Opsiphanes camena Staudinger, [1886]

Piovesan, Mônica, Casagrande, Mirna Martins & Mielke, Olaf Hermann Hendrik, 2022, Systematics of Opsiphanes Doubleday, [1849] (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae, Satyrinae, Brassolini): an integrative approach, Zootaxa 5216 (1), pp. 1-278 : 89-94

Opsiphanes camena Staudinger, [1886]

( Figs 66–71 )

Opsiphanes camena Staudinger, [1886] , in Staudinger & Schatz. Exot. Schmett. 1 (15), [holotype] pl. 72 (male d, v).—Stauding- er, 1887, in Staudinger & Schatz. Exot. Schmett. 1 (18), p. 213; 1 male [holotype], Manizales, Cauca [recte Caldas], Colombia, collection Staudinger [MfN].— Stichel, 1902. Berl. ent. Ztschr. 46 (4): 514, 523.— Stichel, 1904, in Wytsman. Gen. Ins. 20, p. 20.— Röber, 1906. Soc. ent. 21 (4): 27.— Fassl, 1909. Soc. Ent. 24 (15): 116; biol.— Stichel, 1909. Das Tierreich 25: 53, 82.— Fruhstorfer, 1912, in Seitz. Gross-Schmett. Erde 5, p. 300.—Fassl, 1914. Ent. Rdsch. 31 (8): 44.—Fassl, 1916. Ent. Rdsch. 33 (5): 26.— Stichel, 1932. Lep. Cat. 51, p. 43.— Blandin, 1977. Publ. Lab. Zool. l‘École norm. sup., Paris, 9: 163, 177, 180, 216, 217; biogeogr.— D’Abrera, 1987. Butt. Neotrop. Reg. 3, p. 412, 413 (figs male d, v, female d).—Vélez & Salazar, 1991. Marip. Colombia, p. 156 (fig. male d); biol.— Bristow, 1991. Zool. Jour. Linn. Soc. 101 (3): 207, figs 2a (female d, v), 2b (male d, v).—Salazar, 1993. Shilap Revta. lepid. 21 (81): 38.—Salazar, 2002. Bol. cient. mus. hist. nat., Manizales, 6: 157—Salazar, 2003. Shilap Revta. lepid. 31 (124): 321, fig. 6 (male d).— Casagrande, 2004. Brassolini , in Lamas (ed.) Checklist: Part 4A, Hesperioidea-Papilionoidea, in Heppner (ed.). Atlas Neotrop. Lep. 5A, p. 204.—D’Abrera, 2005. World Butt., p. 95, 246, pl. 126, fig. 2 (male v).— Austin et al., 2007. Bull. Allyn Mus. 150: 2.—Blandin et al., 2014. Eur. Jour. Tax. 71: 51; cit.— Matos-Maraví et al. 2021, Biol. Jour. Linn. Soc. 133 (3): 711, fig. 2 (phylogenetic tree); phylog.

Taxonomic history. Opsiphanes camena Staudinger, [1886] is cited in reviews, catalogs, and checklists, with no taxonomic modifications since its description. Frustorfer (1912) reproduced the information provided by Fassl (1909). D’Abrera (1987) illustrated the female for the first time.

Type material. Opsiphanes camena Staudinger, [1886] was described based on the illustration of one male published in 1886 and diagnosed in 1887 by the same author. The holotype is deposited at the MfN, with the following labels: / Origin./ abgebildet/ Manizales Cauca Sthl. [= Steinheil]/ Zool. Mus. Berlin / Ops . n. spec. S. & G. v. Frontino./ O. camena /. ( Fig. 71 ).

Diagnosis. Opsiphanes camena Staudinger, [1886] is distinguished from its congeners in having the DFW with an oblique band angled between M 1 and M 3 and interrupted in almost its entire length. DHW with a marginal and a submarginal band. VFW, on CuA 2 -2A, with a dark “>”-shaped spot ( Fig. 66a ).

Male genitalia. Tegumen in dorsal view with rounded anterior margin and wider than the posterior margin; anterior projection of saccus in lateral view twice as long as dorsal arms of saccus; uncus in dorsal view with lateral carinae; valva without projections in the dorso-distal portion; aedeagus in dorsal view without sclerotization in the median proximal region; fultura inferior wider in the median portion ( Fig. 68 ).

Female genitalia. Lamella antevaginalis as a narrow, sclerotized arch; lamella postvaginalis as a broad plate compared to other species, nearly the same size throughout its length; ostium membranous ( Fig. 69 ).

Variation. FW, length: male: 42–47 mm (n=6), female: 46 mm (n=1). Size of the spots that form the oblique band. VFW, rectangular spot on CuA 2 -2A, in the distal region, completely dark or with only dark edges. VHW, size and shape of eyespots between Sc+R 1 and M 1, and between M 3 and CuA 2 ( Figs 66–67 ).

Comments. Some features of the male and female genitalia of Opsiphanes camena are unique in the genus. However, it was not possible to obtain molecular data for this species. Opsiphanes camena is extremely rare in nature (Indiana Cristóbal Ríos-Málaver pers. comm.) and in collections, and it was possible to dissect only one male and one female, illustrated here .

Natural history. Egg greenish-yellow with well-marked longitudinal carina. Adults fly at sunset and have been seen feeding on cattle droppings ( Fassl 1909). Inhabits conserved forests of mountainous regions ( Fassl 1909; Blandin 1977; Indiana Cristóbal Ríos-Málaver pers. comm.).

Geographic distribution. Colombia (Valle del Cauca, Antioquia, Caldas); Blandin (1977) indicated the species as endemic to the Western Colombian Cordillera, but Matos-Maraví et al. (2021) recorded it in Ecuador (Napo) ( Fig. 70 ). It occurs at altitudes between 2,000 and 2,400 m ( Fassl 1914a).

Temporal distribution. February, August.

Etymology. Unknown.

Specimens examined. Photos of the lectotypus of Opsiphanes camena Staudinger, [1886] , and the following specimens: COLOMBIA: Valle del Cauca — Río Aguacatal (Western Cordillera), 2,000 m, 1 male, Fassl leg., US- NMENT01590872 (USNM), 1 female, Fassl leg., ex-coll. E. T. Owen, USNMENT01590873 (USNM); Cali, 1,000 m, 19-II-1963, 1 male, DZ 48.800 (DZUP). Antioquia —La Unión (Mesopotamia), 150 m, 4 males, AMNH_IZC 00115272–00115275 (AMNH). Caldas —Samaná, (Parque Nacional Natural Selva de Florencia—camino a la Vereda San Lucas em bosque subandino), 5º31′02″N 75º03′15″W, 1,730 m, VIII-2018, I. C. Ríos-Málaver & M. A. Monsalve leg., atraída por ceviche de camarón.

3. “ zelotes subgroup”

Species included:

7. Opsiphanes zelotes Hewitson, 1873

8. Opsiphanes zelus Stichel, 1908 stat. nov.

Diagnosis. The species of the “ zelotes subgroup” are distinguished by the VFW and VHW predominantly whitishgray with violet shades. Males with monochromatic dark-brown DHW ( Figs 72–75 , 80 ). It was possible to obtain molecular data only for Opsiphanes zelotes Hewitson, 1873 .

Figures

FIGURE 66. Opsiphanes camena Staudinger, 1886: Male, dorsal and ventral views: Colombia: a. (DZ 48.800-DZUP) Cali, b. (personal collection of Indiana Cristóbal Ríos-Málaver) Caldas, Samaná, Florencia. White arrows indicate diagnostic characters of the species.

FIGURE67.OpsiphanescamenaStaudinger,1886:Male:a. (USNMENT01590872-USNM),Female:b. (USNMENT01590873- USNM), dorsal and ventral views: Colombia: W. Cord., Rio Aguacatal, Coll. Fassl.

FIGURE 68. Opsiphanes camena Staudinger, 1886: Male: a. abdomen, lateral view, b. detail of the scent organ, lateral view; genitalia: c. dorsal view, d. ventral view, e. lateral view; aedeagus: f. dorsal view, g. ventral view, h. lateral view (DZ 48.800- DZUP). The gray arrow indicates one of the diagnostic characters of the “camena subgroup”.

FIGURE 69. Opsiphanes camena Staudinger, 1886: Female genitalia: a. lateral view; b. detail of the signa; c. ventral view (USNMENT01590873-USNM).

FIGURE 70. Geographical distribution of Opsiphanes camena Staudinger, 1886; Asterisk (*) inside the sampled localities indicates that the geographical distribution data was retrieved from the bibliography.

FIGURE 71. Opsiphanes camena Staudinger, 1886. Lectotype of Opsiphanes camena Staudinger, 1886; a. dorsal view, b. ventral view.

FIGURE 72. Opsiphanes zelotes Hewitson, 1873: Male, dorsal and ventral views: Costa Rica: a. (USNMENT01590755- USNM), b. (USNMENT01590757-USNM) Alajuela. White arrows indicate diagnostic characters of the species.

FIGURE 73. Opsiphanes zelotes Hewitson, 1873: Male, dorsal and ventral views: a. Costa Rica: (USNMENT01590754- USNM) Alajuela; b. Colombia: (DZ 48. 780-DZUP) Bogotá.

FIGURE 74. Opsiphanes zelotes Hewitson, 1873: Female, dorsal and ventral views: Costa Rica: a. (USNMENT01590759- USNM), b. (USNMENT01590761-USNM) Alajuela. White arrows indicate diagnostic characters of the species. The gray arrow indicates one of the diagnostic characters of the “quiteria group”.

FIGURE 75. Opsiphanes zelotes Hewitson, 1873: Female, dorsal and ventral views: Costa Rica: a. (USNMENT01590762- USNM) Alajuela, b. (USNMENT01590774-USNM) Guanacaste.

FIGURE 80. Opsiphanes zelus Stichel, 1908 stat. nov.: Male, dorsal and ventral views: a. Panama: (DZ 48.790-DZUP) Chiriqui; b. Costa Rica: (USNMENT01590764-USNM) Puriscal. White arrows indicate diagnostic characters of the species.