Pyrops candelaria ( Linnaeus, 1758 )

Lin, You-Sheng, Liao, Jhih-Rong, Shiao, Shiuh-Feng & Ko, Chiun-Cheng, 2023, Lanternflies (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae) of Taiwan., Zoological Studies (Zool. Stud.) 62 (7), pp. 1-37 : 21-22

Pyrops candelaria ( Linnaeus, 1758) ( Figs. 16 , 17 )

Cicada candelaria Linnaeus, 1758: 434 . Laternaria candelaria Linnaeus, 1764: 153 ; Metcalf, 1947: 187. Fulgora candelaria Linnaeus, 1767: 703 ; Butler, 1874: 97; Schmidt,

1905: 350; Lallemand, 1963: 73; Chou et al., 1985: 116. Pyrops candelaria Spinola, 1839: 233 ; Nagai & Porion, 1996: 24;

Wang et al., 2018: 298. Hotinus candelaria Amyot & Serville, 1843: 491 . Pyrops candelarius Jacobi, 1905: 435 ; Liang, 1998: 42.

Type locality: China ( Linnaeus 1758).

Description: Measurements: body length, male (n = 6) 35.9 mm (31.3–37.7 mm), female (n = 3) 40.8 mm (39.6–41.9 mm); tegmen length, male (n = 6) 30.9 mm (26.9–32.4 mm), female (n = 3) 35.5 mm (33.8–36.9 mm); cephalic process length, male (n = 6) 14.2 mm (12.7–15.8 mm), female (n = 3) 14.6 mm (13.3–15.9 mm).

Head: cephalic process long, protruding forward and upward, narrowing gradually beyond eyes, dorsal and lateral sides orange to cardinal red with numerous small white powdery spots, ventral side yellowish brown, sometimes with 2 rows of white powdery spots side by side between 2 longitudinal carinae, apex narrowing and compressed laterally ( Fig. 16A, B, C ); vertex orange to cardinal red, broader than long, sometimes with numerous small white powdery spots, lateral margins slightly carinate ( Fig. 16A, C ); frons yellowish brown, longer than broad, with 2 longitudinal carinae extending from ventral side of cephalic process ( Fig. 16B ); genae with 1 black transverse band passing through eye ( Fig. 16C ); postocular flange black ( Fig. 16A ); antennae dark brown ( Fig. 16B, C ); clypeus yellowish brown, longer than frons ( Fig. 16B ); labium black and elongate, not reaching apex of abdomen ( Fig. 16B ).

Thorax: ( Fig. 16A, C ) pronotum chrome yellow to red, with several tiny pits on each lateral area and sometimes small white powdery spots near anterior margin; propleuron and prosternum yellow to red, with 1 black band along anterior margin; mesonotum orange to red, with 2 pairs of dark brown reverse-subtriangular patch along anterior margin, 1 dark brown teardrop-shaped patch on each lateral area outside lateral carinae, and sometimes several small white powdery spots between lateral carinae.

Tegmina: ( Fig. 16A ) general color black with veins green; basal 1/2 with 4 chrome yellow subquadrangular patches with white border along anterior margin, 1 chrome yellow transverse band with white border behind 1st marginal patch, 6–7 chrome yellow suboval patches with white border behind 2nd and 3rd marginal patch, often connected with each other, and 2 chrome yellow spots behind 4th marginal patch; apical 1/2 with 4–6 chrome yellow spots with white border in a transverse row near disc of tegmen and 4–8 chrome yellow spots varying in size near apical margin, apical spots sometimes with white border.

Hindwings: ( Fig. 16A ) basal 2/3 chrome yellow; apical 1/3 dark brown.

Legs: ( Fig. 16A, B, C ) general color orange to red with tibiae and tarsi of forelegs and mesolegs black; metatibiae with 5 lateral spines.

Abdomen: 1st–8th tergites chrome yellow ( Fig. 16A ); 4th–8th laterosternites and sternites gray with posterior margin chrome yellow ( Fig. 16B ).

Male genitalia: 9th abdominal segment, in lateral view, with anterior margin flat, dorso-anterior margin obtuse, dorso-posterior margin rounded, ventro-posterior margin with a small obtuse projection ( Fig. 17A ); 10th abdominal segment with ventral margin flat in lateral view ( Fig. 17A ), apical margin about 1.5 times broader than basal margin, medially concave as “U” shape dorsally and ventrally in dorsal view ( Fig. 17B ); 11th abdominal sternite about 4 times longer than 11th abdominal tergite ( Fig. 17B ); genital styles as long as 10th abdominal segment in lateral view ( Fig. 17A ), suboval with a hook on each lateral margin at 1/3 from base in ventral view ( Fig. 17C ); lateral phallobasal lobes membranous ( Fig. 17D, E ); phallobasal conjunctival processes exposed, straight and sclerotized except for apexes, about 7 times longer than sheath, apexes obtuse ( Fig. 17D, E ).

Materials examined: 1 male, 2 females, Bali (25°8'29.14"N, 121°24'4.03"E), New Taipei City, Dimocarpus longan Lour. , III-15-2019, leg. Y. S. Lin (NTU); 1 male, same locality, same host, IV-08- 2019, leg. Y. S. Lin (NTU); 1 male, 2 females, same locality, same host, VIII-29-2019, leg. Y. S. Lin (NTU); 3 males, same locality, same host, IX-04-2019, leg. Y. S. Lin (NTU); 1 female, Linkou (25°7'36.19"N, 121°21'4.54"E), New Taipei City, Dimocarpus longan Lour. , VIII-12-2021, leg. Y. S. Lin (NTU); 2 males, Kinmen, II-11-2015, leg. C. Chang (TFRI).

Host plant: Dimocarpus longan Lour. ( Sapindaceae ), Citrus maxima (Burm.) Merr. ( Rutaceae ), Mangifera indica L. ( Anacardiaceae ), Triadica sebifera (L.) Small ( Euphorbiaceae ) ( Wang et al. 2000).

Distribution: Taiwan, Cambodia, China, India, Indonesia, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam ( Lin et al. 2021).

Remarks: This species is similar to Pyrops spinolae ( Westwood, 1842) but can be distinguished by the following characters: (1) P. candelaria has vertex and cephalic process with dorsal side orange to cardinal red ( Fig. 18A ), while P. spinolae has vertex and cephalic process with dorsal side black ( Fig. 18B ); (2) P. candelaria has pronotum and mesonotum without 1 black longitudinal band on the median carina ( Fig. 18A ), while P. spinolae has pronotum and mesonotum with 1 black longitudinal band on the median carina ( Fig. 18B ). This species was recorded from Taiwan as an invasive species by Lin et al. (2021). To date, the invasive population is still restricted to northern Taiwan.

Figures

Fig. 16. Pyrops candelaria (Linnaeus, 1758), adult female. A, Habitus, dorsal view. B, Habitus, ventral view. C, Habitus, left lateral view (not to scale).

Fig. 17. Pyrops candelaria (Linnaeus, 1758), male genitalia. A, Male genitalia, left lateral view. B, 10th–11th abdominal segments, dorsal view. C, Genital styles, ventral view. D, Phallic complex, ventral view. E, Phallic complex, dorsal view.

Fig. 18. Diagnostic characters for Pyrops candelaria and P. spinolae on their heads and thoraxes in dorsal view. A, P. candelaria. B, P. spinolae.