Opsiphanes periphetes Fruhstorfer, 1912

Piovesan, Mônica, Casagrande, Mirna Martins & Mielke, Olaf Hermann Hendrik, 2022, Systematics of Opsiphanes Doubleday, [1849] (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae, Satyrinae, Brassolini): an integrative approach, Zootaxa 5216 (1), pp. 1-278 : 222-228

Opsiphanes periphetes Fruhstorfer, 1912 stat. nov.

( Figs 206–212 )

Opsiphanes cassina periphetes Fruhstorfer, 1912 , in Seitz. Gross-Schmett. Erde 5, p. 303; Colombia.— Stichel, 1932. Lep.

Cat. 51, p. 49.— D’Abrera, 1987. Butt. Neotrop. Reg. 3, p. 412, 416 (fig. male d).—Maes, 1999. Cat. Ins. Art. Terr.

Nicaragua 3, p. 1387. Opsiphanes cassina subsp.; D’Abrera, 1987 (Bristow Ms). Butt. Neotrop. Reg. 3, p. 417 (fig. male d); Colombia. Opsiphanes cassina aucotti Bristow, 1991 . Zool. Jour. Linn. Soc. 101 (3): 269, 273, 284, figs 27g (male d, v), 28f (female d, v);

holotype male, Manizales, [Caldas], Colombia, A.M. Patino leg.; NHMUK. Syn. nov. Opsiphanes periphetes ; Chacón et al., 2012. Bull. Allyn Mus. 166: 3 .

Taxonomic history. Opsiphanes cassina periphetes Fruhstorfer, 1912 , considered synonymous with Opsiphanes cassina numatius ( Casagrande 2004) , was basically mentioned in catalogues. Chacón et al. (2012) referred to the status of subspecies when mentioning “ O. periphetes ” as a species, without an explanation.

Type material. Opsiphanes cassina periphetes Fruhstorfer, 1912 was described based on an unspecified number of specimens from Colombia. Bristow (1991) mentioned that the male holotype was deposited at the NHMUK, with the following labels: / Type/ Holotype / Columbien ex coll. H. Fruhstorfer/ cassina periphetes Fruhst. /. In fact, this specimen is not the holotype, since the original description does not mention the number of specimens. However, according to article 74.6 of the ICZN, this holotype should be interpreted as the lectotype designation. The following labels will also be attached: / LECTOTYPUS / Lectotypus Opsiphanes cassina periphetes Fruhstorfer, 1912 , Bristow (1991); confirmed by Piovesan, Casagrande & O. Mielke det. 2022/.

Opsiphanes cassina aucotti Bristow, 1991 was described based on the holotype male, illustrated by D’Abrera (1987) and Bristow (1991) and deposited at the NHMUK, with the following labels: / Type/ Manizales, [Caldas, Colombia] AM. Patino/ Ex Oberthür Coll. Brit. Mus. 1927-3./ Ops. cassina aucotti Bristow/.

Diagnosis. Opsiphanes periphetes stat. nov. is sympatric with Opsiphanes caliensis stat. nov., Opsiphanes fabricii , and Opsiphanes jacobsorum . Although indistinguishable in ventral view, males of Opsiphanes periphetes stat. nov. and Opsiphanes caliensis stat. nov. are easily distinguished in dorsal view, as the male of Opsiphanes periphetes stat. nov. has the DFW oblique band bordering the discal cell on M 3 -CuA 1. The aedeagus of Opsiphanes periphetes stat. nov. in dorsal view has the anterior region sclerotized and the spines concentrated in the median region ( Fig. 209 ); while in the same structures and view, Opsiphanes caliensis stat. nov. has no sclerotization in the anterior region and the spines are concentrated from the median to the distal region ( Fig. 166 ). Males of Opsiphanes periphetes stat. nov. differ from those of Opsiphanes fabricii fabricii in having an indistinguishable DHW submarginal band in the anal region, and differ from males of Opsiphanes jacobsorum in having the HW with a smooth outer margin. Females of Opsiphanes periphetes stat. nov. differ from females of subspecies of Opsiphanes fabricii in having the DHW with the submarginal band, from the costal margin to, usually, M 2, yellow, discontinuous between the veins, and half the width of the DFW oblique band. Females of Opsiphanes periphetes stat. nov. differ from females of Opsiphanes jacobsorum in having yellow DFW and DHW bands ( Figs 206–208 ). Molecular analyses recovered Opsiphanes periphetes stat. nov. as closely related to Opsiphanes fabricii , Opsiphanes jacobsorum , and Opsiphanes merianae stat. rest. ( Fig. 2 ) (genetic distance 1.0–1.7%, 1.4–1.7%, and 1.1–2.8%, respectively).

Male genitalia. Tegumen in dorsal view with anterior margin with a slight concavity in the median region and as wide as the posterior margin, shorter than the uncus; anterior projection of saccus in lateral view twice as long as dorsal arms of saccus ( Fig. 209 ).

Female genitalia. Not examined.

Variation. FW, length: male: 34–41 mm (n=6), female: 35–44 mm (n=4). DFW, the width of the band in the discal cell, and in the recesses of the anterior and posterior margins of this band; and the width and length of the oblique band. DHW, the width and length of the submarginal band. VFW, the width and length of the oblique band; eyespots may be present on M 2 -M 3. VHW, the size and shape of the eyespot between Sc+R 1 and M 1, and the width of its dark-brown ring; and the size and shape of the eyespot between M 3 and CuA 2 ( Figs 206–208 ).

Comments. In describing Opsiphanes periphetes stat. nov., Fruhstorfer (1912) indicated that the type locality is Colombia, without further details. As in Opsiphanes fabricii numatius stat. nov., lack of a precise location and morphological variation make it difficult to interpret the taxon. Despite this, it was possible to associate the phenotype of the Opsiphanes periphetes stat. nov. lectotype with specimens from the Western side of the Oriental Cordillera up to Costa Rica. After examination of the type material ( Figs 211–212 ) and the variation in the color and width of the DFW, VFW, and DHW bands in a series of specimens from different locations, no characters were identified to justify maintaining Opsiphanes cassina aucotti Bristow, 1991 syn. nov. as a subspecies.

Natural history. Unknown.

Geographic distribution. Costa Rica (Guanacaste, Heredia) ; Panama (Coclé, Panamá, Colón, Darién) ; Colombia (Valle del Cauca, Caldas, Boyacá) ; Ecuador (Esmeraldas, Manabí, Santo Domingo de los Tsáchilas) ( Fig. 210 ) .

Temporal distribution. January, March, June–October, December.

Etymology. Unknown.

Specimens examined. Photos of the lectotypus of Opsiphanes periphetes Fruhstorfer, 1912 stat. nov.; holotypus of Opsiphanes cassina aucotti Bristow, 1991 syn. nov., and the following specimens: COSTA RICA: Guanacaste — Área de Conservación Guanacaste ( Sendero Manguera ), 10.9959, -85.3984, 470 m, 4-X-2017, 1 female, 21-IX-2017, 1 male, R. Calero leg., USNMENT01590781, 01590782 ( USNM) . Heredia — Puerto Viejo de Sarapiquí ( La Selva Biological Station ), 10º25′54.07″N, 84º0′9.55″W, 100 m, 24-X-2011, 1 female, G. Gallice leg., UFFLMNH MGCL 1092825 ( MGCL) . PANAMA: Coclé — El Valle de Antón , 22-VII-[19]63, 1 male, US- NMENT01590032 ( USNM) . Panamá —no locality, 18-III-1977, 1 male, UFFLMNH MGCL 1107056 ( MGCL) ; Cerro Campana , 900 m, 9-VIII-1963, 1 male, 14-VIII-1970, 1 female, 22-VIII-1963, 1 female, 13-VIII-1970, 1 male, G. B. Small leg., USNMENT01590043, 01590056, 01590057, 01590033 ( USNM) . Colón — Piña , 3-VIII- 1970, 1 female, 9-VII-1970, 1 female, 12-VII-1970, 1 female, 3-VII-1970, 1 male, H. L. King leg., UFFLMNH MGCL 1092852–1092854, 1107052 ( MGCL) . Darién — Cana , 400 m, 7-VII-1981, 1 male, 1-VIII-1981, 1 male, G. B. Small leg., USNMENT01590038, 01590039 ( USNM) . COLOMBIA: no data, 1 male, UFFLMNH MGCL 1107069 ( MGCL) . Valle del Cauca — Calima , 1,200 m, VIII-1994, 1 male, UFFLMNH MGCL 1107070 ( MGCL) . Boyacá — Tunja ( La Borrascosa — Río Opón region), 500– 1,200 m, 13-XII-1945, 1 male, L. Richter leg., ex-coll. F. Johnson, AMNH_IZC 00352813 ( AMNH) ; Otanche , VI-1993, 1 male, Le Crom leg., DZ 41.606 ( DZUP) . Caldas — Victoria , III-1959, 1 male, I– X-1966, 1 male, I-1960, 1 male, Schmidt-Mumm leg., DZ 41.609, 41.610, 41.612 ( DZUP) . ECUADOR: Esmeraldas — El Durango (km 40— Lita San Lorenzo rd. ), 1º02′45″, 78º38′06″, 300 m, 25, 27-VIII-2002, 1 male, USNMENT01590106 ( USNM) . Manabí — Reserva Bosque Seco Lalo Loor , 0º6′S, 80º10′W, 20 m, 2-VI-2009, 1 male, F. Checa leg., UFFLMNH MGCL 1107076 ( MGCL) . Santo Domingo de los Tsáchilas — Santo Domingo de los Colorados ( Tinalandia ), 21-X-1980, 1 male, M. J. Westfall leg., UFFLMNH MGCL 1107115 ( MGCL) , VIII-1976, 1 male, J. J. Bowe leg., UFFLMNH MGCL 1107116 ( MGCL) .

7. “ invirae subgroup”

Species included:

22. Opsiphanes cuspidatus Stichel, 1904 stat. nov.

a) Opsiphanes cuspidatus cuspidatus Stichel, 1904 stat. nov.

b) Opsiphanes cuspidatus relucens Fruhstorfer, 1907 stat. nov.

Opsiphanes invirae relucens Fruhstorfer, 1907 nom. nud.

23. Opsiphanes invirae (Hübner, [1808]) (Potamis)

a) Opsiphanes invirae invirae (Hübner, [1808]) (Potamis)

Opsiphanes cassina C. Felder & R. Felder, 1862 syn. nov.

Opsiphanes invirae intermedius Stichel, 1902 syn. nov.

Opsiphanes cassina aequatorialis Stichel, 1902 syn. rest.

Opsiphanes invirae amplificatus Stichel, 1904 syn. nov.

Opsiphanes sticheli Röber, 1906 syn. nov.

Opsiphanes invirae pseudophilon Fruhstorfer, 1907 syn. rest.

Opsiphanes invirae remuliata Fruhstorfer, 1907 nom. nud.

Opsiphanes invirae remoliatus Fruhstorfer, 1907 syn. rest.

Opsiphanes invirae agasthenes Fruhstorfer, 1907 nom. nud.

Opsiphanes invirae agasthenes Fruhstorfer, 1907 syn. rest.

Opsiphanes invirae agasthenes f. rectifasciata Fruhstorfer, 1907

Opsiphanes invirae isagoras Fruhstorfer, 1907 nom. nud.

Opsiphanes invirae isagoras Fruhstorfer, 1907

Opsiphanes invirae ledon Fruhstorfer, 1912

Opsiphanes invirae roraimaensis Bristow, 1991 syn. nov.

Opsiphanes invirae sieberti Bristow, 1991 syn. nov.

b) Opsiphanes invirae pernambucoensis Bristow, 1991 stat. rev.

Diagnosis. The species of the “ invirae subgroup” are distinguished from their congeners by the following characters: dark-brown ground color; DFW without a fully developed band inside the discal cell, and may have only an isolated spot inside it ( Fig. 223i–k ); HW with smooth outer margin or with weak crenulation compared to the “ sallei ” and “ quiteria ” subgroups; DHW with submarginal band ( Fig. 213b ). Molecular analyses recovered the “ invirae subgroup” (SH-aLRT 99.9 / UFBoot 100) ( Fig. 2 ).

Figures

FIGURE 2. Phylogenetic tree (Maximum Likelihood) inferred with IQ-TREE based on six molecular markers: cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) (mitochondrial), elongation factor 1-alpha (EF-1α), ribosomal protein S5 (RpS5), wingless (wg), Car- bamoylphosphate synthase domain protein (CAD), Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) (nuclear), rooted in Catoblepia amphirhoe (Hübner, [1825]). Asterisk (*) indicates SH-aLRT> = 80% and UFboot> = 95%. The scale bar represents the expected number of nucleotide substitutions per site. Data of the specimens used are described in table 2.

FIGURE 166. Opsiphanes caliensis Bristow, 1991 stat. nov.: Male: a. abdomen, lateral view, b. detail of the scent organ, lateral view; genitalia: c. dorsal view, d. ventral view, e. lateral view; aedeagus: f. dorsal view, g. ventral view, h. lateral view (DZ 41.604-DZUP).

FIGURE 206. Opsiphanes periphetes Fruhstorfer, 1912 stat. nov.: Male, dorsal and ventral views: Panama: a. (USN- MENT01590032-USNM) Coclé, b. (USNMENT01590039-USNM) Cana, c. (FLMNH MGCL 1107051-MGCL) Piña; Ecuador: d. (USNMENT00941135-USNM) Santo Domingo de Los Colorados; Colombia: e. (AMNH_IZC 00352813-AMNH), f. (DZ 41.606-DZUP) Boyacá. White arrows indicate diagnostic characters of the species.

FIGURE 207. Opsiphanes periphetes Fruhstorfer, 1912 stat. nov.: Female, dorsal and ventral views: Costa Rica: a. (FLMNH MGCL 1092825-MGCL) Heredia, b. (USNMENT01590781-USNM) Guanacaste. White arrows indicate diagnostic characters of the species.

FIGURE 208. Opsiphanes periphetes Fruhstorfer, 1912 stat. nov.: Female, dorsal and ventral views: Panama: a. (FLMNH MGCL 1092345-MGCL), b. (USNMENT01590057-USNM) Cerro Campana.

FIGURE 209. Opsiphanes periphetes Fruhstorfer, 1912 stat. nov.: Male: a. abdomen, lateral view, b. detail of the scent organ, lateral view; genitalia: c. dorsal view, d. ventral view, e. lateral view; aedeagus: f. dorsal view, g. ventral view, h. lateral view (DZ 52.279-DZUP).

FIGURE 210. Geographical distribution of Opsiphanes periphetes Fruhstorfer, 1912 stat. nov.

FIGURE 211. Opsiphanes periphetes Fruhstorfer, 1912 stat. nov. Lectotype of Opsiphanes periphetes Fruhstorfer, 1912 stat. nov.; a. dorsal view, b. ventral view.

FIGURE 212. Opsiphanes periphetes Fruhstorfer, 1912 stat. nov. Holotype of Opsiphanes cassina aucotti Bristow, 1991 syn. nov.; a. dorsal view, b. ventral view.

FIGURE 213. Opsiphanes cuspidatus cuspidatus Stichel, 1904 stat. nov.: Male, dorsal and ventral views: Costa Rica: a. (US- NMENT01590176-USNM), b. (USNMENT01590180-USNM) Alajuela; Panama: c. (USNMENT01590198-USNM), d. (US- NMENT01590199-USNM) Colón; Colombia: e. (AMNH_IZC 00352466-AMNH) Santander; Ecuador: f. (FLMNH MGCL 1092434-MGCL) Pichincha. White arrows indicate diagnostic characters of the species. Gray arrows indicate some diagnostic characters of the “invirae subgroup”.

FIGURE 223. Opsiphanes invirae invirae (Hübner, [1808]): Male, dorsal view: Brazil: a. (OM 21.040-DZUP—OM), b. (DZ 52.280-DZUP) Paraná, Curitiba, c. (DZ 42.951-DZUP) Santa Catarina, Joaçaba; Paraguai: d. (DZ 42.467-DZUP), e. (DZ 42.461-DZUP), f. (DZ 42.490-DZUP), g. (DZ 42.492-DZUP) Itakyry; Ecuador: h. (USNMENT01590114-USNM), i. (FLMNH MGCL 1107097-MGCL), j. (CMBUT1144-19), k. (USNMENT01590119-USNM) Jatun Sacha Biological Station. Gray arrows indicate some diagnostic characters of the “invirae subgroup”.