Opsiphanes cassiae tamarindi C. Felder & R. Felder, 1861

Piovesan, Mônica, Casagrande, Mirna Martins & Mielke, Olaf Hermann Hendrik, 2022, Systematics of Opsiphanes Doubleday, [1849] (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae, Satyrinae, Brassolini): an integrative approach, Zootaxa 5216 (1), pp. 1-278 : 52-71

Opsiphanes cassiae tamarindi C. Felder & R. Felder, 1861 stat. nov.

( Figs 26–27 , 30 , 47–53 )

Opsiphanes tamarindi C. Felder & R. Felder, 1861 (Boisduval in litt.). Wien. ent. Monatsschr. 5: 111; male, female, Venezuela, Moritz [leg.], collection Kaden et Felder, Bogotá, [ Colombia], Mexico, Sallé [leg.], collection Felder.—Herrich-Schäffer, 1865. Corr.-Blatt zool.-min. Ver. Regensburg 19 (5): 64.— Kirby, 1871. Syn. Cat. Diurn. Lep., p. 126.— Kirby, 1879. Cat. Coll. Diurn. Lep. Hewitson, p. 107.— Godman & Salvin, 1881. Biol. Centr.-Amer., Lep. Rhop. 1 (12), p. 128, pl. 13, figs 5, 6 (male d, v); syn.: Caligo tamarindi Boisduval, 1870 , glycerie .— Aurivillius, 1882. Kongl. Svenska Akad. Handl. 19 (5): 76.—Staudinger, 1886, in Staudinger & Schatz. Exot. Schmett. 1 (15), pl. 72 (female d, v).— Staudinger, 1887, in Staudinger & Schatz. Exot. Schmett. 1 (18), p. 213.—Godman, 1901, in Godman & Salvin. Biol. Centr.-Amer., Lep. Rhop. 2 (164), p. 664.— Röber, 1906. Soc. ent. 21 (4): 27.— Stichel, 1909. Das Tierreich 25: 68.— Fruhstorfer, 1912, in Seitz. Gross-Schmett. Erde 5, p. 297, pl. 61b (male, female d).—Fassl, 1916. Ent. Rdsch. 33 (5): 26.— Campos, 1921. Rev. Col. Nac. V. Rocafuerte, Guayaquil, 4: 31.— Bates, 1932. Bull. Brooklyn Ent. Soc. 27 (3): 158; biol.— Harrison, 1963. Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 56 (1): 87; biol.—Lewis, 1973. Butt. World, p. 29, fig. 20 (male d).— Blandin & Descimon, 1975. Ann. Soc. ent. France 11 (1): 8, 26, fig. 3 (male d, v).— Blandin, 1977. Publ. Lab. Zool. l’École norm. sup., Paris, 9: 163, 173, 180, 185, 205; biogeogr.— Briceño, 1979. Rev. Fac. Agron. Alcance, Maracay, 26: 107, 116 figs 1 (male, female d, v), 2 (eggs), 3 (larva, prepupa), 4 (pupa), 5 (host plant); biol., host plant.— Briceño, 1979. Rev. Fac. Agron. Alcance, Maracay, 26: 117, 124, figs 1 (eggs), 2b (parasitized larva); parasitism.—Bristow, 1981. Zool. Jour. Linn. Soc. 72 (2): 151.— Álvarez-Sierra & Álvarez-Corral, 1984. Marip. Venezuela, p. 124; biol.— Ackery, 1988. Biol. Jour. Linn. Soc. 33 (2): 100; host plant.—Warren et al., 1996. Dugesiana 3 (1): 14.—Warren et al., 1998. Jour. Lep. Soc. 52 (1): 63.— Penz et al., 1999. Jour. Lep. Soc. 53 (4): 150; host plant.—Monteagudo-Sabaté et al., 2001. Shilap Revta. lepid. 29 (115): 215.—Andrade, 2002, in Costa et al. Monogr. Terc. Milenio, Zaragoza, 2: 162.—Santin, 2004. Répert. plantes-hôtes subst. chen. lépid. monde (2 nd ed.), 2, p. 1739; host plant.—D’Abrera, 2005. World Butt., p. 95, 245, pl. 125, figs 20, 21 (male d, v), 22 (female d).—J. Miller et al., 2006. 100 Caterpillars, p. 135.— Austin et al., 2007. Bull. Allyn Mus. 150: 2, 15.—Brown et al., 2007. Biol. Jour. Linn. Soc. 92 (3): 472; genet.— Penz, 2007. Syst. Ent. 32 (4): 672, 675, 680, 684, figs 4 (male d, v), 10a (male gen.), 11g (female gen.); phylog.—Glassberg, 2007. Swift Guide Butt. Mexico and C. America (1 st ed.), p. 133 (figs male, female d, v).—Smith et al., 2008. Proc. Nat. Ac. Sc. USA 105 (34): 12361.—Gaviria-O. & Henao-B., 2011. Bol. Cient. Mus. Hist. Nat. U. de Caldas 15 (1): 129.— Specht et al., 2011. Rev. Bioc., Taubaté, 17 (1): 28; host plant.— Penz et al., 2011. Zootaxa 2897: 16.— Chacón et al., 2012. Bull. Allyn Mus. 166: 3, 12 fig. 27 (phylogenetic tree).— Penz et al., 2013. Syst. Ent. 38 (2): 318, 325; phylog. — Penz & Mohammadi, 2013. Biota Neotrop. 13 (3): 180.—Gaviria-O. & HenaoB., 2014. Rev. Fac. Ci. Univ. Nac. Colomb., Medellín, 3(2): 77—Shirai et al., 2017. Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 110 (2): 147, 149, 155, fig. 5 (phylogenetic tree); biol., phylog.—Glassberg, 2018. Swift Guide Butt. Mexico and C. America (2 nd ed.), p. 153 (figs male, female d, v).— Matos-Maraví et al. 2021, Biol. Jour. Linn. Soc. 133 (3): 711, fig. 2 (phylogenetic tree); phylog.—Henao-B. & Gantiva-Q., 2020. Bol. Cient. Mus. Hist. Nat. U. de Caldas 24 (1): 188.

Caligo tamarindi Boisduval, 1870 . Cons. Lép. env. Guatemala, p. 54; Nouvelle-Grenade [Colombia], Honduras, Guatemala; preocc. (C. Felder & R. Felder, 1861).— Bristow, 1991. Zool. Jour. Linn. Soc. 101 (3): 224.— Casagrande, 2004. Brassolini , in Lamas (ed.) Checklist: Part 4A, Hesperioidea-Papilionoidea, in Heppner (ed.). Atlas Neotrop. Lep. 5A, p. 204.

Opsiphanes tamarindi tamarindi ; Stichel, 1902. Berl. ent. Ztschr. 46 (4): 510, 524.— Stichel, 1904, in Wytsman. Gen. Ins. 20, p. 19.— Stichel, 1907. Soc. ent. 22 (13): 99.— Stichel, 1908. Berl. ent. Ztschr. 52 (3): 169; syn.: xiphos.— Stichel, 1909. Das Tierreich 25: 69.— Stichel, 1925. Neue Beitr. syst. Insektenkunde. 3 (8/9): 67; syn.: sikyon.— Stichel, 1932. Lep. Cat. 51, p. 36; syn.: sikyon, f. xiphos, f. mesomerista.— Biezanko & Ruffinelli, 1962. Rev. Fac. Agron., Montevideo, 50: 146.— D’Abrera, 1987. Butt. Neotrop. Reg. 3, p. 408, 409 (figs male d, v, female d).— DeVries, 1987. Butt. Costa Rica, p. 248, 250, figs 32a (larva), b (pupa), pl. 41, figs 10, 11 (male d, v), 12 (female d); biol., ecol.— Bristow, 1991. Zool. Jour. Linn. Soc. 101 (3): 223, figs 8a (male d, v), 9c (female d, v); syn.: sikyon; LECTOTYPUS.—Berghe et al., 1995. Rev. Nica. Ent. 34: 39.— Llorente-Bousquets et al., 1996. Rev. Soc. Mex. Hist. Nat. 46: 45.— Penz et al., 1999. Jour. Lep. Soc. 53 (4): 150; host plant.— Casagrande, 2004. Brassolini , in Lamas (ed.) Checklist: Part 4A, Hesperioidea-Papilionoidea, in Heppner (ed.). Atlas Neotrop. Lep. 5A, p. 204; syn.: Caligo tamarindi Boisduval, 1870 , preocc. (not C. Felder & R. Felder, 1861), sikyon.—Salinas-Gutiérrez et al., 2004. Jour. Lep. Soc. 58 (3): 136.— Chacón & Montero, 2007. Marip. Costa Rica, pl. 170 (figs female d, v, male d), pl. 172 (fig. larva head); biol.— Vargas-Fernández et al., 2008. Nymph. Mexico 2, p. 63, 186, pl. 20, figs 7, 8 (male d, v), 9 (female d).—Hernández-Baz et al., 2010. Marip. Veracruz, p. 95, pl. 46 (male, female d).— Specht et al., 2011. Rev. Bioc., Taubaté, 17 (1): 28; host plant.—J. Miller et al., 2012. Insecta Mundi 205: 57.—J. de la Maza E. & R. G. de la Maza E., 2015, in Carabias, J. de la Maza E. & Cadena (eds.). Conserv. Desarr. sust. Selva Lacandona, p. 639.

Opsiphanes tamarindi corrosus Stichel, 1904 . Ins.-Börse 21 (3): 21; 2 males, 2 females, Coca, [Napo], Balzapamba, [Bolívar], Ecuador, R. Haensch. leg.; collection Stichel.— Stichel, 1904, in Wytsman. Gen. Ins. 20, p. 19.— Stichel, 1907. Soc. ent. 22 (13): 99.— Stichel, 1908. Berl. ent. Ztschr. 52 (3): 170.— Stichel, 1909. Das Tierreich 25: 69.— Fruhstorfer, 1912, in Seitz. Gross-Schmett. Erde 5, p. 297.— Stichel, 1925. Neue Beitr. syst. Insektenkunde. 3 (8/9): 67; syn.: f. spadix.— Stichel, 1932. Lep. Cat. 51, p. 37; syn.: ab. pseudospadix, f. spadix.— Blandin & Descimon, 1975. Ann. Soc. ent. France 11 (1): 8.—Bristow, 1981. Zool. Jour. Linn. Soc. 72 (2): 159.— D’Abrera, 1987. Butt. Neotrop. Reg. 3, p. 408.— Bristow, 1991. Zool. Jour. Linn. Soc. 101 (3): 223, 225, 227, figs 8c (male d, v), 9b (female d, v); syn.: aurivillii ; LECTOTY- PUS.—Maes, 1999. Cat. Ins. Art. Terr. Nicaragua 3, p. 1387.—Andrade, 2002, in Costa et al. Monogr. Terc. Milenio, Zaragoza, 2: 162.— Casagrande, 2004. Brassolini , in Lamas (ed.) Checklist: Part 4A, Hesperioidea-Papilionoidea, in Heppner (ed.). Atlas Neotrop. Lep. 5A, p. 204; syn.: ab. spadix. Syn. nov.

Opsiphanes tamarindi kleisthenes Fruhstorfer, 1912 . Ent. Rdsch. 29 (2): 15; [Pavas, 1,500 m], Quindiu Pass [Quindío, Tolima], West Colombia, Fassl leg.— Fruhstorfer, 1912, in Seitz. Gross-Schmett. Erde 5, p. 297.—Fassl, 1916. Ent. Rdsch. 33 (5): 26.— Stichel, 1925. Neue Beitr. syst. Insektenkunde. 3 (8/9): 67.— Stichel, 1932. Lep. Cat. 51, p. 37.— Blandin & Descimon, 1975. Ann. Soc. ent. France 11 (1): 8.— D’Abrera, 1987. Butt. Neotrop. Reg. 3, p. 408.— Bristow, 1991. Zool. Jour. Linn. Soc. 101 (3): 223, 225, 232, figs 8f (male d, v), 9f (female d, v); LECTOTYPUS. Syn. nov.

Opsiphanes tamarindi sikyon Fruhstorfer, 1912 , in Seitz. Gross-Schmett. Erde 5, p. 297; type male, Tepic, [Nayarit], West Mexico; type female, San Pedro Sula, [Cortés], Honduras.—Jurriaanse, 1923. Tijd. Ent. 66: 147; scent organs.—Franz & Schröder, 1954. Senckenb. biol. 35 (1/2): 79.— Biezanko & Ruffinelli, 1962. Rev. Fac. Agron., Montevideo, 50: 146.— Fulton, 1967. Rev. Biol. Trop. 14 (2): 289.— Young & Muyshondt, 1975. Stud. Neotrop. Fauna 10: 19, 26, figs 2a (eggs), 2b, c, 4a, b, d (larvae), 3a, b (larvae, head capsule), 4c (parasitized larva) 2d, 4e, 5a–c (pupae), d (parasitized pupa), 2e (adult eclosion), 6 (female d), 7 (female v); biol, host plant.—DeVries, 1986. Jour. Res. Lep. 24: 326; host plant.—R. F. de la Maza R., 1987. Marip. Mexicanas, p. 96, pl. 26, figs 2 (female d), 4 (male d).—R. G. de la Maza E. et al., 1989. Rev. Soc. Mex. Lep. 12 (2): 61.—Luis-Martínez et al., 1991. Publ. esp. Mus. Zool., Mexico, 3: 32, 92.—Raguso & LlorenteBousquets, 1991. Jour. Res. Lep. 29: 132.—R. G. de la Maza E. & J. de la Maza E., 1993. Marip. Chiapas, p. 183.— Penz et al., 1999. Jour. Lep. Soc. 53 (4): 150; host plant.

Opsiphanes tamarindi terenzius Fruhstorfer, 1912 , in Seitz. Gross-Schmett. Erde 5, p. 297; 1 female [holotype], Santa Catarina , [ Brazil], illustrated by Staudinger, 1886, pl. 72 [ O. tamarindi Feld. , female].— Stichel, 1925. Neue Beitr. syst. Insektenkunde. 3 (8/9): 67.— Stichel, 1932. Lep. Cat. 51, p. 38.

Opsiphanes tamarindi tamarindi f. mesomerista Stichel, 1925. Neue Beitr. syst. Insektenkunde. 3 (8/9): 66; 1 male, Venezuela, collection Stichel .

Opsiphanes corrosus ; Campos, 1927. Rev. Col. Nac. V. Rocafuerte, Guayaquil, 9 (27–28): 46.

Opsiphanes kleisthemes [sic]; Blandin, 1977. Publ. Lab. Zool. l‘École norm. sup., Paris, 9: 163, 205; biogeogr.

Opsiphanes kleisthenes ; Blandin, 1977. Publ. Lab. Zool. l‘École norm. sup., Paris, 9: 180; biogeogr.

Opsiphanes envirae [sic —misidentification]; Pulido & Cárdenas, 1979. Rev. colomb. Ent. 5 (3/4): 45.

Opsiphanes tamarindi mesomerista ; D’Abrera, 1987. Butt. Neotrop. Reg. 3, p. 408.— Bristow, 1991. Zool. Jour. Linn. Soc. 101 (3): 223, 225, 232, figs 8e (male d, v), 9d (female d, v).—Maes, 1999. Cat. Ins. Art. Terr. Nicaragua 3, p. 1387.— Viloria, 2005, in Llorente & Morrone (eds). Reg. Biogeo. Iberoamérica, UNAM, Mexico, p. 449.

Opsiphanes cassiae kleisthenes ; Casagrande, 2004. Brassolini , in Lamas (ed.) Checklist: Part 4A, Hesperioidea-Papilionoidea, in Heppner (ed.). Atlas Neotrop. Lep. 5A, p. 204.

Taxonomic history. Staudinger (1887) assumed that Opsiphanes tamarindi occurs from Mexico to southern Brazil, stating that the female illustrated in plate 72 is from Santa Catarina , an illustration that supported the description of Opsiphanes tamarindi terenzius . However, this phenotype was not found in the material examined from Santa Catarina , and the DFW with a whitish oblique band and DHW with a reddish-brown anal region indicate that the specimen comes from somewhere on the Western slope of the Andes or Central America. The location “ Santa Catarina ” reported by Staudinger (1887) and written on the [holotype] labels is likely incorrect.

A similar situation obtains with Opsiphanes tamarindi corrosus syn. nov.; in the original description, Coca and Balzapamba were indicated as the locations of origin of the type material. The lectotype designated by Bristow has the type label and other labels with the species name and indication “type”, characteristic of Stichel. However, the data for the specimen, Ost-Ecuador Coca, do not match the phenotype that occurs in Coca, [Napo]. Bristow (1991) also noted that Opsiphanes tamarindi does not occur on the eastern side of the Ecuadorian Andes.

The “forma principalis” of Stichel (1909) for Opsiphanes tamarindi tamarindi f. principalis should be interpreted as a typical or main phenotype of the nominotypical subspecies. Stichel (1925) synonymized Opsiphanes tamarindi sikyon with Opsiphanes tamarindi and described Opsiphanes tamarindi tamarindi f. mesomerista. Subsequently, Stichel (1932) proposed Opsiphanes tamarindi sikyon and Opsiphanes tamarindi tamarindi f. mesomerista as synonymous with Opsiphanes tamarindi . Bristow (1991) and Casagrande (2004) regarded Opsiphanes tamarindi sikyon as synonymous with Opsiphanes tamarindi .

Type material. Opsiphanes tamarindi C. Felder & R. Felder, 1861 was described based on an unknown number of males and females from Venezuela, Moritz [leg.] Collection Kaden & Felder; Bogotá, [Cundinamarca, Colombia] and Mexico, Sallé [leg.] Collection Felder. Bristow (1991) designated a male as the lectotype, deposited at the NHMUK, with the following labels: / LECTOTYPE / Mexico Sallé/ Ops . t. tamarindi / Boliv/ FELDER COLLN./ Rothschlid Bequest B.M. 1939-1./. The citations of Aurivillius (1882) and Stichel (1904) as “fig. typicae” and “fig. typ.” respectively, for the specimen illustrated by Godman & Salvin (1881), cannot be considered as a lectotype designation, since that specimen comes from the Polochic Valley, [ Guatemala], a locality not mentioned in the original description of Opsiphanes tamarindi C. Felder & R. Felder, 1861 .

Caligo tamarindi Boisduval, 1870 was described based on an unknown number of specimens from NouvelleGrenade [ Colombia], Honduras, and Guatemala. After examination of the material in the NHMUK collection, where some of the Boisduval types are deposited, a male syntype was found, corresponding to the original description, with the following labels: / SYNTYPE / EX-MUSAEO Dris BOISDUVAL/ Ex Oberthür Coll. Brit. Mus. 1927-3./ SYNTYPE ♂ Caligo tamarindi Boisduval, 1870 G. LAMAS det. 2002/. In order to stabilize the nomenclature of this taxon, this specimen is hereby designated as the lectotype of Caligo tamarindi Boisduval, 1870 , and the following labels will also be attached: / LECTOTYPUS / Lectotypus Caligo tamarindi Boisduval, 1870 , Piovesan, Casagrande & O. Mielke det. 2022/. The designation of Lamas (2002) has not been published. This name is invalid as a junior secondary homonym of Opsiphanes tamarindi C. Felder & R. Felder, 1861 .

Opsiphanes tamarindi corrosus Stichel, 1904 was described based on two males and two females from Coca, [Napo] and Balzapamba, [Bolívar], Ecuador, collected by R. Haensch and deposited in the Stichel collection. Bristow (1991) designated a male as the lectotype, deposited at the NHMUK, with the following labels: / Typus/ Type/ LECTOTYPE / Ost-Ecuador Coca e. c. H. Stichel/ O. tam . corrosus Stich. Type./ Rothschild Bequest B.M. 1939- 1./.

Opsiphanes tamarindi kleisthenes Fruhstorfer, 1912 was described based on an unknown number of specimens from Quindiu [sic] Pass [Tolima], western Colombia collected by Fassl. Bristow (1991) designated a male as the lectotype, deposited at the RMS, with the following labels: / Typus/ IX 09 Paso del Quindiu [sic] (West) Pavas 1500 m. Coll Fassl 615. Oberhalb Cartago. M./ kleisthenes ♂ Fruhst. type/ tamarindi kleisthenes Fruhst. / Opsiphanes cassiae rubigatus (Fruhst) /. The information on the lectotype label and analysis of the route traveled by Fassl (1910), including Cartago, Río de la Vieja, Pavas and Salento , indicate that the lectotype was collected in Pavas, department of Quindío, on the western side of the Central Colombian Cordillera.

Opsiphanes tamarindi sikyon Fruhstorfer, 1912 was described based on a male “type” from Tepic, [Nayarit], Western Mexico and a female “type” from San Pedro Sula, [Cortés], Honduras. Bristow (1991) designated a syntype female as the lectotype, deposited at the NHMUK, with the following labels: / Type/ LECTOTYPE / Honduras San Pedro Sula ex coll. Fruhstorfer/ specimen figd. in Seitz, V. t. 61b./ Fruhstorfer Coll. B.M. 1937-285./ and the male as paralectotype, also deposited at the NHMUK, with the following labels: / Type/ PARALECTOTYPE / W. Mexico H. Fruhstorfer/ tamarindi sikyon Frhst./ Fruhstorfer Coll. B.M. 1937-285./

Opsiphanes tamarindi terenzius Fruhstorfer, 1912 was described based on a female [holotype] from [Blumenau] Santa Catarina , [ Brazil], illustrated by Staudinger ([1886], pl. 72, Opsiphanes tamarindi Feld. , female), deposited at the MfN with the following labels: / abgebildet/ Blumenau Frdrch./. In order to clarify the status of the type specimen, the following labels will also be attached: / HOLOTYPUS / Holotypus Opsiphanes tamarindi terenzius Fruhstorfer, 1912 , Piovesan, Casagrande & O. Mielke det. 2022/.

Opsiphanes tamarindi tamarindi f. mesomerista Stichel, 1925 was described based on a male from Venezuela deposited in the Stichel collection and currently deposited at the NHMUK, with the following labels: / Typus / Venezuela e. c. H. Stichel/ Ops tamarindi t. fa. mesomerista Stich./ Rothschild Bequest B.M. 1939-1./. Infrasubspecific names are excluded from the provisions of the ICZN (Art. 1.3.4) and thus have no name-bearing types —instead, the name should be attributed to Bristow (1991: 232), who made it available under Art. 45.5.1.

Diagnosis. Opsiphanes cassiae tamarindi stat. nov. differs from Opsiphanes cassiae cassiae and Opsiphanes cassiae incolumis stat. nov. in having the DFW with the oblique band ranging from white to yellow, on M 3 -CuA 1 with a constriction, usually comma-shaped. DHW with the anal region reddish-brown, ranging from distinct and intense to pale ( Figs 26–27 ).

Variation. FW, length: male: 42–46 mm (n=12), female: 51–53 mm (n=3). Several authors have highlighted the variation in wing patterns of Opsiphanes cassiae tamarindi stat. nov. ( Godman & Salvin 1881; Staudinger 1887; Blandin 1977) ( Figs 26–27 ).

Comments. Since its description, Opsiphanes cassiae tamarindi stat. nov. has been treated as a species; however, the morphology of larvae and adults and the molecular data do not support this status. Larvae of Opsiphanes cassiae tamarindi stat. nov. illustrated and/or described by Young & Muyshondt (1975) and Chacón & Montero (2007) are morphologically similar, including the head and body color and the patterns of the longitudinal bands, compared to the larvae of Opsiphanes cassiae cassiae illustrated by Otero & Marigo (1990), Specht et al. (2011) and Orlandin et al. (2020). Despite the morphological variation, the wing pattern of Opsiphanes cassiae tamarindi stat. nov. is similar to those of Opsiphanes cassiae cassiae and Opsiphanes cassiae incolumis stat. nov. and vary in nearly the same regions. Additionally, the genetic distance, based on the barcode DNA from trans-Andean ( Mexico, Costa Rica, Colombia, Venezuela) and cis-Andean (French Guiana, Brazil, Peru, Bolivia) specimens, is less than 1%. Considering the variation in the color, width, and arrangement of the spots that form the wing bands, analysis of the type material ( Figs 47–53 ), and series of specimens from several locations, we consider synonymous with Opsiphanes cassiae tamarindi C. Felder & R. Felder, 1861 stat. nov. the following names: Caligo tamarindi Boisduval, 1870 preocc., Opsiphanes tamarindi corrosus Stichel, 1904 syn. nov., Opsiphanes tamarindi kleisthenes Fruhstorfer, 1912 syn. nov., Opsiphanes tamarindi sikyon Fruhstorfer, 1912 , Opsiphanes tamarindi terenzius Fruhstorfer, 1912 , and Opsiphanes cassiae tamarindi f. mesomerista Stichel, 1925.

Natural history. Harrison (1963), Young & Muyshondt (1975), Briceño (1979), and Álvarez-Sierra & ÁlvarezCorral (1984) detailed the biology of this subspecies. Young & Muyshondt (1975) stated that Opsiphanes cassiae tamarindi stat. nov. prefers to feed on members of Zingiberales .

Host plants: Musaceae : Musa sp. ( Young & Muyshondt 1975; Ackery 1988; Penz et al. 1999), Musa sapientum L.; Heliconiaceae : Heliconia latispatha Benth. ( Young & Muyshondt 1975; Penz et al. 1999), Heliconia collinsiana Griggs , Heliconia sp. ; and Cannaceae : Canna indica L. ( Penz et al. 1999).

Geographic distribution. Mexico (San Luis Potosí, Colima, Guerrero, Oaxaca, Veracruz, Chiapas) ; Belize (Cayo) ; Guatemala (El Petén, Alta Verapaz, Santa Rosa , Zacapa) ; Honduras (Yoro, Atlántida, Cortés) ; El Salvador (La Libertad); Nicaragua ( Río San Juan, Rivas, Managua) ; Costa Rica (Guanacaste, Alajuela, San José , Puntarenas) ; Panama (Chiriquí, Herrera, Colón, Panamá) ; Colombia (Valle del Cauca, Chocó, Antioquia, Magdalena, Bolívar , Caldas, Santander, Boyacá, Huila) ; Ecuador (Azuay, Bolívar, Esmeraldas, Pichincha, Santo Domingo de los Tsáchilas, Los Ríos, Guayas) ; Venezuela (Zulia, Mérida) ( Fig. 30 ), at altitudes between 45 and 1,600 m .

Temporal distribution. Throughout the year.

Etymology. Reference to the botanical genus Tamarindus (Fabaceae) ( Staudinger 1887).

Specimens examined. Photos of the lectotypus of Opsiphanes cassiae tamarindi C. Felder & R. Felder, 1861 stat. nov.; lectotypus of Caligo tamarindi Boisduval, 1870 preocc.; lectotypus of Opsiphanes tamarindi corrosus Stichel, 1904 syn. nov.; lectotypus of Opsiphanes tamarindi kleisthenes Fruhstorfer, 1912 syn. nov.; lectotypus of Opsiphanes tamarindi sikyon Fruhstorfer, 1912 ; [holotypus] of Opsiphanes tamarindi terenzius Fruhstorfer, 1912 ; “type” of Opsiphanes tamarindi tamarindi f. mesomerista Stichel, 1925, and the following specimens: MEXICO: no data, 1 male, 1 female, B. Neumögen leg., USNMENT01590509, 01590512 (USNM), 1 male, C. C. Hoffmann leg., ex-coll. Hartmann, AMNH_IZC 00115376 (AMNH). Río Sabinas (near Gómez Farías), 21-X-2002, 1 female, B. Walsh leg., UFFLMNH MGCL 1103680 (MGCL). San Luis Potosí —Tamazunchale, 6-IX-1954, 1 female, US- NMENT01590513 (USNM), 90 m, 16-XII-1971, 1 female, W. H. Howe leg., AMNH_IZC 00115383 (AMNH). Colima —no locality, 1 male, ex-coll. F. Johnson, AMNH_IZC 00115381 (AMNH). Guerrero —Acahuizotla, IX- 1958, 1 female, 1 male, X-1958, 1 female, XI-1958, 1 female, VIII-1959, 1 male, X, 1 female, T. Escalante leg., UFFLMNH MGCL 1103671, 1103824, 1103677, 1103676, 1103822, 1103673 (MGCL). Oaxaca —no locality, IX- 1964, 2 males, A. Díaz-Francés leg., UFFLMNH MGCL 1103795, 1103801 (MGCL), 11-X, 1 female, F. W. Urich leg. USNMENT01590514 (USNM); Candelaria Loxicha, 500 m, 25-VIII-1976, 1 male, 3-VIII-1978, 1 male, 11- VIII-1978, 1 male, 14-VIII-1978, 1 male, 23-VIII-1978, 1 male, 28-VIII-1978, 1 male, 26-IX-1982, 1 male, 8-VIII- 1983, 1 female, 19-VIII-1983, 1 male, 27-VIII-1983, 1 male, 1-IX-1983, 1 female, 3-IX-1983, 2 males, 10-IX-1983, 1 male, Welling leg., DZ 42.843 –42.856 (DZUP), 13-VIII-1985, 1 male, 21-VIII-1985, 1 male, UFFLMNH MGCL 1103790, 1103791 (MGCL), 500 m, 27-IX-1969, 1 male, 22-VIII-1987, 1 female, Welling leg., UFFLMNH MGCL 1103686, 1103793 (MGCL), 500 m, 11-VII-1977, 1 male, Natives leg., UFFLMNH MGCL 1103789 (MGCL), 500 m, VII– VIII-1990, 1 male, Sergio, Carmelo & Lot leg., USNMENT00941527 (USNM); Magdalena Jaltepec, IX-1947, 1 male, K. Wilson leg., UFFLMNH MGCL 1103794 (MGCL); San José Chiltepec, 19-VIII-1971, 1 female, 8-IX-1975, 1 male, OM 12.496, 12.497 (DZUP—OM), 26-VIII-1969, 1 male, 3-IX-1969, 1 male, R. Wind leg., UFFLMNH MGCL 1103803, 1103792 (MGCL), VI-1978, 1 male, Natives leg., UFFLMNH MGCL 1103804

(MGCL); Tuxtepec , 20-IX-1969, 2 females, 1 male, R. Wind leg., UFFLMNH MGCL 1103684, 1103685, 1103796 ( MGCL) , VIII-1967, 5 males, A. Díaz-Francés leg., UFFLMNH MGCL 1103797–1103800, 1103802 ( MGCL) . Veracruz — Presidio , VIII-1957, 2 males, VII-1951, 1 male, VI-1951, 2 females, VII-1954, 1 female, VII-1956, 1 female, T. Escalante leg., UFFLMNH MGCL 1103819, 1103821, 1103675, 1103823, 1103672, 1103674, 1103678 ( MGCL) , 1 female, ex-coll. J. C. Hopfinger, USNMENT01590511 ( USNM) , VII-1913, 1 male, VIII-1940, 1 male, IX-1940, 1 female, C. C. Hoffmann leg., AMNH_IZC 00115373, 00115379, 00115387 ( AMNH); (Playa Azul) , 9- VIII-1975, 1 female, E. C. Olson leg., UFFLMNH MGCL 1103682 ( MGCL); (Mocambo — 5 km S Veracruz ) , 11- VII-1981, 1 female, W. E. Steiner leg., UFFLMNH MGCL 1103683 ( MGCL) ; Jalapa , 1 male, ex-coll. H. Edwards, AMNH_IZC 00115374 ( AMNH) ; Pánuco , 26-VI-1926, 1 female, AMNH_IZC 00115384 ( AMNH) ; Cerro Azul , 3-VII-1926, 1 female,AMNH_IZC 00115386 ( AMNH) ; Córdoba , 1 male, C. M. Holmes leg.,AMNH_IZC 00115375 ( AMNH) ; Tezonapa ( Motzorongo ), VI-1906, 1 male, R. Muller leg., USNMENT01590508 ( USNM) ; Santa Rosa , 6-VIII, 1 male, ex-coll. W. Schaus, USNMENT01590510 ( USNM) ; Santiago Tuxtla (Popocatépetl) , 20-VIII-1981, 1 male, VII-1981, 1 female, L. González leg., DZ 42.872, 42.873 ( DZUP) ; Catemaco , 31-VIII-1979, 1 female, E. C. Olson leg., UFFLMNH MGCL 1103681 ( MGCL) , VIII-1990, 1 male, Kassarov leg., UFFLMNH MGCL 1103805 ( MGCL) ; Acayucan , 25-XI-1976, 1 female, D. J. Jenkins leg., UFFLMNH MGCL 1103679 ( MGCL) ; Coatzacoalcos , 1 female, C. C. Hoffmann leg., AMNH_IZC 00115382 ( AMNH) . Chiapas —no locality, 1 female, AMNH_IZC 00115388 ( AMNH) , 2 males, 1 female, ex-coll. F. Johnson, AMNH_IZC 00115378, 00115380, 00115385 ( AMNH); (Pínola) , 18–22-VIII-1969, 1 male, R. Wind leg., UFFLMNH MGCL 1103814 ( MGCL); (San Carlos) , 16–17-VII- 1969, 5 males, 1 female, R. Wind leg., UFFLMNH MGCL 1103810–1103812, 1103687, 1103816, 1103817 ( MGCL) ; Tuxtla Gutiérrez (9.5 mi N), 27-VIII-1956, 1 male, M. Douglas leg., UFFLMNH MGCL 1103806 ( MGCL) ; Ciudad Cuauhtémoc , 6-V-1970, 1 male, R. Wind leg., UFFLMNH MGCL 1103808 ( MGCL) ; Ocosingo ( Yaxoquintela ), 21- V-1971, 1 female, R. Wind leg., UFFLMNH MGCL 1103689 ( MGCL); (San Quintín) , 1–5-X-1971, 1 male, 20–26- XI-1973, 1 female, 2 males, 12-VIII-1972, 1 male, 8–11-VIII-1972, 1 male, 8–12-VIII-1971, 1 male, R. Wind leg., UFFLMNH MGCL 1103818, 1103688, 1103807, 1103825, 1103813, 1103815, 1103809 ( MGCL) ; Boca del Chajul , 20-VII-1995, 1 female, 2-IX-1995, 1 male, 20-VIII-1995, 1 male, 26-IX-1995, 1 male, DZ 42.868, 42.869, 42.870, 42.871 ( DZUP) ; Motozintla (San Jerónimo), 600 m , 22-VIII-1974, 1 female, 29-VIII-1979, 1 male, 26-VIII-1979, 1 male, 12-VI-1980, 1 male, 20-VIII-1978, 1 male, 13-VII-1979, 1 male, 12-VI-1979, 1 male, 11-VIII-1979, 1 male, 15-VIII-1978, 1 male, 24-VI-1979, 1 male, Welling leg., DZ 42.857, 42.859–42.867 ( DZUP) . BELIZE: Cayo — Sibun Camp , 20 m, 26-IX-1965, 1 male, Welling leg., UFFLMNH MGCL 1103830 ( MGCL) , 200 m, 15-VII-1960, 3 females, Welling leg., ex-coll. H. Ebert, DZ 42.912, 42.913, 2507 ( DZUP) . GUATEMALA: no data, 2 males, 1 female, USNMENT01590515, 01590516, 01590517 ( USNM) , 8-X-1947, 1 female, T. Buch leg., AMNH_IZC 00115400 ( AMNH) , 1 male, UFFLMNH MGCL 1103828 ( MGCL) . El Petén — Sayaxché , 3-IX-1963, 1 male, 16- IX-1963, 1 male, 1 female, 15-XI-1963, 1 female, 26-XI-1963, 1 female, Welling leg., AMNH_IZC 00115391, 00115393, 00115395, 00115396, 00115399 ( AMNH) . Alta Verapaz — Tamahú, 1,100 m , 5-IX-1963, 1 female, 1- XI-1963, 1 male, 8-XI-1963, 1 female, Welling leg., AMNH_IZC 00115392, 00115394, 00115398 ( AMNH) ; San Cristóbal Verapaz (Baleu), 1.350 m , 20-VIII-1966, 1 female, 1-IX-1966, 1 female, 2-VIII-1966, 2 males, Welling leg., UFFLMNH MGCL 1103690, 1103691, 1103827, 1103829 ( MGCL) , 10-IX-1963, 1 male, 11-VIII-1966, 1 female, Welling leg., AMNH_IZC 00115390, 00115397 ( AMNH) . Santa Rosa — Guazacapan , 1 male, UFFLMNH MGCL 1103826 ( MGCL) . Zacapa — La Unión, 850 m , 18-IX-1972, 1 male, 12-VIII-1980, 1 male, Welling leg., OM 41.489, 41.449 ( DZUP —OM) , 11-X-1985, 1 male, Welling leg., DZ 41.313 ( DZUP) . HONDURAS: no data, 2 males, USNMENT01590525, 01590526 ( USNM) , 2 males, ex-coll. E. T. Owen, USNMENT01590523, 01590518 ( USNM) , 1 female, UFFLMNH MGCL 1103693 ( MGCL) . no department — Zamorano , 7-X-[19]46, 1 female, USNMENT01590529 ( USNM) . Yoro — Olanchito ( Coyoles Central ), 22-II-[19]87, 1 male, R.W. Fisher leg., USN- MENT01590522 ( USNM) . Atlántida — La Ceiba, 5-IV-1917, 1 male, ex. coll. F. J. Dyer, AMNH_IZC 00115407 ( AMNH); (18 km W) , 22-VII-1973, 1 female, 29-X-1974, 1 male, 21-V-1977, 1 female, R. Lehman leg., USN- MENT01590527, 01590528, 01590520 ( USNM) . Cortés — San Pedro Sula , 12-VIII-1975, 1 male, R. Lehman leg., USNMENT01590521 ( USNM) . EL SALVADOR: La Libertad — Santa Tecla , 900 m , 20-VIII-1968, 1 female, 16- II-1972, 1 female, 17-II-1972, 1 male, S. & L. Steinhauser leg., UFFLMNH MGCL 1103694, 1103695, 1103831 ( MGCL) . NICARAGUA: no data, 1 male, UFFLMNH MGCL 1103835 ( MGCL) . Río San Juan — Los Guatuzos Natural Reserve , 60 m, 21–24-X-2003, 1 male, R. Leuschner leg., USNMENT01590538 ( USNM) . Rivas — Escamequita ( NicaDev ), 26-IX, 1 female, J. M. Maes leg., DZ 42.894 ( DZUP) . Managua —no locality, 5-III-1976, 1 male, 1–II-1976, 1 female, USNMENT01590544, 01590534 ( USNM) , 2-V-1976, 1 male, 5-III-1976, 1 female, P. Scherf leg., USNMENT01590543, 01590531 ( USNM) , 1-I-1976, 1 female, 1-II-1976, 1 male, 10-II-1976, 1 male, 1 female, 21-II-1974, 1 female, 25-VI-1976, 1 female, 25-VI-1976, 1 male, R. Anderson leg., USNMENT01590530, 01590535–01590537, 01590540, 01590542, 01590546 ( USNM) , 18-V-1976, 1 male, R. Anderson leg., UFFLMNH MGCL 1103833 ( MGCL) , 9-I-1976, 1 male, 19-IV-1975, 1 female, 10-IV-1974, 1 female, R. Anderson leg., AMNH_IZC 00115401, 00115404, 00115406 ( AMNH); (12–15 km S) , 23-IV-1976, 1 male, 24-IV-1976, 1 male, 1 female, 2-IV-1976, 1 male, 13-VI-1976, 1 male, P. Scherf leg., USNMENT01590532, 01590539, 01590545, 01590547, 01590548 ( USNM) , 20-VIII-1976, 1 male, P. Scherf leg., UFFLMNH MGCL 1103834 ( MGCL) , 23-III- 1976, 1 male, 18-II-1976, 1 female, P. Scharf leg., AMNH_IZC 00115405, 00115402 ( AMNH) , 16-IV-1976, 1 female, R. Anderson leg., USNMENT01590533 ( USNM) , 2-V-1976, 1 male, R. Anderson leg., UFFLMNH MGCL 1103832 ( MGCL), (11 km SE) , 12-IX-1976, 1 male, R. Anderson leg., USNMENT01590541 ( USNM) , 5-I-1976, 1 female, R. Anderson leg., UFFLMNH MGCL 1103696 ( MGCL) , 28-XII-1976, 1 female, R. Anderson leg., AMNH_ IZC 00115403 ( AMNH); ( Villa Serena ) , 11-V, 1 female, J. M. Maes leg., DZ 42.895 ( DZUP) ; COSTA RICA: no data, 1 male, ex-coll. E. T. Owen, USNMENT01590685 ( USNM) , 1 female, USNMENT01590690 ( USNM) , 1 male, AMNH_IZC 00115408 ( AMNH) , 18-IX-1970, 1 male, UFFLMNH MGCL 1103868 ( MGCL) . Guanacaste — Área de Conservación Guanacaste ( Amonias ), 11.04249, -85.40339, 390 m , 8-XI-2007, 1 male, M. Ríos leg., USNMENT01590573, 20-X-2007, 1 male, 1 female, P. Ríos leg., USNMENT01590580, 01590599, (Área Administrativa), 10.83764, -85.61871, 295 m, 11-VII-1995, 1 male, 5-VII-1986, 2 males, 2 females, gusaneros leg., USNMENT01590620, 01590618, 01590664, 01590666, 01590621 ( USNM), ( Bejuco ) , 10.76712, -85.59663, 180 m, 26-VIII-1993, 1 male, gusaneros leg., USNMENT01590619 ( USNM), (Bosque Aguirre) , 11.0006, - 85.438, 620 m, 22-III-2007, 1 male, 11-I-2009, 3 males, R. Moraga leg., USNMENT01590558, 01590569, 01590572, 01590575 ( USNM), (Cafetal) , 10.85827, -85.61089, 280 m, 8-IX-2005, 1 female, P. Carlsson leg., USNMENT01590603 ( USNM), (Camino Mangos) , 11.00766, -85.47926, 480 m, 21-VIII-2003, 1 male, M. Pereira leg., USN- MENT01590641 ( USNM), (Canyon Río Mena ) , 10.99616, -85.45562, 560 m, 18-II-2002, 1 male, 26-II-2001, 1 female, 25-III-2008, 1 female, L. Ríos leg., USNMENT01590606, 01590559, 01590668 ( USNM) , 1 male, M. Pereira leg., USNMENT01590560 ( USNM), ( Casa Potrero Grande ) , 10.84918, -85.77315, 20 m, 9-IX-2004, 1 male, 9-IX-2004, 2 females, G. Pereira leg., USNMENT01590561, 01590598, 01590615 ( USNM) , 16-VIII-2004, 1 male, 21-VII-2004, 1 female, F. Quesada leg., USNMENT01590563, 01590596 ( USNM), (Cuesta Caimito) , 10.8908, -85.47192, 640 m, 21-V-2004, 1 male, M. Pereira leg., USNMENT01590642 ( USNM), ( Casa Uno ) , 11.00562, -85.57429, 280 m, 16-IX-2000, 3 males, 3 females, 27-IX-2000, 1 male, R. Moraga leg., USN- MENT01590647–01590649, 01590650, 01590673, 01590678, 01590680 ( USNM), (Estación Góngora ) , 10.887, - 85.47443, 570 m, 8-XII-1994, 1 male, 3-VI-1995, 1 male, 29-VIII-1998, 5 males, 4 females, 20-VII-1995, 1 female, 26-V-1995, 1 female, 14-II-1995, 1 female, gusaneros leg., USNMENT01590624–01590626, 01590628–01590630, 01590635, 01590636, 01590659–01590661, 01590665, 01590663, 01590674, 01590675 ( USNM) , 25-III-2005, 1 male, J. Sánchez leg., USNMENT01590584 ( USNM) , 24-IX-1994, 1 female, R. Moraga leg., USNMENT01590672 ( USNM), (Estación Cacao) , 10.92691, -85.46822, 1,150m, 17-II-1988, 1 male, gusaneros leg., USNMENT01590637 ( USNM), ( Estación La Perla ) , 10.76737, -85.43313, 325 m, 25-III-2005, 1 male, J. Sánchez leg., USN- MENT01590584 ( USNM), (Estación Los Almendros) , 11.03226, -85.52776, 290 m, 21-XII-2001, 1 male, L. Ríos leg., USNMENT01590633 ( USNM) , 23-VIII-2001, 1 female, R. Moraga leg., USNMENT01590671 ( USNM), ( Margarita ) , 11.03234, -85.43954, 380 m, 25-IV-2003, 1 male, L. Ríos leg., USNMENT01590556 ( USNM), ( Góngora Bananal ) , 10.88919, -85.47609, 600 m, 13-III-2007, 1 male, D. García leg., USNMENT01590567 ( USNM), (Estación Pitilla) , 10.98931, -85.42581, 675 m, 3-IV-2005, 1 male, M. Ríos leg., USNMENT01590582 ( USNM), (Guacimos) , 11.01454, -85.47492, 380 m, 4-XII-2002, 1 female, L. Ríos leg., USNMENT01590597 ( USNM) , 8- IX-2002, 1 male, M. Pereira leg., USNMENT01590622 ( USNM), (Pasmompa) , 11.01926, -85.40997, 440 m, 21-I- 2007, 1 male, M. Ríos leg., USNMENT01590554 ( USNM), (Portón Rivas) , 10.75864, -85.37269, 570 m, 27-V- 2008, 2 females, J. Cortez leg., USNMENT01590611, 01590614 ( USNM), (Piedra Duende) , 11.011, -85.54459, 450 m, 4-IX-2004, 1 male, L. Ríos leg., USNMENT01590640 ( USNM), (Puente Mena) , 11.04562, -85.45742, 280 m, 25-III-2007, 1 female, R. Moraga leg., USNMENT01590590 ( USNM) , 15-X-2003, 1 male, 28-V-2003, 1 female, E. Cantillano leg., USNMENT01590623, 01590669 ( USNM), (Quebrada Tibio Perla) , 10.76261, -85.42979, 330 m, 1-VI-2007, 2 males, 21-IV-2005, 1 male, J. Cortez leg., USNMENT01590553, 01590555, 01590566 ( USNM) , 21-II-2007, 1 female, 26-II-2005, 1 male, J. Sánchez leg., USNMENT01590585, 01590564 ( USNM), (Quebrada Romero) , 11.00519, -85.47398, 490 m, 20-I-2009, 1 female, 14-I-2009, 1 female, 1 male, R. Moraga leg., USNMENT01590601, 01590604, 01590645 ( USNM) , 6-XII-2002, 1 male, L. Ríos leg., USNMENT01590658 ( USNM), (Quebrada Trigal) , 11.02681, -85.49547, 290 m, 12-IX-2004, 2 males, 1 female, E. Cantillano leg., USN- MENT01590562, 01590639, 01590677 ( USNM) , 27-I-2009, 1 male, R. Moraga leg., USNMENT01590570 ( USNM), (Sendero Aguacate) , 10.76901, -85.43465, 335 m, 28-VI-2007, 1 male, 1 female, J. Cortez leg., USN- MENT01590579, 01590593 ( USNM) , 15-IV-2007, 1 female, M. Pereira leg., USNMENT01590587 ( USNM), (Tangelo) , 11.01823, -85.45024, 410 m, 23-IV-2008, 1 male, L. Ríos leg., USNMENT01590576 ( USNM), ( Uncaria ) , 11.01752, -85.47411, 370 m, 5-XII-2003, 3 males, M. Pereira leg., USNMENT 01590651, 01590652, 01590595 ( USNM) , 26-XII-2003, 1 male, L. Ríos leg., USNMENT01590644 ( USNM), (Vado Andira ) , 10.7275, - 85.41212, 315 m, 1-III-2005, 1 female, J. Sánchez leg., USNMENT01590589 ( USNM) , 1-III-2005, 1 female, M. Pereira leg., USNMENT01590602 ( USNM), (Vado Agria) , 10.75876, -85.37543, 560 m, 4-III-2005, 1 female, J. Sánchez leg., USNMENT01590617 ( USNM), (Vado Miramonte) , 10.77175, - 85.434, 305 m, 11-XII-2006, 1 female, 27-III-2007, 1 male, 1 female, J. Sánchez leg., USNMENT01590550, 01590591, 01590610 ( USNM) , 8-III- 2007, 1 male, M. Pereira leg., USNMENT01590568 ( USNM), (Vado Chepón) , 10.77816, -85.41629, 440 m, 24-III- 2005, 1 female, J. Sánchez leg., USNMENT01590616 ( USNM), (Vado Huacas) , 10.75533, -85.39117, 490 m, 23-III-2007, 1 male, J. Sánchez leg., USNMENT01590551 ( USNM), (Vado Zanja Tapada) , 10.7648, -85.38445, 550 m, 21-VII-2008, 1 female, 1 male, M. Pereira leg., USNMENT01590592, 01590565 ( USNM) , 30-III-2005, 1 male, J. Sánchez leg., USNMENT01590583 ( USNM) . Alajuela — Atenas (1.8 km), 2-I-1985, 1 male, G Austin leg., UFFLMNH MGCL 1103869 ( MGCL) ; San Mateo , 600 m, 25-XI–12-XII, 1 male, ex-coll. W. Schaus, USN- MENT01590687 ( USNM) ; Área de Conservación Guanacaste ( Camino Porvenir ), 10.90483, -85.25964, 380 m, 22-III-2003, 1 male, 1 female, J. Pérez leg., USNMENT01590588, 01590643 ( USNM), (Baches) , 10.974, -85.2833, 150 m, 17-V-2016, 1 male, K. Aragón leg., USNMENT01590809 ( USNM), (Camino Río Francia) , 10.90425, - 85.28651, 410 m, 7-IV-2001, 1 male, J. Pérez leg., USNMENT01590653 ( USNM) , 24-III-2001, 1 female, O. Espinoza leg., USNMENT01590667 ( USNM), ( Casa J. Pérez ) , 10.81414, -85.23619, 250 m, 31-X-2000, 1 female, J. Pérez leg., USNMENT01590676 ( USNM), (Estación Llanura) , 10.93332, -85.25331, 135 m, 6-XII-2010, 1 male, 22-IV-2010, 1 female, 4-VI-2009, 1 female, C. Umaña leg., USNMENT01590571, 01590607, 01590612 ( USNM), (Cementerio Viejo) , 10.88111, -85.38889, 570 m, 21-X-1999, 1 male, 1 female, gusaneros leg., USNMENT01590662, 01590627 ( USNM) , 14-II-2001, 1 female, F. Quesada leg., USNMENT01590682 ( USNM) , 15-II-2001, 1 male, C. Cano leg., USNMENT01590634 ( USNM), (Estación Wege) , 10.9689, -85.3202, 350 m, 19-V-2016, 1 male, A. Hernández leg., USNMENT01590807 ( USNM), (Finca Esmeraldas) , 10.93548, -85.25314, 120 m, 21-IX-2011, 1 female, 22-I-2014, 1 female, 4-IV-2016, 2 males, C. Umaña leg., USNMENT01590681, 01590769, 01590808, 01590810 ( USNM), (Finca Silverio) , 10.96627, -85.3865, 480 m, 12-IV-2007, 2 males, D. Briceño leg., USN- MENT01590549, 01590552 ( USNM), (Jabalina) , 10.95824, -85.32716, 435 m, 14-V-2009, 1 male, 1 female, D. Briceño leg., USNMENT01590574, 01590608 ( USNM), (Laureles) , 10.93319, -85.25335, 95 m, 11-V-2007, 1 female, J. Pérez leg., USNMENT01590600 ( USNM), (Piedrona) , 11.01618, -85.35902, 340 m, 29-I-2008, 1 male, G. Sihezar leg., USNMENT01590581 ( USNM) , 7-II-2008, 1 male, 2 females, 13-IX-2007, 1 female, 14-II-2008, 1 male, D. Briceño leg., USNMENT01590578, 01590594, 01590605, 01590609, 01590577 ( USNM), (Puente Río Negro ) , 10.90376, -85.30274, 340 m, 22-III-2003, 1 male, C. Cano leg., USNMENT01590638 ( USNM), (Quebrada Escondida) , 10.89928, -85.27486, 420 m, 24-X-2000, 1 male, F. Vargas leg., USNMENT01590646 ( USNM), (Quebrada Bambú) , 10.9301, -85.2521, 100 m, 25-V-2017, 1 male, 31-V-2017, 1 male, 22-III-2014, 3 males, C. Umaña leg., USNMENT01590779, 01590778, 01590786–01590788 ( USNM), ( Río Blanco Abajo ) , 10.90037, -85.37254, 500 m, 24-XI-2001, 1 female, F. Quesada leg., USNMENT01590670 ( USNM) , 10-IV-2007, 1 female, E. Araya leg., USNMENT01590586 ( USNM), (Sendero Corredor) , 10.87868, -85.38963, 620 m, 27-VI-2000, 1 male, F. Quesada leg., USNMENT01590631 ( USNM), (Sendero Platanal) , 10.84921, -85.2534, 335 m, 6-IX-2003, 1 male, O. Espinoza leg., USNMENT01590557 ( USNM), (Sendero Vivero) , 10.86739, -85.38744, 135 m, 21-V-2008, 1 female, C. Cano leg., USNMENT01590613 ( USNM), (Sendero Juntas) , 10.90661, -85.28784, 400 m, 3-II-2003, 1 female, J. Pérez leg., USNMENT01590679 ( USNM), (Vado Río Cucaracho ) , 10.8702, -85.39153, 640 m, 27-X-2001, 1 male, C. Cano leg., USNMENT01590632 ( USNM), (Vado Río Francia) , 10.90093, -85.28915, 400 m, 3-IV-2001, 2 males, F. Vargas leg., USNMENT01590657, 01590654 ( USNM) , 18-IV-2001, 1 male, 2 females, J. Pérez leg., USN- MENT01590656, 01590683, 01590684 ( USNM) . San José —Ciudad Colón ( Villa Colón ), 600 m, 2-VII-1976, 1 male, G. B. Small leg., USNMENT01590688 ( USNM) ; Desamparados , 23-IX-1986, 1 male, G. & A. Austin leg., UFFLMNH MGCL 1103867 ( MGCL) ; Montes de Oca ( San Pedro ), 1,300 m, 6-VIII-1980, 1 male, R. Hesterberg leg., UFFLMNH MGCL 1103870 ( MGCL) , 25-VII-1956, 1 male, L. C. Kuitert, leg., UFFLMNH MGCL 1103871 ( MGCL) ; Puriscal , 1 male, USNMENT01590691 ( USNM) . Puntarenas — Villa Neily (6,4 km W), 3-VII-1965, 1 male, USNMENT01590686 ( USNM) . PANAMA: no data, 3-XII-1958, 1 male, UFFLMNH MGCL 1103872 ( MGCL) . Chiriquí — Puerto Armuelles , 11-III-1937, 1 female, M. Trafton leg., AMNH_IZC 00115411 ( AMNH) , 19-VI-1938, 1 male, 3-XII-1939, 1 female, AMNH_IZC 00115410, 00115412 ( AMNH) . Herrera — El distrito de Las Minas (Chepo — Cerro Montuoso) , 24-IX-1979, 1 male, 18-X-1979, 1 female, G. B. Small leg., USN- MENT01590696, 01590699 ( USNM) . Colón —no locality, 13-I-1973, 1 female, USNMENT01590704 ( USNM) , 2-VI-1968, 1 female, UFFLMNH MGCL 1103729 ( MGCL) , 15-X-1975, 2 females, G. B. Small leg., USN- MENT01590701, 01590703 ( USNM) ; Gatún , 2-X-1973, 1 female, H. L. King leg., UFFLMNH MGCL 1103730 ( MGCL) ; Balboa (16 km N), 26–28-I-1971, 1 male, AMNH_IZC 00115409 ( AMNH) . Panamá — Tocumen Airport 1,850 m, 2-X-1978, 1 female, USNMENT00941139 ( USNM) ; Cerro Campana , 600 m, 24-XI-1963, 1 male, G. B. Small leg., USNMENT01590697 ( USNM) ; La Chorrera ( El Amanecer ), 30-IX-1971, 1 female, UFFLMNH MGCL 1103728 ( MGCL) ; Madden Forest , 23-VIII-1969, 1 male, USNMENT01590698 ( USNM) , 20-VIII-1969, 1 male, 29-VIII-1969, 1 male, G. B. Small leg., UFFLMNH MGCL 1103873, 1103875 ( MGCL) , Gamboa , 26-XI-1969, 1 male, UFFLMNH MGCL 1103874 ( MGCL) . COLOMBIA: no data, 1 female, ex-coll. Julius Arp, MN 18.298 ( MNRJ) , 2 males, ex-coll. F. Johnson, USNMENT01590766, 01590767 ( USNM) . no department — Playa Rica , 1,100 m, 19-III-1974, 1 female, S. & L. Steinhauser leg., UFFLMNH MGCL 1103732 ( MGCL) . Valle del Cauca — no locality, 3 males, 2 females, ex-coll. F. Johnson, AMNH_IZC 00115425, 00115427, 00115430, 00115432, 00115438 ( AMNH) ; Cali , 900 m, 25-I-1985, 1 female, J. Sullivan leg., USNMENT01590708 ( USNM) , 1,000 m, 4-VIII-1977, 1 female, R. W. Hutchings leg., USNMENT01590710 ( USNM) , V-1923, 1 male, AMNH_IZC 00115437 ( AMNH) , 1,000 m, 19-II-1974, 1 male, S. & L. Steinhauser leg., UFFLMNH MGCL 1103877 ( MGCL), (Pance) , 1,300 m, 20-I-1985, 1 male, J. Sullivan leg., USNMENT01590709 ( USNM) , 1,000 m, 1-IV-1985, 1 male, H. Hutchings leg., USNMENT01590711 ( USNM), (Cañasgordas) , 1,000 m, 21-I-1974, 1 female, 30-XI-1973, 1 male, S. & L. Steinhauser leg., UFFLMNH MGCL 1103731, 1103876 ( MGCL) . Chocó —no locality, I-1982, 1 male, J. H. Veuz leg., USNMENT01590706 ( USNM) . Antioquia — Río Cocorná , 800– 1,100 m, 21–28-VIII-1946, 1 male, AMNH_IZC 00115415 ( AMNH) , 21–28-VIII-1946, 1 male, L. Richter leg., ex-coll. F. Johnson, AMNH_ IZC 00115416 ( AMNH) . Magdalena — Sevilla , 1-I-[19]27, 1 male, USNMENT01590707 ( USNM) . Bolívar — Santa Rosa del Sur ( Guamocó ), 1 male, AMNH_IZC 00115417 ( AMNH) , 1 female, ex-coll. F. Johnson, AMNH_ IZC 00115418 ( AMNH) . Caldas — Victoria , X-1960, 1 female, XII-1961, 2 females, 1-V-1964, 1 male, Schmidt-Mumm leg., DZ 42.903, 42.904, 42.905, 42.906 ( DZUP) . Santander — Girón ( Serranía de Los Amores — Quebrada La Trigerena ), 490 m, 23-I-2017, 1 male, Ríos-Málaver leg., DZ 47.847 ( DZUP) ; Barrancabermeja , 1 male, R. E. Stamm leg., AMNH_IZC 00115424 ( AMNH) . Boyacá — Tunja ( La Lechera — Río Opón ), 850 m, 15-II- 1946, 1 male, L. Richter leg., ex-coll. F. Johnson, AMNH_IZC 00115423 ( AMNH) ; Muzo , 1 male, ex-coll. F. Johnson, AMNH_IZC 00115414 ( AMNH) ; Otanche , VI-1993, 1 male, Le Crom leg., OM 35.211 ( DZUP —OM) . Huila — Garzón , 28-II-1974, 1 male, Schmidt-Mumm leg., DZ 42.911 ( DZUP) . ECUADOR: no data, 1 female, ex-coll. F. Johnson, AMNH_IZC 00115435 ( AMNH) , 1 male, 1 female, USNMENT01590737, 01590732 ( USNM) , 1 female, ex-coll. E. T. Owen, USNMENT01590733 ( USNM) . Ecuador Ocidente —no locality, 3 males, 1 female , III-1923, 2 females, 1 male, ex-coll. E. W. Rorer, USNMENT01590718, 1590719, 01590730, 01590731, 01590734, 01590740, 01590743 ( USNM) . Azuay — Cuenca , 8-II-1966, 1 male, UFFLMNH MGCL 1103883 ( MGCL) . Bolívar —Balzapamba , 1 male, UFFLMNH MGCL 1103886 ( MGCL) ; 1 female, 2 males, ex-coll. E. T. Owen, USNMENT01590729, 01590738, 01590741 ( USNM) . Esmeraldas — San Mateo, 150 m , 27-V-1956, 2 males, 18- VI-1956, 1 male, J. Foerster leg., ex-coll. H. Ebert, DZ 42.900 –42.902 ( DZUP) . Pichincha —no locality, 10-IV- 1979, 1 male, D. W. Jenkins leg., UFFLMNH MGCL 1103880 ( MGCL) ; Toachi , 1,600 m, 18–19-VII-1987, 1 male, Mielke leg., OM 16.088 ( DZUP —OM) ; Río Toachi , 25-VI–1-V-1988, 1 female, L. & C. Harris leg., UFFLMNH MGCL 1092336 ( MGCL) . Santo Domingo de los Tsáchilas — Santo Domingo de los Colorados ( Tinalandia ), 1983, 1 female, local people leg., USNMENT01590728 ( USNM) , 750–850 m, 12-V-1988, 1 male, G. T. Austin leg., UF- FLMNH MGCL 1103882 ( MGCL) , 650 m, 14-III-1972, 1 male, Vénédictoff leg., UFFLMNH MGCL 1103878 ( MGCL) ; Alluriquín , 750 m, 16-VIII-1972, 1 male, 2 females, Vénédictoff leg., UFFLMNH MGCL 1103879, 1103733, 1103735 ( MGCL) , 10–20-VII-1990, 1 male, I. A. Villafuerte leg., UFFLMNH MGCL 1103881 ( MGCL) . Los Ríos — Río Palenque , IX-1973, 1 male, IX-1972, 2 males, 1977, 1 female, C. Dodson leg., UFFLMNH MGCL 1103734, 1103887–1103889 ( MGCL) . Guayas — Guayaquil ( Tenguel ), V-1960, 6 males, 6 females, F. Malo leg., USNMENT01590712–01590716, 01590720, 01590722–01590727 ( USNM) . VENEZUELA: no data, 1 female, ex-coll. W. Schaus, USNMENT01590705 ( USNM) . Zulia —no locality, 22-IX-1961, 1 female, Yépez & Rosales leg., DZ 42.883 ( DZUP) , 22-XII-1962, 1 female, Pérez leg., DZ 42.884 ( DZUP) ; Río Tucuco , 8-I-1961, 1 male, Karausch leg., DZ 42.889 ( DZUP) , 420 m, 21–27-V-1971, 1 male, Salcedo leg., DZ 42.890 ( DZUP) ; Santa Bárbara del Zulia , 11-II-1961, 1 male, Labrador leg., DZ 42.885 ( DZUP) ; Río Catatumbo , 150 m, 1 male, Salcedo-Brown leg., DZ 42.886 ( DZUP) ; Los Encantos , 25–30-XII-1962, 1 male, DZ 42.891 ( DZUP) ; Colón ( Santa Rosa ) , 4-III- 1961, 6 males, 2 females, 6-IV-1961, 1 male, 1 female, Rosales, Lichy & Gálvez leg., DZ 2526, 2525, 42.874 – 42.881 ( DZUP) ; Tres Bocas , 100 m, 11-I-1977, 2 females, L. Joly, T. Salcedo & J. Clavijo leg., DZ 42.882, 42.892 ( DZUP) . Mérida — El Chino, 45 m, 6-XII-1969, 1 female, 2 males, DZ 42.887, 42.888, 42.893 ( DZUP) .

Figures

FIGURE 26. Opsiphanes cassiae tamarindi C. Felder & R. Felder, 1861 stat. nov.: Male, dorsal and ventral views: Mexico: a. (FLMNH MGCL 1103789-MGCL) Oaxaca, b. (DZ 42.871-DZUP) Chiapas; dorsal view: c. (FLMNH MGCL 1103814-MGCL) Chiapas; Honduras: d. (USNMENT01590520-USNM) La Ceiba (18 km Oeste); Costa Rica: e. (FLMNH MGCL 1103866- MGCL) Guanacaste; Panama: f. (FLMNH MGCL 1103873-MGCL) Madden Forest.

FIGURE 27. Opsiphanes cassiae tamarindi C. Felder & R. Felder, 1861 stat. nov.: Male, dorsal view: Colombia: a. (DZ 42.910-DZUP) Cali, c. (DZ 47.847-DZUP; CMBUT1328-19) Santander; Ecuador: b. (FLMNH MGCL 1103881-MGCL) Pichincha. Female, dorsal and ventral views: Mexico: d. (DZ42.843-DZUP) Oaxaca; dorsal view: Costa Rica: e. (FLMNH MGCL 1103718-MGCL) Guanacaste.

FIGURE 30. Geographical distribution of Opsiphanes cassiae cassiae (Linnaeus, 1758), Opsiphanes cassiae incolumis Stichel, 1904 stat. nov. and Opsiphanes cassiae tamarindi C. Felder & R. Felder, 1861 stat. nov.

FIGURE 47. Opsiphanes cassiae tamarindi C. Felder & R. Felder, 1861 stat. nov. Lectotype of Opsiphanes cassiae tamarindi C. Felder & R. Felder, 1861 stat. nov.; a. dorsal view, b. ventral view.

FIGURE 48. Opsiphanes cassiae tamarindi C. Felder & R. Felder, 1861 stat. nov. Lectotype of Caligo tamarindi Boisduval, 1870 preocc.; a. dorsal view, b. ventral view.

FIGURE 49. Opsiphanes cassiae tamarindi C. Felder & R. Felder, 1861 stat. nov. Lectotype of Opsiphanes tamarindi corrosus Stichel, 1904 syn. nov.; a. dorsal view, b. ventral view.

FIGURE 50. Opsiphanes cassiae tamarindi C. Felder & R. Felder, 1861 stat. nov. Lectotype of Opsiphanes tamarindi kleisthenes Fruhstorfer, 1912 syn. nov.; a. dorsal view, b. ventral view.

FIGURE 51. Opsiphanes cassiae tamarindi C. Felder & R. Felder, 1861 stat. nov. Lectotype of Opsiphanes tamarindi sikyon Fruhstorfer, 1912; a. dorsal view, b. ventral view.

FIGURE 52. Opsiphanes cassiae tamarindi C. Felder & R. Felder, 1861 stat. nov. [Holotype] of Opsiphanes tamarindi terenzius Fruhstorfer, 1912; a. dorsal view, b. ventral view.

FIGURE 53. Opsiphanes cassiae tamarindi C. Felder & R. Felder, 1861 stat. nov. “Type” of Opsiphanes tamarindi tamarindi f. mesomerista Stichel, 1925 nom. nud.; a. dorsal view, b. ventral view.