Orotaygetis Nakahara and Zacca, 2018

Nakahara, Shinichi, Willmott, Keith R., Mielke, Olaf H. H., Schwartz, Johanna, Zacca, Thamara, Espeland, Marianne & Lamas, Gerardo, 2018, Seven new taxa from the butterfly subtribe Euptychiina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae) with revisional notes on Harjesia Forster, 1964 and Pseudeuptychia Forster, 1964, Insecta Mundi 639, pp. 1-38 : 10-11

Orotaygetis Nakahara and Zacca , new genus

( Fig. 7–9 , 16 )

Type species. Orotaygetis surui Nakahara, Zacca and Lamas , n. sp., by present designation.

Description. Male. Forewing length: 29–30 mm (n = 3)

Head: Eyes sparsely hairy, with white scales at base; first segment of labial palpi wider than second segment, similar in length to third segment, adorned with white long hair-like scales and brownish long hair-like scales, second segment length almost twice as great as eye depth and covered with white hair-like scales and white scales laterally, and with black scales along edge of distal two-thirds of dorsal surface, ventrally adorned with black hair-like scales about 3–4× as long as segment width, third segment roughly one-third of second segment in length and covered with black scales dorsally and ventrally, with creamy-white scales laterally; antennae approximately two-fifths of forewing length, with approximately 41 antennomeres (n = 1), distal 14–15 antennomeres composing club.

Thorax: Dorsally and laterally covered with dense long sparse light brownish hair-like scales; ventrally covered with long creamy whitish hair-like scales.

Legs: Foreleg whitish, tarsus, tibia and femur almost same in length; midleg and hindleg with femur whitish ventrally, tibia and tarsus dorsally greyish, tibia ventrally lighter, tarsus ventrally slightly paler, tarsus and tibia adorned with spines ventrally, tibial spurs present at distal end of tibia.

Abdomen: Eighth tergite appears as a thin sclerotized band at base of eighth abdominal segment; eighth sternite appears as a single plate.

Wing venation ( Fig. 9 ): Most of forewing subcostal vein swollen; base of cubitus swollen; forewing recurrent vein absent; hindwing humeral vein developed; origin of M 2 slightly nearer M 1 than M 3.

Wing shape: Forewing subtriangular, apex slightly angular, costal margin slightly convex, outer margin almost straight, inner margin almost straight, but rounded towards thorax near base; hindwing slightly elongate, rounded, costal margin slightly convex, outer margin undulating, inner margin slightly concave near tornus, anal lobe convex, slightly round.

DFW: Ground colour brownish; androconial scales visible in MUSM-LEP 102416, but invisible in all DZUP specimens; brownish jagged submarginal band visible; marginal band appearing as darker narrow line; area distal to marginal band paler.

DHW: Similar to forewing.

VFW: Ground colour brownish, but somewhat variable; rather straight reddish-brown discal band extends from radial vein to 2A, passing origin of Cu 2; reddish-brown band present along discocellular veins m 1 -m 2 and m 2 -m 3; reddish-brown postdiscal band extending from radial vein towards inner margin until reaching vein 2A, broader than discal band, almost parallel to discal band, somewhat faded in Cu 2; umbra appear as indistinct darker shading covering middle of area in between postdiscal and submarginal band; submarginal band brownish, jagged, especially above Cu 1; marginal band traversing from apex towards tornus; fringe brownish; four submarginal ocelli in cells R 5, M 1, M 2 and M 3, white pupil in center ringed with yellow, ocellus in cell M 1 appears black inside yellow ring, ocellus in M 3 appears as a yellowish smudge without pupil (these four ocelli are somewhat variable, and the description may not apply to some specimens).

VHW: Ground colour similar to forewing; general wing pattern similar to forewing except as follows: discal band extends across wing passing origin of M 1; reddish-brown scaling just below origin of M 2; postdiscal band bent inwards at posterior end; submarginal band jagged after Cu 1, anterior end and posterior end occasionally fused with postdiscal band; marginal band undulating; submarginal ocelli in cells M 1 and Cu 1 black with white pupil in center ringed with yellow, ocelli in cells M 2 and M 3 often lacking black central area, white pupil indistinct in some specimens; ocellus in cell Rs with whitish smudge-like pupil in center, ringed with yellow.

Male genitalia ( Fig. 8a, b ): Tegumen appears somewhat semi-circular in lateral view, semi-circular in dorsal view, anteriorly and dorsally convex, ventral margin straight; uncus slightly longer than tegumen in lateral view, without setae, somewhat tapered posteriorly, middle section broadens in dorsal view; brachia tapering towards apex, apical half positioned above uncus in lateral view, parallel to uncus with apical edge curving inwards in dorsal view; combination of ventral arms from tegumen and dorsal arms from saccus straight; appendices angulares present; saccus broad, anteriorly rounded, similar to uncus in length; juxta apparently present as narrow stripe; valvae distally setose, basal half of valva appears roughly trapezoidal in lateral view, ventral margin convex, dorsal margin indented where costa projecting towards appendices angulares, apical process about one-third of valva in length, narrow with rounded apex; phallus roughly straight, similar in length with valve plus saccus, phallobase about onefourth of phallus, posterior portion of aedeagus somewhat curved upwards with vesica visible, manica covering about half of aedeagus, cornuti absent.

Female. Forewing length: 32 mm (n = 1)

Similar to male except as follows: Female foretarsus first and second tarsomeres partially fused, second and third tarsomeres apparently partially fused at anterior side in MUSM-LEP 102418; Female foretarsus divided into five tarsomeres in DZ 38220; forewing appears somewhat rounded and broad; ground colour of ventral surface paler.

Female genitalia ( Fig. 8 c–e): Lamella antevaginalis sclerotized, appears somewhat isosceles trapezoid in ventral view, with distal margin having two small projection; lateral side of 8th abdominal segment sclerotized, this sclerotized plate fused to lamella antevaginalis at anterior margin; ductus bursae membranous, origin of ductus seminalis somewhat inflated, located at approximately one-fifth distance from ostium bursae to corpus bursae; ductus bursae somewhat sclerotized at region posterior to origin of ductus seminalis; corpus bursae roughly oval in dorsal view, with two signa extending across corpus bursae, together with ductus bursae extending across entire abdomen.

Etymology. The new generic name is a combination of the prefix ‘Oro’ appended to the existing generic name ‘ Taygetis ’. The prefix ‘Oro’ means ‘gold’ in Spanish, in reference to the golden-coloured ocelli in the VHW cells M 2 and M 3. This generic name is treated as masculine.

Systematic placement and diagnosis. Our molecular phylogeny indicates Orotaygetis n. gen. is a distinct lineage related to Pseudodebis , Taygetina , and Taygetis , although it does not appear to belong to any of these three genera ( Fig. 1 ). Both Pseudodebis and Taygetina are recovered as well-supported clades including the type species, but Taygetis is recovered as paraphyletic, in accordance with Matos- Maraví et al. (2013). In terms of male genitalia, Orotaygetis n. gen. is distinguished from Pseudodebis by its rather developed brachia, whereas brachia are reduced or almost absent in many Pseudodebis species. Orotaygetis n. gen. is distinguished from Taygetis by the elongated, narrow apical process of the valva, whereas the apical process of the valva is broad in many Taygetis species, often terminating in a concave or serrated distal margin. However, the male genitalia of Taygetis leuctra Butler, 1870 , is somewhat similar to Orotaygetis n. gen., but is distinguished by having a dorsal hump along the apical process of the valva (lacking in Orotaygetis n. gen.); apical process of valva rather straight (curved in Orotaygetis n. gen.); brachia being narrower compared to those of Orotaygetis . Orotaygetis n. gen. is distinguished from Taygetina by the elongated narrow apical process of the valva, whereas the distal side of the valva of Taygetina species is somewhat similar to Taygetis species. Only Taygetina weymeri (Draudt, 1912) can be considered to have a narrow apical process of the valva, but there is a plate-like projection between this apical process and the costa in T. weymeri , whereas there is no projection in Orotaygetis n. gen. The fused female foretarsomeres of Orotaygetis n. gen. seen in one female (MUSM- LEP 102418) are also distinctive, however, given the presence of five tarsomeres in another female (DZ 38.220), further examination is necessary to assess how variable this character is within the species. Despite its distant relatedness, this new genus is phenotypically somewhat similar to Satyrotaygetis , but is distinguished by the absence of an ocellus on DHW, whereas it is present in Satyrotaygetis .

Figures

Figure 1. Phylogeny of selected taxa of the “Taygetis clade” sensu Peña et al. (2010) based on maximum likelihood with support shown as non-parametric bootstrap. Taxa discussed or described in this paper are highlighted in bold.

Figure 7. Orotaygetis surui n. sp., adults. Top row, paratype male (DZ 39.531), dorsal on left, ventral on right; bottom row, paratype female (MUSM-LEP 102421), dorsal on left, ventral on right.

Figure 8. Orotaygetis surui n. sp., genitalia. a) Male genitalia in lateral view. b) Phallus in lateral view. c) Female genitalia with posterior portion enlarged. d) Lamella antevaginalis in ventral view. e) Corpus bursae with focus on signa (illustrated genitalia: MUSM-LEP 102416 for male; SN-16-60 for female).

Figure 9. Orotaygetis surui n. sp., wing venation. a) Male forewing and hindwing. b) Female forewing and hindwing.

Figure 16. Distribution maps of the euptychiine taxa discussed herein