Bos Linnaeus, 1758

Leslie, David M. & Schaller, George B., 2009, Bos grunniens and Bos mutus (Artiodactyla: Bovidae), Mammalian Species 836 (3), pp. 1-17 : 1-2

Bos Linnaeus, 1758

Bos Linnaeus, 1758:71 . Type species Bos taurus Linnaeus, 1758 , by Linnaean tautonomy.

Taurus Rafinesque, 1814:30. Type species Bos taurus Linnaeus, 1758 , by absolute tautonomy.

Urus Hamilton-Smith, 1827a:417 . Type species Urus scoticus Hamilton-Smith, 1827 , by monotypy; described as ‘‘the probable remains [5 descendant] of the genuine Urus’’ and subsequently described as ‘‘a variety of fossil Bos urus ’’ (Hamilton-Smith 1827b:376).

Bison Hamilton-Smith, 1827b:373 . Type species Bos bison Linnaeus, 1758 , by absolute tautonomy; described as a subgenus of Bos Linnaeus, 1758 .

Bison: Jardine, 1836:259 . First use as a genus.

Bibos Hodgson, 1837:499 . Type species Bos subhemachalus Hodgson, 1837 , by original designation; described as a subgenus of Bos Linnaeus, 1758 .

Bisonus Hodgson, 1841:217 . Type species Bisonus poephagus Hodgson, 1841 , by monotypy.

Poephagus Gray, 1843:153 . Type species Bos grunniens Linnaeus, 1766 , by monotypy.

Bissonius Gray, 1843:153. Incorrect subsequent spelling of Bisonus Hodgson, 1841 .

Gaveus Hodgson, 1847:705 . Type species Bos frontalis ( Lambert, 1804) , by monotypy.

Gauribos Heude, 1901: 3 . No type species selected; said to include G. laosiensis , G. brachyrhinus , G. sylvanus , and G. mekongensis .

Uribos Heude, 1901:5 . Type species Uribos platyceros Heude, 1901 , by monotypy.

Bubalibos Heude, 1901:6 . Type species Bubalibos annamiticus Heude, 1901 , by monotypy.

Microbos Heude, 1901:7 . No type species selected; said to include ‘‘ Bos ? leptoceros.’’

Novibos Coolidge, 1940:425 . Type species Bos sauveli Urbain, 1937 , by original designation.

Poe¨pgahus Pilgrim, 1947:280. Incorrect subsequent spelling of Poephagus Gray, 1843 .

Pseudonovibos Peter and Feiler, 1994:171 . Nomen dubium (Grubb 2005 cf. Timm and Brandt 2001).

Peophaqus Lu, 2000:unnumbered page. Incorrect subsequent spelling of Poephagus Gray, 1843 .

CONTEXT AND CONTENT. Order Artiodactyla , suborder Ruminantia , family Bovidae , subfamily Bovinae , tribe Bovini , genus Bos . There are 5 species of Bos (Grubb 2005) . Generally, mass and body measurements (e.g., height and length) overlap among species of Bos and do not provide suitable characteristics for a species key (Blanford 1888); for some species, domestication and crossbreeding have altered characteristics of the wild forms (e.g., no horns in domestic females). Color, pattern, and length of pelage, horn characteristics, and morphology were used to develop the following general key.

1. White rump patch on males and females; horns of males connected by a horn-patch on the forehead ... B. javanicus No white rump patch; horns of males not connected by a horn-patch on the forehead ....................... 2

2. Long skirts of hair on chest, flanks, and rump; tail fully haired and horselike; 14 dorsal and 5 lumbar vertebrae and 14 ribs ..... B. grunniens and B. mutus Pelage usually short; no skirts; tail not fully haired but tufted on the end; 13 dorsal and 6 lumbar vertebrae and 13 ribs ....................................... 3

3. Concave forehead with gray mat of hair; pronounced shoulder hump in males ...................... B. frontalis Flat to slightly convex, smooth-haired forehead; generally without developed shoulder hump in males ....... 4

4. Adult pelage color always dark brown to black with white leggings; horns in both sexes; range now limited to Cambodia, if not extinct ......... B. sauveli Color highly variable among domestic breeds from black to white, reddish brown to brown; horns present or absent, particularly in females; under husbandry throughout the world ............ B. taurus