Opsiphanes bogotanus castaneus Stichel, 1904

Piovesan, Mônica, Casagrande, Mirna Martins & Mielke, Olaf Hermann Hendrik, 2022, Systematics of Opsiphanes Doubleday, [1849] (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae, Satyrinae, Brassolini): an integrative approach, Zootaxa 5216 (1), pp. 1-278 : 26-34

Opsiphanes bogotanus castaneus Stichel, 1904 stat. rest.

( Figs 9–10 , 13 , 18–19 )

Opsiphanes cassiae castaneus Stichel, 1904 , in Wytsman. Gen. Ins. 20, p. 19; [holo] type male, Bugaba, [Chiriquí], Panama, collection Stichel.— Stichel, 1908. Berl. ent. Ztschr. 52 (3): 169.— Stichel, 1909. Das Tierreich 25: 64, 66.— Fruhstorfer, 1912, in Seitz. Gross-Schmett. Erde 5, p. 296.— Stichel, 1932. Lep. Cat. 51, p. 36.— D’Abrera, 1987. Butt. Neotrop. Reg. 3, p. 410, 415 (fig. male v).— Bristow, 1991. Zool. Jour. Linn. Soc. 101 (3): 215, figs 6e (male d, v), 6f (female d, v).— Casagrande, 2004. Brassolini , in Lamas (ed.) Checklist: Part 4A, Hesperioidea-Papilionoidea, in Heppner (ed.). Atlas Neotrop. Lep. 5A, p. 204.—J. Miller et al., 2012. Insecta Mundi 205: 57.

Opsiphanes bogotanus castaneus ; Blandin, 1977. Publ. Lab. Zool. l’École norm. sup., Paris, 9: 163; biogeogr.

Opsiphanes cassiae subsp.; D’Abrera, 1987 (Bristow Ms). Butt. Neotrop. Reg. 3, p. 415 (fig. male d); Costa Rica.

Opsiphanes cassiae alajuela Bristow, 1991 . Zool. Jour. Linn. Soc. 101 (3): 214, figs 6c (male d, v), 6d (female d, v); holotype male, [7-I-1977, Cariblanco ], Alajuela, Costa Rica, 700 m, [DeVries leg].; NHMUK.— J. Miller et al., 2012. Insecta Mundi 205: 57. S yn. nov.

Opsiphanes bogotanus alajuela ; Casagrande, 2004. Brassolini , in Lamas (ed.) Checklist: Part 4A, Hesperioidea-Papilionoidea, in Heppner (ed.). Atlas Neotrop. Lep. 5A, p. 203.— Chacón & Montero, 2007. Marip. Costa Rica, pls 170 (figs female d, v, male d), 171 (fig. pupa); biol.

Taxonomic history. Opsiphanes cassiae castaneus remained until Blandin (1977) considered it a subspecies of Opsiphanes bogotanus , based on geographic distribution; this proposition was not accepted by Casagrande (2004) who also transferred Opsiphanes cassiae alajuela syn. nov. to Opsiphanes bogotanus .

Type material. Opsiphanes cassiae castaneus Stichel, 1904 was described based on a male [holo]type from Bugaba, [Chiriquí], Panama, deposited at the NHMUK, with the following labels: / Typus/ Type/ Panama, Bugaba, e. c. H. Stichel/ Ops . c. castaneus Stich. Type/ Rothschild Bequest B. M. 1939-1./. In order to clarify the status of the type specimen, the following labels will also be attached: / HOLOTYPUS / Holotypus Opsiphanes cassiae castaneus Stichel, 1904 , Piovesan, Casagrande & O. Mielke det. 2022/.

Opsiphanes cassiae alajuela Bristow, 1991 was described based on the holotype male, illustrated by D’Abrera (1987) and Bristow (1991). The holotype is deposited at the NHMUK, with the following labels: / Holotype / Costa Rica, Alajuela, Cariblanco, 700 m., 7.I.1977, P. J. DeVries BM. 1981-21/ Costa Rica, Alajuela, Cariblanco, 7. Jan. 1977, 700 m., col. P. J. DeVries/ bogotanus alajuela Bristow/.

Diagnosis. Opsiphanes bogotanus castaneus stat. rest. differs from Opsiphanes bogotanus bogotanus by the color of the DFW oblique band, which ranges from yellow to orange ( Figs 9–10 ).

Variation. FW, length: male: 42–48 mm (n=4), female: 49–57 mm (n=2).

Comments. Examination of the type material, the morphological variations found in a series of specimens, and the results of the molecular analyses corroborate the hypothesis of Blandin (1977), in which Opsiphanes cassiae castaneus Stichel, 1904 is a subspecies of Opsiphanes bogotanus Distant, 1875 .Although Bristow (1991) mentioned in the original description of Opsiphanes bogotanus alajuela syn. nov. the presence of a broadly rounded eyespot, a striking feature of the species, he considered only the orange coloration of the DFW band and described the taxon as a subspecies of Opsiphanes cassiae . In the molecular analyses, males of Opsiphanes bogotanus with a yellow or orange band were grouped ( Fig. 2 ) with females in which this band was whitish, yellowish, or both. Stichel (1907) drew attention to inconsistencies in coloration between males and females of the same subspecies. Considering the variation in the color, width, and arrangement of the spots that form the DFW band of Opsiphanes bogotanus , no characters were found to justify Opsiphanes bogotanus alajuela Bristow, 1991 syn. nov. as a subspecies ( Figs 18–19 ). Opsiphanes bogotanus castaneus stat. rest. is sympatric with Opsiphanes cassiae tamarindi stat. nov.

Natural history. Occurs in the humid forests of Costa Rica ( Bristow 1991).

Host plants: Musaceae : Musa cavendishii Lambert ; Marantaceae : Calathea lutea (Aubl.) Schult ; Heliconiaceae : Heliconia sp. ( Miller et al. 2006).

Geographic distribution. Costa Rica (Guanacaste, Alajuela, Heredia, San José, Cartago, Limón, Puntarenas) ; Panama (Chiriquí) ( Fig. 13 ), at altitudes between 95 and 1,600 m .

Temporal distribution. Throughout the year.

Etymology. Likely a reference to the brown coloration.

Specimens examined. Photos of the [holo]typus of Opsiphanes bogotanus castaneus Stichel, 1904 stat. rest.; the holotypus of Opsiphanes cassiae alajuela Bristow, 1991 syn. nov., and the following specimens: COSTA RICA: Guanacaste —Área de Conservación Guanacaste (Quebrada Serrano), 11.00025, -85.45614, 580 m, 12- V-2000, 1 female, 2-VIII-2004, 1 female, L. Ríos leg., USNMENT01590264, 01590834 (USNM), 11-IV-2000, 1 female, gusaneros, USNMENT01590284 (USNM), (Bosque Aguirre), 11.0006, - 85.438, 620 m, 9-VIII-2004, 2 males, E. Cantillano leg., USNMENT01590272, 01590274 (USNM), (Tangelo), 11.01823, -85.45024, 400 m, 30-VI-2000, 1 female, R. Moraga leg., USNMENT01590279 (USNM), (Sendero Nacho), 10.98445, -85.42481, 700 m, 12-VIII-2006, 1 female, M. Ríos leg., USNMENT01590281 (USNM), (Quebrada Suamposa), 11.02364, -85.49139, 290 m, 13-VII-2004, 1 female, R. Moraga leg., USNMENT01590283 (USNM), (Puente Góngora ), 10.88489, -85.47203, 540 m, 5-VIII-2003, 1 male, F. Quesada leg., USNMENT01590825 (USNM). Alajuela — Área de Conservación Guanacaste ( Río Blanco Abajo ), 10.90037, -85.37254, 500 m, 22-III-2000, 1 female, C. Cano leg., USNMENT01590263 (USNM), 23-VIII-2000, 1 male, 21-II-2003, 1 female, O. Espinoza leg., USN- MENT01590275, 01590823 (USNM), 30-VIII-2001, 1 female, 13-IX-2001, 1 male, 24-XI-2001, 1 female, 25- XI-2001, 1 female, 8-XII-2011, 1 male, G. Sihezar leg., USNMENT01590828, 01590832, 01590833, 01590789 01590280, (USNM), (Puente Río Negro ), 10.90376, -85.30174, 340 m, 28-XI-2000, 1 male, O. Espinoza leg., USN- MENT01590273 (USNM), 19-VI-2008, 1 female, A. Córdoba leg., USNMENT01590265 (USNM), 28-VII-2008, 1 female, J. Pérez leg., USNMENT01590831 (USNM), (Laureles), 10.93319, -85.25335, 95 m, 12-III-2008, 1 female, J. Pérez leg., USNMENT01590266 (USNM), 11-I-2008, 2 females, C. Umaña leg., USNMENT01590267, 01590268 (USNM), (Sendero Huerta), 10.9305, -85.37223, 500 m, 31-X-2008, 1 female, G. Sihezar leg., US- NMENT01590269 (USNM), (San Lucas), 10.91847, -85.30338, 320 m, 8-IV-2002, 1 male, A. Ríos leg., USN- MENT01590270 (USNM), (Piedrona), 11.01618, -85.35902, 340 m, 23-VIII-2007, 1 female, 25-X-2007, 1 male, D. Briceño leg., USNMENT01590282, 01590271 (USNM), (Limites Viales), 10.87349, -85.37041, 720 m, 30-X-2001, 1 male, C. Cano leg., USNMENT01590276 (USNM), 17-X-2001, 1 male, O. Espinoza leg., USN- MENT01590827 (USNM), (Cementerio Viejo), 10.88111, -85.38889, 570 m, 18-VI-2000, 1 male, O. Espinoza leg., USNMENT01590277 (USNM), (Corrales Viejos), 10.89974, -85.38085, 495 m, 29-III-2000, 1 male, F. Quesada leg., USNMENT01590278 (USNM), (Palomo), 10.96187, -85.26045, 90 m, 16-X-2012, 1 male, K. Aragón leg., USNMENT01590824 (USNM), (Montanya Figueres), 10.88367, -85.29081, 460 m, 3-X-2002, 1 male, J. Pérez leg., USNMENT01590826 (USNM), (Sendero Parcelas), 10.90777, -85.29137, 375 m, 2-IX-2001, 1 male, J. Pérez leg., USNMENT01590829 (USNM), (Vado Río Cucaracho ), 10.8702, -85.39153, 640 m, 23-VI-2002, 1 female, G. Sihezar leg., USNMENT01590830 (USNM), (Estación Botarrama), 10.959, - 85283, 140 m, 19-IX-2009, 1 male, D. H. Janzen & W. Hallwachs leg., USNMENT01590772 (USNM), (Quebrada Bambú), 10.9301, -85.2521, 100 m, 30-X-2014, 1 female, 2-I-2016, 1 male, 16-III-2015, 1 female, C. Umaña leg., USNMENT01590797, 01590805, 01590819 (USNM). Heredia —La Virgin de Socorro, 750 m, 30-X-1983, 1 female, R. Hesterberg leg., UF FLMNH MGCL 1092327 (MGCL), 12-XI-1983, 1 male, R. Hesterberg leg., UF FLMNH MGCL 1092345 (MGCL). San José —Parque Nacional Braulio Carrillo, 2-VII-1980, 1 female, G. B. Small leg., USNMENT01590835 (USNM). Cartago —Turrialba, 600 m, 2-VIII-1965, 1 male, 14-VII-1965, 1 male, G. B. Small leg., USNMENT01590875, 01590876 (USNM), 13–17-III-1965, 1 male, S. S. & W. D. Duckworth leg., USNMENT01590877 (USNM), 600 m, 5-VII-1971, 1 male, T. Taylor leg., UF FLMNH MGCL 1092346 (MGCL), 5-XI-1973, 1 male, 7-XI-1973, 1 male, 9-XI-1973, 1 female, 24-XII-1973, 1 male, 25-XII-1973, 1 female, 2-I-1974, 1 female, 15-I-1974, 1 male, S. Condie leg., UF FLMNH MGCL 1092323, 1092325, 1092328, 1092341–1092343, 1092347 (MGCL), S. Condie leg., UF FLMNH MGCL (MGCL), 26-V-1972, 1 male, 6-VI-1972, 1 female, H. L. King leg., UF FLMNH MGCL 1092326, 1092349 (MGCL), Cartago (Orosi— Río Macho ), 1,100 m, 15-I-1980, 1 male, leg. R. Hesterberg leg., UF FLMNH MGCL 1092344 (MGCL). Limón —Siquirres, 275 m, 3–7-IX-1989, 1 male, P. F. Milner leg., UF FLMNH MGCL 1092348 (MGCL). Puntarenas —Puntarenas ( Sirena —Osa), 1-IV-1981, 1 female, J. Mallet leg., USNMENT01590878 (USNM).

Figures

FIGURE 2. Phylogenetic tree (Maximum Likelihood) inferred with IQ-TREE based on six molecular markers: cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) (mitochondrial), elongation factor 1-alpha (EF-1α), ribosomal protein S5 (RpS5), wingless (wg), Car- bamoylphosphate synthase domain protein (CAD), Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) (nuclear), rooted in Catoblepia amphirhoe (Hübner, [1825]). Asterisk (*) indicates SH-aLRT> = 80% and UFboot> = 95%. The scale bar represents the expected number of nucleotide substitutions per site. Data of the specimens used are described in table 2.

FIGURE 9. Opsiphanes bogotanus castaneus Stichel, 1904 stat. rest.: Male, dorsal and ventral views: Costa Rica a. (FLMNH MGCL 1092341-MGCL), b. (FLMNH MGCL 1092343-MGCL) Cartago; dorsal view: c. (USNMENT01590276-USNM), e. (USNMENT01590824-USNM) Alajuela, d. (FLMNH MGCL 1092345-MGCL) Heredia.

FIGURE 10. Opsiphanes bogotanus castaneus Stichel, 1904 stat. rest.: Female, dorsal and ventral views: Costa Rica: a. (USN- MENT01590264-USNM) Guanacaste, b. (USNMENT01590268-USNM) Alajuela.

FIGURE 13. Geographical distribution of Opsiphanes bogotanus bogotanus Distant, 1875 and Opsiphanes bogotanus castaneus Stichel, 1904 stat. rest.

FIGURE 18. Opsiphanes bogotanus castaneus Stichel, 1904 stat. rest. [Holo]type of Opsiphanes bogotanus castaneus Stichel, 1904 stat. rest.; a. dorsal view, b. ventral view.

FIGURE 19. Opsiphanes bogotanus castaneus Stichel, 1904 stat. rest. Holotype of Opsiphanes cassiae alajuela Bristow, 1991 syn. nov.; a. dorsal view, b. ventral view.