of Encarsia Förster (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea: Aphelinidae), parasitoids of whiteflies (Hemiptera, Sternorrhyncha, Aleyrodidae) and armoured scale insects (Hemiptera, Coccoidea: Diaspididae), Journal of Natural History 41 (33 - 36), pp. 2099-2265 : 2103-2112

Key to the species of Encarsia (females) from Australia

The following key allows the identification of all Encarsia species currently known to occur on the Australian mainland and external territories. The key includes only females because males are known from only about 25% of the species, and in general they are extremely difficult to identify without conspecific females. Descriptions of males are provided where possible to aid identification of males in samples where males and females are present.

Measurements of quantitative characters given in the species descriptions are based on specimens which were available at the time this study was conducted. Additional material or abnormal specimens may reveal values which lie slightly outside the given ranges.

Furthermore, type specimens of species described by Girault are usually in a very poor condition and diagnostic characters are often not visible or distorted. Measurements of Girault species that are only known from the type specimen(s) should be regarded as approximations. We took this into account when creating the key and tried to be as general as possible and as specific as necessary. In cases when a character state is variable, or appears to be intermediate, the species will key out both ways. In critical cases, in particular when a couplet gives only a single character, both ways should be tried and the result should be scrutinized by checking the specimens against the diagnosis and the corresponding illustrations .

1 Mid tarsi four-segmented, tarsal formula 5-4-5.......... 2

– Mid tarsi five-segmented, tarsal formula 5-5-5.......... 3

2 Apical spur of midtibia less than half the length of the corresponding basitarsus. Head and mesosoma brown............. E. formosa

– Apical spur of midtibia more than half the length of the corresponding basitarsus. Head and mesosoma yellow............. E. dispersa

3 Fore wing with distinct asetose or sparsely setose area proximal to stigmal vein (e.g. Figures 78 , 81 , 91 )................. 4

– Fore wing without asetose or sparsely setose area proximal to stigmal vein (e.g. Figures 65 , 69 ).................. 13

4 F1 approximately quadrate ( Figure 77 ). Metasoma yellow... E. cappa n. sp.

– F1 clearly longer than maximum width (e.g. Figure 80 ). Metasoma brown at base....................... 5

5 Longest seta of fore wing fringe longer than maximum width of disc ( citrina group)...................... 6

– Longest seta of fore wing fringe as long as, or shorter than, maximum width of disc....................... 7

6 Submarginal vein of fore wing with one seta, fringe two times as long as greatest width of disc. Ovipositor distinctly shorter than midtibia... E. lounsburyi

– Submarginal vein of fore wing with two setae, fringe only slightly longer than maximum width of disc. Ovipositor equal in length to midtibia.. E. citrina

7 Submarginal vein of fore wing with one seta. Midtibial spur as long as corresponding basitarsus............... E. clara

– Submarginal vein of fore wing with two setae. Midtibial spur distinctly shorter than corresponding basitarsus............... 8

8 Mesoscutal midlobe with at least eight setae. Fore wing with dark band behind marginal vein................ E. pergandiella

– Mesoscutal midlobe with at most six setae. Fore wing without dark band behind marginal vein.................... 9

9 Mesoscutal midlobe without setae............ E. aseta

– Mesoscutal midlobe with two to six setae........... 10

10 Mesoscutal midlobe with two setae. Axillae brown, metasoma laterally with dark longitudinal stripes ( Figure 150 ). Ovipositor third valvulae apically truncate.................. E. longifasciata

– Mesoscutal midlobe with four to six setae. Axillae yellow. Metasoma laterally without dark longitudinal stripes. Ovipositor third valvulae apically rounded.................... 11

11 Anterior scutellar setae minute, much smaller than posterior pair of setae. Third valvula laterally concave............ E. cassida n. sp.

– Anterior scutellar setae similar in size to posterior setae. Third valvulae laterally straight or convex.................. 12

12 Clava three-segmented ( Figure 21 ). Midtibial spur half the length of the corresponding basitarsus............ E. aldrichi n. sp.

– Clava two-segmented ( Figure 181 ). Midtibial spur distinctly less than half the length of the corresponding basitarsus.......... E. mineoi

13 Scutellar sensilla close together, separated by a distance of about 1.0 times the greatest width of a sensillum. F1 at least two times as long as maximum width (mostly strenua group)................ 14

– Scutellar sensilla widely separated, distance at least 1.5 times the width of a sensillum. If closely placed, then F1 less than two times as long as its maximum width..................... 35

14 Submarginal vein with four to six setae. Mesoscutal midlobe with at least 14 setae..................... 15

– Submarginal vein with two or three setae. Mesoscutal midlobe with fewer setae (usually 8–10, rarely 13–14 setae)............. 17

15 Ovipositor distinctly longer than midtibia. T3 and T4 each with two setae laterally.................. E. pulliclava

– Ovipositor shorter than or equal in length to midtibia. T3 and T4 each with one seta laterally................... 16

16 Antenna yellow, F1 without longitudinal sensilla. Fore wing basal cell with 15 or 16 setae ( Figure 201 ). Apical spur of midtibia longer than half the length of the corresponding basitarsus............. E. olgae n. sp.

– Antenna brown, F1 with two longitudinal sensilla. Fore wing basal cell with five to seven setae ( Figure 140 ). Apical spur of midtibia shorter than half the length of the corresponding basitarsus........... E. kalamundae n. sp.

17 Clava two-segmented................. 18

– Clava three-segmented................ 23

18 Mesoscutal midlobe with six setae. Head and body completely yellow except stemmaticum with brown spot........... E. longivalvula

– Mesoscutal midlobe with at least eight setae. Head and body more extensively brown..................... 19

19 Metasoma yellow ( Figures 232 , 269 )............ 20

– Metasoma partly brown (44, 295, 298)........... 21

20 F1 less than three times as long as its maximum width. F2 shorter than or equal in length to F3 (0.77–0.92; Figure 270 ). Ovipositor longer than midtibia (1.06–1.30)............... E. stirlingia n. sp.

– F1 more than three times as long as its maximum width; F2 longer than F3 (1.11–1.15; Figure 233 ). Ovipositor shorter than midtibia (0.94–0.97)............... E. praecipua n. sp.

21 Ovipositor 1.5 times as long as midtibia. Metasoma yellow except T2 and T3 brown ( Figure 298 ). T3 and T4 laterally each with one seta... E. whittieri

– Ovipositor at most 1.2 times as long as midtibia. Metasoma predominantly brown ( Figure 295 ). T3 and T4 laterally each with two setae....... 22

22 Mesoscutal midlobe with 10 setae. Ovipositor shorter than midtibia....................... E. aurithorax

– Mesoscutal midlobe with eight setae. Ovipositor longer than midtibia....................... E. ustulata

23 Fore wing with dark band behind marginal vein ( Figures 179 , 219 ). Metasoma mostly dark brown ( Figures 177 , 217 )............ 24

– Fore wing without dark band behind marginal vein. Metasoma mostly or entirely pale...................... 25

24 Flagellum with F4 and F5 brown ( Figure 218 ). Ovipositor clearly longer than midtibia.................. E. perpulchella

– Flagellum entirely yellow ( Figure 178 ). Ovipositor approximately equal in length to midtibia................ E. maura n. sp.

25 T6 with two setae between cercal plates. Fore wing with a patch of longer, coarse setae near posterior margin ( Figure 265 ). Stemmaticum with transversely strigose surface sculpture................ E. sophia

– T6 with four setae between cercal plates. Fore wing with normal setae near posterior margin. Stemmaticum with rugose or reticulate surface sculpture. 26

26 Ovipositor shorter than midtibia............. 27

– Ovipositor longer than midtibia.............. 28

27 Antenna very slender, each funicular segment three times longer than its maximum width; F1 without longitudinal sensilla ( Figure 209 ). Third valvula one-third as long as second valvifer ( Figure 208 )..... E. pedana n. sp.

– Antenna less elongate ( Figure 74 ), longest funicular segment less than 2.5 times longer than its width. Third valvula half as long as second valvifer. F1 with one or two longitudinal sensilla ( Figure 73 )........ E. capensis n. sp.

28 Stemmaticum and vertex with densely rugose surface sculpture ( Figure 195 ). Marginal fringe of fore wing at most 0.2 times as long as width of disc...................... E. oakeyensis

– Stemmaticum and vertex with transversely strigose or reticulate surface sculpture. Marginal fringe of fore wing at least 0.2 times as long as width of disc.. 29

29 Metasoma with large brown spot on segments 2–6 ( Figure 168 )....................... E. maculata n. sp.

– Metasoma yellow, without large brown spot.......... 30

30 Ovipositor less than 1.3 times as long as midtibia........ 31

– Ovipositor more than 1.3 times as long as midtibia........ 32

31 Mesoscutal midlobe anteriorly, and medially (sometimes faint), brown ( Figure 55 ). Marginal fringe at least 0.35 times as long as width of disc ( Figure 58 )................. E. bimaculata

– Mesoscutal midlobe yellow except anterior margin ( Figure 202 ). Marginal fringe less than 0.35 times as long as width of disc ( Figure 204 ).. E. papaceki n. sp.

32 Head and body yellow without any dark pigmentation.... E. protransvena

– Head and body with extensive dark pigmentation........ 33

33 Maxillary palp two-segmented. Marginal fringe at most 0.20 times as long as width of disc.................. E. adela n. sp.

– Maxillary palp one-segmented. Marginal fringe more than 0.23 times as long as width of disc................... 34

34 Mesoscutal midlobe with five to six setae. Fore wing sparsely and unevenly setose, disc near posterior margin with sparsely setose area ( Figure 207 )...................... E. paucisetosa n. sp.

– Mesoscutal midlobe with 8–10 setae. Fore wing densely and evenly setose, disc near posterior margin without sparsely setose area ( Figure 173 )..... E. maria

35 Clava obliquely truncate, sulcus between F5 and F6 oblique ( Figure 197 )...................... E. obliqua

– Clava not obliquely truncate, sulcus between F5 and F6 perpendicular... 36

36 Flagellomeres each with 8–10 longitudinal sensilla ( Figures 142 , 229 )... 37

– Flagellomeres with fewer sensilla, basal flagellomeres with zero to two, apical with three to five sensilla................. 38

37 Midlobe of mesoscutum with about 60–70 setae ( Figure 227 ). Antenna with twosegmented clava ( Figure 228 ). Maxillary palp one-segmented.... E. pilosa

– Midlobe of mesoscutum with at most 12 setae ( Figure 141 ). Antenna without clearly defined clava ( Figure 142 ). Maxillary palp two-segmented........................ E. leptosa n. sp.

38 Submarginal vein with four setae. If, rarely, with three setae then mesoscutal midlobe with 50–70 setae............... 39

– Submarginal vein with two setae. If, rarely, with three setae then mesoscutal midlobe with fewer than 30 setae (usually 0–12)......... 40

39 Mesoscutal midlobe with 50–70 setae. Fore wing with two prominent transverse dark bands ( Figure 54 )............. E. bifasciata

– Mesoscutal midlobe with fewer than 10 setae. Fore wing hyaline ( Figure 276 )...................... E. swifti

40 Antenna with very large clava, F5 about three times as broad as F2 ( Figure 60 ).................. E. boswelli

– Antenna with smaller clava, F5 distinctly less than three times as broad as F2 41

41 Anterior scutellar setae minute, less than 0.2 times as long as posterior setae.................... E. cassida n. sp.

– Anterior scutellar setae larger, usually similar in size to posterior setae.. 42

42 Ovipositor longer than combined length of midtibia and basitarsus... 43

– Ovipositor subequal to or shorter than combined length of midtibia and basitarsus.................... 56

43 Mandible with a strongly enlarged ventral tooth.... E. chauliodoa n. sp.

– Mandible without a strongly enlarged ventral tooth, all teeth of approximately equal size.................... 44

44 Midtibial basitarsus shorter than following two tarsal segments. Antennal clava with apical segment appearing conical. Marginal fringe of fore wing more than 0.31 times as long as width of disc, if rarely shorter (occasionally in E. silvifilia ) then maxillary palp two-segmented............. 45

– Midtibial basitarsus longer than following two tarsal segments. Antennal clava with apical segment not appearing conical. Marginal fringe of fore wing at most 0.31 times as long as width of disc. Maxillary palp one-segmented... 52

45 Ovipositor more than two times as long as midtibia...... E. socratis

– Ovipositor distinctly less than two times as long as midtibia..... 46

46 Metasoma entirely yellow............ E. picithorax

– Metasoma brown or yellow with dark markings......... 47 47 Metasoma predominantly brown............. 48

– Metasoma yellow with brown markings........... 50

48 Fore wing narrow, 3.1 times as long as width of disc, marginal fringe more than half the width of disc. F1 approximately quadrate....... E. taciti

– Fore wing broader, at most 2.5 times as long as width of disc, marginal fringe less than half the width of disc. F1 distinctly longer than broad..... 49

49 Ovipositor less than 1.3 times as long as midtibia. Fore wing with brown band behind marginal vein ( Figure 257 )........... E. silvifilia

– Ovipositor 1.5 times as long as midtibia. Fore wing without brown band behind marginal vein ( Figure 124 ).............. E. grotei

50 F1 two times as long as its maximum width. Midtibial spur clearly shorter than corresponding basitarsus. Ovipositor 1.75 times as long as midtibia........................ E. marxi

– F1 less than 1.5 times as long as its maximum width. Midtibial spur approximately equal in length to corresponding basitarsus. Ovipositor less than 1.5 times as long as midtibia.................... 51

51 Ovipositor at least 1.4 times as long as midtibia. F1 approximately equal in length to F2 ( Figure 281 )............... E. tennysoni

– Ovipositor less than 1.3 times as long as midtibia. F1 shorter than F2 ( Figure 255 )................. E. silvifilia

52 Ovipositor less than 1.5 times as long as midtibia (1.38–1.39) and shorter than combined length of midtibia and tarsus........ E. longicauda

– Ovipositor more than 1.5 times as long as midtibia (1.50–2.17) and as long as or longer than combined length of midtibia and tarsus........ 53

53 Metasoma yellow. Mesoscutal midlobe with five or six setae.. E. paucisetosa n. sp.

– Metasoma brown. Mesoscutal midlobe with eight setae....... 54

54 F1 equal in length to F2 and with one or two longitudinal sensilla ( Figure 18 ). Mesoscutal midlobe and axilla brown, the latter centrally with elongate cells. Basal cell medially with a single small seta (occasionally with a second seta nearby).................. E. albiscutellum

– F1 distinctly shorter than F2 and usually without, rarely with one longitudinal sensillum. Mesoscutal midlobe and/or axilla posteriorly pale, the latter centrally with normal reticulation. Basal cell medially without a single small seta...................... 55

55 Metasoma brown. Head predominantly brown. F1 1.3–1.5 times as long as its maximum width and distinctly longer than half the length of F2 ( Figure 134 )...................... E. iris

– Metasomal tergites one to three pale, remaining metasoma brown. Head pale with transverse brown band. F1 1.2 times as long as its maximum width and about half the length of F2 ( Figure 274 )......... E. subhyalina n. sp.

56 Third valvula at least partly dark and contrasting with the pale second valvifer. Metasoma mostly or completely yellow, wings hyaline ( lutea group)... 57

– Third valvula not distinctly darker than second valvifer. If occasionally third valvula dark, then metasoma entirely brown and wings with infuscation.................... 59

57 Apices of third valvulae rounded. T5 and T6 without transverse band.. E. lutea

– Apices of third valvulae not rounded; either hook-shaped or appearing truncate. T5 and T6 with faint transverse brown band.......... 58

58 Ovipositor with truncate apex. Third valvula less than 0.55 times as long as second valvifer (0.47–0.54)............. E. uncinata n. sp.

– Ovipositor with rounded apex. Third valvula more than 0.55 times as long as second valvifer (0.57–0.85)........... E. armillata n. sp.

59 Gaster yellow, with posterior half brown ( Figures 66 , 96 )...... 60

– Gaster with different colour pattern............ 61

60 F1 as long as its maximum width, approximately triangular. Marginal fringe more than 0.3 times as long as width of disc (0.37–0.44). T2–T4 laterally each with two setae................. E. brimblecombei

– F1 at least 1.5 times as long as broad, cylindrical. Marginal fringe at most 0.2 times as long as width of disc (0.19–0.20). T2–T4 laterally each with one seta.................. E. craspedia n. sp.

61 Ovipositor extremely short, distinctly shorter than mid tarsus. Both F2 and F3 quadrate................... E. tristis

– Ovipositor not extremely short, not shorter than mid tarsus. F2 and/or F3 longer than broad.................... 62

62 Fore wing with dark band or at least a slight infuscation behind marginal vein (remove any contrast enhancement such as phase contrast to recognize very faint infuscation)................... 63

– Fore wing hyaline throughout, without dark band behind marginal vein.. 79

63 Mesoscutum with four setae............... 64

– Mesoscutum with 8–11 setae.............. 65

64 Submarginal vein with two setae. Ovipositor approximately equal in length to midtibia................. E. fasciola n. sp.

– Submarginal vein with one seta. Ovipositor clearly shorter than midtibia E. persea

65 Mesoscutal side lobe with two setae and clava three-segmented. Midtibial spur as long as or longer than corresponding basitarsus. Longest setae of fore wing fringe longer than 0.2 times width of disc. Ovipositor as long as or longer than midtibia..................... 66

– Mesoscutal side lobe with three setae, or if with two setae then clava twosegmented or not defined. Midtibial spur shorter than corresponding basitarsus, if as long as or longer, then either marginal fringe of fore wing shorter than 0.2 maximum width of disc ( E. ancora , E. seminigriclava ), or ovipositor shorter than midtibia ( E. spinosa )................. 68

66 Maxillary palp two-segmented. F1 longer than broad; F2 slightly shorter than F3 ( Figure 255 ). Mesosoma predominantly brown....... E. silvifilia

– Maxillary palp one-segmented. F1 approximately quadrate. F2 slightly longer than F3. Mesosoma predominantly yellow............ 67

67 Ovipositor clearly longer than midtibia. Propodeum yellow, gaster only suffused with brown ( Figure 245 ). Longest setae on mesoscutal midlobe shorter than maximum length of axilla. Axilla medially with elongate cells................... E. rentzi n. sp.

– Ovipositor approximately equal in length to midtibia. Propodeum brown and gaster dark brown ( Figure 153 ). Longest setae on mesoscutal midlobe longer than maximum length of axilla. Axilla medially without elongate cells................. E. longisetosa n. sp.

68 Gaster yellow; brown only laterally ( Figure 189 ). Marginal fringe of fore wing half as long as maximum width of disc ( Figure 191 )...... E. notha n. sp.

– Gaster predominantly brown. Marginal fringe of fore wing clearly less than half maximum width of disc................ 69

69 Mesoscutal side lobe with two setae. Clava either not defined or if two-segmented, then F1 at least four times as long as its maximum width and approximately equal in length to F2.................. 70

– Mesoscutal side lobe with three setae. Clava two- or three-segmented, F1 distinctly less than four times as long as its maximum width and shorter than F2...................... 72

70 Clava two-segmented. F1 elongate, at least 4.0 times as long as its maximum width and subequal in length to F2 ( Figure 236 )..... E. prolata n. sp.

– Clava undefined. F1 shorter, at most 1.5 times as long as its maximum width and distinctly shorter than F2 ( smithi group)........... 71

71 Mesosoma yellow. Mesoscutum anteriorly fuscous. Marginal fringe of fore wing more than 0.3 times the width of disc. T3 and T4 laterally each with one seta................... E. nigriventris

– Mesosoma brown. Mesoscutum lighter. Marginal fringe of fore wing less than 0.25 times the width of disc. T3 and T4 laterally each with two or more setae................. E. bunyae n. sp.

72 Third valvula longer than half the length of the second valvifer.... 73

– Third valvula equal to or shorter than half the length of the second valvifer..................... 74

73 Ovipositor approximately equal in length to midtibia. T3–T5 laterally each with one seta. Mesosoma predominantly yellow...... E. ancora n. sp.

– Ovipositor distinctly longer than midtibia. T3–T5 laterally each with two setae. Mesosoma brown.............. E. hapalia n. sp.

74 Fore wing fringe very short, less than 0.20 times as long as width of disc. 75

– Fore wing fringe at least 0.25 times as long as width of disc..... 77

75 T5 medially with a pair of very long setae. Third valvula 0.2 times as long as second valvifer. F1 more than two times as long as maximum width..................... E. chaetogastra n. sp.

– T5 medially without a pair of very long setae. Third valvula at least 0.25 times as long as second valvifer. F1 less than two times as long as maximum width..................... 76

76 Apical antennal segment brown. F1 less than two times as long as its maximum width................. E. seminigriclava

– Apical antennal segment yellow. F1 nearly two times as long as its maximum width................... E. brahmsi

77 Clava two-segmented, F6 darker than remaining flagellar segments.. E. elegans

– Clava three-segmented, F6 not darker than remaining flagellar segments.. 78

78 Ovipositor distinctly shorter than midtibia (about 0.7). F1 approximately quadrate. Midtibial spur slightly longer than corresponding basitarsus. Third valvula half as long as the second valvifer (0.48–0.53)... E. spinosa n. sp.

– Ovipositor approximately equal in length to midtibia. F1 distinctly longer than broad. Midtibial spur slightly shorter than corresponding basitarsus. Third valvula less than half the length the second valvifer (0.24–0.36).... E. perniciosi

79 Midlobe of mesoscutum with six setae or fewer......... 80

– Midlobe of mesoscutum with eight setae or more........ 84

80 Longest setae of fore wing fringe at least 0.8 times as long as width of disc. Ovipositor 0.6 times as long as midtibia, or shorter.... E. aldrichi n. sp.

– Longest setae of fore wing fringe shorter, less than 0.6 times as long as width of disc. Ovipositor 0.9 times as long as midtibia, or longer...... 81

81 Body pale yellow except head and mesosoma anteriorly dark brown ( Figure 76 ). Lengths of F1, F2, and F3 strongly increasing so that F3 is about two times as long as F1................... E. cappa n. sp.

– Body with different colour and F1–F3 different......... 82

82 Marginal fringe of fore wing clearly less than half the width of disc. F1 two times as long as its maximum width or longer (1.8–2.7). Fore wing 2.2–2.4 times as long as width of disc................ E. nitella n. sp.

– Marginal fringe of fore wing half as long as the width of disc. F1 less than 1.6 times as long as its maximum width. Fore wing 2.9–3.0 times as long as width of disc..................... 83

83 F1 approximately quadrate. Fore wing sparsely setose. Metasoma predominantly yellow.................. E. unfasciata

– F1 clearly longer than broad. Fore wing not sparsely setose. Metasoma predominantly dark brown............. E. leucippi

84 Fore wing narrow, more than three times as long as width of disc.... 85

– Fore wing broader, less than three times as long as width of disc.... 86

85 T2–T4 each laterally with one seta. Ovipositor appearing truncate at apex.................... E. farinaria n. sp.

– T2–T4 each laterally with two setae. Ovipositor rounded at apex.. E. justicia

86 Head and body completely yellow. T6 with two setae between cercal plates.................... E. insignis n. sp. – Head and body not completely yellow, if mostly pale ( aferi ), then T6 with four setae between cercal plates............... 87

87 Clava three-segmented. Mesoscutal midlobe and scutellum with indistinct reticulation and cells without distinct internal striations....... 88

– Clava two-segmented. Mesoscutal midlobe and scutellum with distinctive reticulation and cells with distinct internal striations ( inaron group, partim)..................... 92

88 Midtibial spur equal to or longer than corresponding basitarsus. Marginal fringe of fore wing at least 0.3 times as long as maximum width of disc...................... 89

– Midtibial spur distinctly shorter than corresponding basitarsus. Marginal fringe of fore wing less than 0.3 times as long as maximum width of disc.... 90

89 Ovipositor shorter than midtibia. Mesosoma predominantly brown ( Figure 41 ). Scutellar sensilla closely placed, two times the maximum width of a sensillum.................. E. aureola

– Ovipositor longer than midtibia. Mesosoma brown only anteriorly ( Figure 156 ). Scutellar sensilla distantly placed, five times the maximum width of a sensillum............... E. longispina n. sp.

90 F1 less than 1.5 times its maximum width ( Figure 103 ). T6 with two setae between cercal plates. Ovipositor longer than midtibia (1.26–1.28). Stemmaticum with reticulate surface sculpture ( Figure 104 )...... E. despecta n. sp.

– F1 more than 1.5 times its maximum width. T6 with four setae between cercal plates. Ovipositor shorter than midtibia (0.85–0.91). Stemmaticum with rugose surface sculpture.................. 91

91 Third valvula at least 0.35 times as long as second valvifer (0.35–0.37). Wing densely setose ( Figure 285 )............ E. thoreauini

– Third valvula less than 0.35 times as long as second valvifer (0.30–0.33). Wing less densely setose ( Figure 16 )............ E. aferi n. sp.

92 Third valvula more than 0.5 times as long as second valvifer.. E. scylla n. sp.

– Third valvula less than 0.5 times as long as second valvifer...... 93

93 Metasomal T5 anterolaterally and T6 anteriorly (sometimes also T4 anterolaterally) with narrow fuscous bands ( Figure 5 )........ E. accenta

– Metasoma T5 and T6 pale or dark, but without narrow fuscous bands.. 94

94 Ovipositor distinctly shorter than midtibia. Metasoma yellow with a lateral brown stripe from the base of metasoma to T7 ( Figure 99 )....... E. cybele

– Ovipositor at least 0.9 times as long as midtibia. Metasoma either mostly yellow or brown, always without lateral brown stripe.......... 95

95 Metasoma dark, basal two tergites laterally each with three to six (rarely only two) setae. Antennae shorter, F4 about two times as long as its maximum width; F1 less than two times as long as its maximum width ( Figure 12 ).... E. adusta

– Metasoma pale, basal two tergites laterally with zero to two (rarely four) setae. Antennae elongate, F4 distinctly longer than two times its maximum width; F1 at least two times as long as its maximum width ( Figure 48 )................... E. azimi

Figures

Figures 76–78. Encarsia cappa n. sp., holotype female. (76) Mesosoma and gaster. (77) Antenna. (78) Fore wing.

Figures 79–81. Encarsia cassida n. sp., holotype female. (79) Mesosoma and gaster. (80) Antenna. (81) Fore wing.

Figures 89–91. Encarsia citrina (Craw), female. (89) Mesosoma and gaster. (90) Antenna. (91) Fore wing.

Figures 63–65. Encarsia brahmsi (Girault), holotype female. (63) Body of type specimen. (64) Head and antennae. (65) Fore wing.

Figures 66–69. Encarsia brimblecombei (Girault), holotype female. (66) Body of type specimen. (67) Mesosoma and base of gaster. (68) Head and antennae. (69) Fore wing.

Figures 150–152. Encarsia longifasciata Subba Rao, female. (150) Mesosoma and gaster. (151) Antenna. (152) Fore wing.

Figures 20–22. Encarsia aldrichi n. sp., female. (20) Mesosoma and gaster. (21) Antenna. (22) Fore wing.

Figures 180–182. Encarsia mineoi Viggiani, female. (180) Mesosoma and gaster. (181) Head and antenna. (182) Fore wing.

Figures 199–201. Encarsia olgae n. sp., holotype female. (199) Mesosoma and gaster. (200) Antenna. (201) Fore wing.

Figures 138–140. Encarsia kalamundae n. sp., holotype female. (138) Mesosoma and gaster. (139) Antenna. (140) Fore wing.

Figures 232–234. Encarsia praecipua n. sp., female. (232) Mesosoma and gaster. (233) Antenna. (234) Fore wing.

Figures 269–272. Encarsia stirlingia n. sp., female. (269) Mesosoma and gaster. (270) Antenna. (271) Stemmaticum. (272) Fore wing.

Figures 298–300. Encarsia whittieri Girault, female. (298) Mesosoma and gaster. (299) Antenna. (300) Fore wing.

Figures 295–297. Encarsia ustulata Schmidt and Naumann, female. (295) Mesosoma and gaster. (296) Antenna. (297) Fore wing.

Figures 177–179. Encarsia maura n. sp., female. (177) Mesosoma and gaster. (178) Antenna. (179) Fore wing.

Figures 217–219. Encarsia perpulchellus Girault, female. (217) Mesosoma and gaster. (218) Antenna. (219) Fore wing.

Figures 263–265. Encarsia sophia (Girault and Dodd), female. (263) Mesosoma and gaster. (264) Mesosoma. (265) Fore wing.

Figures 208–210. Encarsia pedana n. sp., female. (208) Mesosoma and gaster. (209) Antenna. (210) Fore wing.

Figures 73–75. Encarsia capensis n. sp., female. (73) Mesosoma and gaster. (74) Antenna. (75) Fore wing.

Figures 192–195. Encarsia oakeyensis Schmidt and Naumann, female. (192) Mesosoma and gaster. (193) Antenna. (194) Fore wing. (195) Stemmaticum.

Figures 168–170. Encarsia maculata n. sp., holotype female. (168) Mesosoma and gaster. (169) Antenna. (170) Fore wing.

Figures 55–58. Encarsia bimaculata Heraty and Polaszek, female. (55) Mesosoma and gaster. (56) Antenna. (57) Stemmaticum. (58) Fore wing.

Figures 202–204. Encarsia papaceki n. sp., female. (202) Mesosoma and gaster. (203) Antenna. (204) Fore wing.

Figures 205–207. Encarsia paucisetosa n. sp., female. (205) Mesosoma and gaster. (206) Antenna. (207) Fore wing.

Figures 171–173. Encarsia maria Girault, female. (171) Mesosoma and gaster. (172) Antenna. (173) Fore wing.

Figures 196–198. Encarsia obliqua Schmidt and Polaszek, female. (196) Mesosoma and gaster. (197) Antenna. (198) Fore wing.

Figures 141–143. Encarsia leptosa n. sp., holotype female. (141) Mesosoma and gaster. (142) Antenna. (143) Fore wing.

Figures 227–231. Encarsia pilosa Schmidt and Polaszek, female. (227) Mesosoma and gaster. (228) Antenna. (229) Head. (230) Stigmal vein. (231) Fore wing.

Figures 51–54. Encarsia bifasciata Schmidt and Polaszek, female. (51) Mesosoma and gaster. (52) Antenna. (53) Head. (54) Fore wing.

Figures 276, 277. Encarsia swifti (Girault), syntype female. (276) Overall view of type specimen. (277) Head.

Figures 59–62. Encarsia boswelli (Girault), holotype female. (59) Overall view of type specimen. (60) Antenna. (61) Fore wing. (62) Mesoscutum in lateral view.

Figures 254–258. Encarsia silvifilia (Girault), female. (254) Mesosoma and gaster. (255) Antenna. (256) Stemmaticum. (257) Fore wing. (258) Ovipositor apex.

Figures 122–124. Encarsia grotei (Girault), holotype female. (122) Body. (123) Head and antennae. (124) Fore wing.

Figures 280–282. Encarsia tennysoni (Girault), holotype female. (280) Overall view of type specimen. (281) Antenna. (282) Fore wing.

Figures 17–19. Encarsia albiscutellum (Girault), female. (17) Mesosoma and gaster. (18) Antenna. (19) Fore wing.

Figures 133–135. Encarsia iris (Girault), female. (133) Mesosoma and gaster. (134) Antenna. (135) Fore wing.

Figures 273–275. Encarsia subhyalina n. sp., female. (273) Mesosoma and gaster. (274) Antenna. (275) Fore wing.

Figures 96–98. Encarsia craspedia n. sp., holotype female. (96) Mesosoma and gaster. (97) Antenna. (98) Fore wing.

Figures 245–247. Encarsia rentzi n. sp., holotype female. (245) Mesosoma and gaster. (246) Antenna. (247) Fore wing.

Figures 153–155. Encarsia longisetosa n. sp., holotype female. (153) Mesosoma and gaster. (154) Antenna. (155) Fore wing.

Figures 189–191. Encarsia notha n. sp., holotype female. (189) Mesosoma and gaster. (190) Antenna. (191) Fore wing.

Figures 235–237. Encarsia prolata n. sp., female. (235) Mesosoma and gaster. (236) Antenna. (237) Fore wing.

Figures 41–43. Encarsia aureola (Girault), holotype female. (41) Body of type specimen. (42) Head and antennae. (43) Fore wing.

Figures 156–158. Encarsia longispina n. sp., holotype female. (156) Mesosoma and gaster. (157) Antenna. (158) Fore wing.

Figures 102–105. Encarsia despecta n. sp., female. (102) Mesosoma and gaster. (103) Antenna. (104) Stemmaticum. (105) Fore wing.

Figures 283–285. Encarsia thoreauini (Girault), female. (283) Mesosoma and gaster. (284) Antenna. (285) Fore wing.

Figures 14–16. Encarsia aferi n. sp., female. (14) Mesosoma and gaster. (15) Antenna. (16) Fore wing.

Figures 5–7. Encarsia accenta Schmidt and Naumann, female. (5) Mesosoma and gaster. (6) Antenna. (7) Fore wing.

Figures 99–101. Encarsia cybele Girault, holotype female. (99) Body of type specimen. (100) Head and antennae. (101) Fore wing.

Figures 11–13. Encarsia adusta Schmidt and Naumann, female. (11) Mesosoma and gaster. (12) Antenna. (13) Fore wing.

Figures 47–50. Encarsia azimi Hayat, female. (47) Mesosoma and gaster. (48) Antenna. (49) Stemmaticum. (50) Fore wing.