Vulpes Frisch 1775

Wilson, Don E. & Reeder, DeeAnn, 2005, Order Carnivora, Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1, Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, pp. 532-628 : 583

Vulpes Frisch 1775

Vulpes Frisch 1775 , Das Natur-System der Vierfussigen Thiere: 15.

Type Species: Canis vulpes Linnaeus 1758

Synonyms: Alopex Kaup 1829 ; Cynalopex C. E. H. Smith 1839 ; Fennecus Desmarest 1804 ; Leucocyon Gray 1869 ; Mamvulpesus Herrera 1899 ; Megalotis Illiger 1811 ; Vulpis Gray 1821 .

Species and subspecies: 12 species with 61 subspecies:

Species Vulpes bengalensis Shaw 1800

Species Vulpes cana Blanford 1877

Species Vulpes chama A. Smith 1833

Species Vulpes corsac (Linnaeus 1768)

Subspecies Vulpes corsac subsp. corsac Linnaeus 1768

Subspecies Vulpes corsac subsp. kalmykorum Ognev 1935

Species Vulpes ferrilata Hodgson 1842

Species Vulpes lagopus ( Linnaeus 1758)

Subspecies Vulpes lagopus subsp. lagopus Linnaeus 1758

Subspecies Vulpes lagopus subsp. beringensis Merriam 1902

Subspecies Vulpes lagopus subsp. fuliginosus Bechstein 1799

Subspecies Vulpes lagopus subsp. pribilofensis Merriam 1902

Species Vulpes macrotis Merriam 1888

Species Vulpes pallida Cretzschmar 1826

Subspecies Vulpes pallida subsp. pallida Cretzschmar 1826

Subspecies Vulpes pallida subsp. cyrenaica Festa 1921

Subspecies Vulpes pallida subsp. edwardsi Rochebrune 1883

Subspecies Vulpes pallida subsp. harterti Thomas and Hinton 1921

Subspecies Vulpes pallida subsp. oertzeni Matschie 1910

Species Vulpes rueppellii Schinz 1825

Subspecies Vulpes rueppellii subsp. rueppellii Schinz 1825

Subspecies Vulpes rueppellii subsp. caesia Thomas and Hinton 1921

Subspecies Vulpes rueppellii subsp. cyrenaica Festa 1921

Subspecies Vulpes rueppellii subsp. sabaea Pocock 1934

Subspecies Vulpes rueppellii subsp. zarudnyi Birula 1913

Species Vulpes velox Say 1823

Species Vulpes vulpes ( Linnaeus 1758)

Subspecies Vulpes vulpes subsp. vulpes Linnaeus 1758

Subspecies Vulpes vulpes subsp. abietorum Merriam 1900

Subspecies Vulpes vulpes subsp. alascensis Merriam 1900

Subspecies Vulpes vulpes subsp. alpherakyi Satunin 1906

Subspecies Vulpes vulpes subsp. anatolica Thomas 1920

Subspecies Vulpes vulpes subsp. arabica Thomas 1902

Subspecies Vulpes vulpes subsp. atlantica Wagner 1841

Subspecies Vulpes vulpes subsp. bangsi Merriam 1900

Subspecies Vulpes vulpes subsp. barbara Shaw 1800

Subspecies Vulpes vulpes subsp. beringiana Middendorff 1875

Subspecies Vulpes vulpes subsp. cascadensis Merriam 1900

Subspecies Vulpes vulpes subsp. caucasica Dinnik 1914

Subspecies Vulpes vulpes subsp. crucigera Bechstein 1789

Subspecies Vulpes vulpes subsp. daurica Ognev 1931

Subspecies Vulpes vulpes subsp. deletrix Bangs 1898

Subspecies Vulpes vulpes subsp. dolichocrania Ognev 1926

Subspecies Vulpes vulpes subsp. dorsalis J. E. Gray 1838

Subspecies Vulpes vulpes subsp. flavescens J. E. Gray 1843

Subspecies Vulpes vulpes subsp. fulvus Desmarest 1820

Subspecies Vulpes vulpes subsp. griffithi Blyth 1854

Subspecies Vulpes vulpes subsp. harrimani Merriam 1900

Subspecies Vulpes vulpes subsp. hoole Swinhoe 1870

Subspecies Vulpes vulpes subsp. ichnusae Miller 1907

Subspecies Vulpes vulpes subsp. indutus Miller 1907

Subspecies Vulpes vulpes subsp. jakutensis Ognev 1923

Subspecies Vulpes vulpes subsp. japonica J. E. Gray 1868

Subspecies Vulpes vulpes subsp. karagan Erxleben 1777

Subspecies Vulpes vulpes subsp. kenaiensis Merriam 1900

Subspecies Vulpes vulpes subsp. kurdistanica Satunin 1906

Subspecies Vulpes vulpes subsp. macroura Baird 1852

Subspecies Vulpes vulpes subsp. montana Pearson 1836

Subspecies Vulpes vulpes subsp. necator Merriam 1900

Subspecies Vulpes vulpes subsp. niloticus E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire 1803

Subspecies Vulpes vulpes subsp. ochroxantha Ognev 1926

Subspecies Vulpes vulpes subsp. palaestina Thomas 1920

Subspecies Vulpes vulpes subsp. peculiosa Kishida 1924

Subspecies Vulpes vulpes subsp. pusilla Blyth 1854

Subspecies Vulpes vulpes subsp. regalis Merriam 1900

Subspecies Vulpes vulpes subsp. rubricosa Bangs 1898

Subspecies Vulpes vulpes subsp. schrenckii Kishida 1924

Subspecies Vulpes vulpes subsp. silacea Miller 1907

Subspecies Vulpes vulpes subsp. splendidissima Kishida 1924

Subspecies Vulpes vulpes subsp. stepensis Brauner 1914

Subspecies Vulpes vulpes subsp. tobolica Ognev 1926

Subspecies Vulpes vulpes subsp. tschiliensis Matschie 1907

Species Vulpes zerda Zimmermann 1780

Discussion: Although Frisch (1775) has been ruled a rejected work for nomenclatural purposes, Vulpes has been retained (International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, 1979). Considered a subgenus of Canis by Van Gelder (1978); however, this arrangement is not currently employed by most mammalogists (Corbet, 1978; Corbet and Hill, 1980; Gromov and Baranova, 1981; Hall, 1981; Wozencraft, 1989). McKenna and Bell (1997) included Fennecus and Alopex as congeneric taxa (followed here). Bobrinskii et al. (1965), McKenna and Bell (1997) and Bininda-Emonds et al. (1999) placed Alopex as a subgenus of Vulpes ; Van Gelder (1978) considered it a subgenus of Canis . Wayne et al. (1987), Wayne and O’Brien (1987), and Mercure et al. (1993) argued for the inclusion of Alopex with other Vulpes . Synonyms allocated after McKenna and Bell (1997).