Orobanche hederae Duby (1828: 350)

Piwowarczyk, Renata, Pedraja, Óscar Sánchez, Khutsishvili, Manana & Kharazishvili, Davit, 2023, Holoparasitic Orobanchaceae in Georgia (Caucasus): taxonomic revision, diversity, distribution, habitats and host range, Phytotaxa 604 (1), pp. 1-103 : 71

14. Orobanche hederae Duby (1828: 350)

.TYPE:—FRANCE-SPAIN (holotype indicated by Gilli 1982: 19): “Hederae parasiticam in Vasconiâ reperiit cl. Des Moul. (v.s. ex Genuâ [G])” ( Duby 1828: 350). Fig. 46 .

General distribution: —It is native to most of Europe, North Africa and Southwest Asia and naturalised in America and other parts of the World. The Caucasian lands and their surroundings seem to be the southeast limit of its native distribution range.

Distribution: —Scattered localities, from Abkhazia, Adjara, Racha-Lechkhumi and Kvemo Svaneti, Imereti, Samtskhe-Javakheti, Tbilisi, to Kakheti provinces ( Fig. 47 ). Probably more frequent, but overlooked.

Habitat: —In Georgia in moist, shady or semi-shady places in forests, especially hornbeam-oak, hornbeam-beech, Colchic and Hyrcanian, roadsides on the edge of the woods and roads, scrublands, city parks, near old walls, ruins, and a botanical gardens, usually from a few meters above sea level near the Black Sea, to (so far) ca. 1500 m.

Hosts: —Only on Araliaceae species, usually on Hedera sp. , here on H. helix L. and H. colchica (K. Koch) K. Koch. [ H. helix var. colchica K. Koch ]. In some places, it represents a plague on ornamental ivies.

Phenology: —Flowering May–June (July), fruiting (June) July–August.

Conservation status: — Least Concern (LC). The species has rather wide distribution in Georgia and populations are usually very numerous but fragmented. EOO is ca. 45,000 km 2 and AOO is ca. 1000 km 2.

Specimens examined: — GEORGIA. Abkhazia: “Transkaukasien! in Abchasien (Albow!), im Passe Petznie [Petskiri gorge, Sukhumi, Tsebelda] auf H. colchica C. Koch im August 1904 (Woronow!)” ( Beck 1930: 221, sub O. hederae Duby ); Пицунда [Pitsunda / Bichvinta], 43°09’23.9”N, 40°19’45.7”E, 10 June 2012, G. Okatov (https:// www.inaturalist.org/observations/104574664, https://www.gbif.org/es/occurrence/3456240074, https://www. inaturalist.org/observations/104574665, https://www.gbif.org/es/occurrence/3456251001, accessed Jun 2022 [on H. helix aggr.]); Adjara prov.: Batumi Botanical Garden, Section of Transcaucasus, in shrublands, on Hedera colchica , 25 June 1976, A. Dmytrieva (BATU, LE, TGM59702, TGM59703), 28 May 1978, A. Dmytrieva (TBI), 16 Aug 1980, A. Dmytrieva (BATU), 29 May 1979, M. Djikuridze & A. Dmytrieva (BATU), sea side slopes, on Hedera helix , 20 June 1961, A. Dmytrieva (BATU); Batumi Botanical Garden, 41°41’41”N, 41°42’26”E, 30–50 m, 26 July 2018, R. Piwowarczyk (KTC); Petra Fortress, near the old walls, on Hedera , 3 June 2019, M. Szewczyk [phot.]; Gonio, near the old walls, 41°34’20.47”N, 41°34’21.38”E, 18 July 2011, M. Podsiedlik [phot., KTC]; Imereti prov.: near Kutaisi, near ruins of the old walls, on Hedera [probably near Bagrati Cathedral], 13 July 2011, M. Podsiedlik [phot., KTC]; Kutaisi, Bagrati Cathedral SW, 42°16’35.7”N, 42°42’09.8”E, 15 June 2023, S. Czyżewski (phot., https://www. inaturalist.org/observations/167528457); Sataplia Nature Reserve, Kolkhic forest, on H. colchica, 2011 , M. Podsiedlik [phot., KTC]; Borjomi-Kharaguli National Park, near Lomismta Tourist Shelter, in forest, 22 July 2011, M. Podsiedlik [phot.]; Sataplia Managed Reserve, 42°18’56.3”N, 42°40’24.0”E, near Jimastaro, 15 June 2021, M. Darling (https:// www.inaturalist.org/observations/83617370, accessed Jun 2022 [on H. helix aggr.]); Imeretien, 42°16’38.7”N, 42°42’18.6”E, Kutaisi, 8 June 2022, J. Pietruszewski (https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/120794481 [yellow form, on H. helix aggr.]; between Kutaisi and Tkibuli, in the vicinity of the Tsutskhvati village, near the cave with Chishura river, 16 June 2023, P. Szufa & G. Modebadze (phot., https://www.facebook.com/georgia.in.my. heart1/posts/pfbid0HjHPJwVPPK4JHgnp54gKPdXEK3uyzExdewTDdS8LhV8Ba3uSag1ud2wU78gT281Dl); Kakheti prov.: Georgia, Great Caucasus, forest reserve of Lagodekhi [Lagodekhi Nature Reserve], 600–1300 m, on H. helix (Araliaceae) , 10 July 2002, G. Schneeweiss et al. (WU0032438, WU0032439, WU0032440); Lagodekhi Park, forest, 41°51’09.3”N, 46°15’30.6”E, 850 m, 21 July 2015, R. Piwowarczyk (KTC); area of Lagodekhi, Khizabavra N, 41°52’27.3”N, 46°14’22.5”E, [ca. 620 m], 18 June 2022, G. Natsvlishvili (phot., https://www.inaturalist.org/ observations/122341150); N of Lagodekhi, 41°51’35.4”N, 46°17’28.7”E, [ca. 770 m], 30 July 2013, V. Fuka (phot., https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/101043036); Racha-Lechkhumi and Kvemo Svaneti prov.: SE of Zogishi, deciduous forest, 42°31’08.2”N, 42°51’50.9”E, [880 m], 10 July 2022, N. Tiunov (phot., https://www.inaturalist.org/ observations/126179551); Samtskhe-Javakheti prov.: Borjomi, central park, July 2011, M. Podsiedlik (phot.); Tbilisi prov.: Hortus Botanicus Tiflisiensis, in H. colchica , 3 July 1927, Koenig (TBI) [as O. owerinii ]; Tbilisi, Botanical Garden, on Hedera , 17 June 2019, G. Łazarski [phot.].

Figures

FIGURE 46. Orobanche hederae. A–C. General habit. D–F. Flower, side view. G–H. Flower, front view. I–K. Representative habitat (I. Adjara, slopes of the Black Sea near Botanical Garden. J–K. Kakheti prov., Lagodekhi). J, K. Host, Hedera helix, H. colchica. Photos by R. Piwowarczyk.

FIGURE 47. Distribution of Orobanche hederae in Georgia.