Opsiphanes invirae invirae (Hübner, [1808]), Casagrande, O. Mielke

Piovesan, Mônica, Casagrande, Mirna Martins & Mielke, Olaf Hermann Hendrik, 2022, Systematics of Opsiphanes Doubleday, [1849] (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae, Satyrinae, Brassolini): an integrative approach, Zootaxa 5216 (1), pp. 1-278 : 234-241

publication ID	https://doi.org/ 10.11646/zootaxa.5216.1.1
publication LSID	lsid:zoobank.org:pub:F9C92B91-42CF-4D2D-B315-14FF801815D4
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scientific name	Opsiphanes invirae invirae (Hübner, [1808])
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Treatment

Opsiphanes invirae invirae (Hübner, [1808]) View in CoL

( Figs 219–227 View FIGURE 219 View FIGURE 220 View FIGURE 221 View FIGURE 222 View FIGURE 223 View FIGURE 224 View FIGURE 225 View FIGURE 226 View FIGURE 227 , 231–247 View FIGURE 231 View FIGURE 232 View FIGURE 233 View FIGURE 234 View FIGURE 235 View FIGURE 236 View FIGURE 237 View FIGURE 238 View FIGURE 239 View FIGURE 240 View FIGURE 241 View FIGURE 242 View FIGURE 243 View FIGURE 244 View FIGURE 245 View FIGURE 246 View FIGURE 247 )

Potamis invirae Hübner, [1808] . Samml. exot. Schmett. 1, pl. 76, figs 1, 2 (male d, v).

Brassolis invirae ; Hübner, [1819]. Verz. bek. Schmett. (2–8), p. 50—Hübner, [1823]. Samml. exot. Schmett. 2, pl. [66], figs 3, 4 (d, v).

Opsiphanes invirae View in CoL ; Westwood, 1851, in Doubleday. Gen. diurn. Lep. 2, p. 344.—Herrich-Schäffer, 1865. Corr.-Blatt zool.- min. Ver. Regensburg 19 (5): 64.— Kirby, 1871. Syn. Cat. Diurn. Lep., p. 127.— Kirby, 1879. Cat. Coll. Diurn. Lep. Hewitson, p. 107.— Godman & Salvin, 1881. Biol. Centr.-Amer., Lep. Rhop. 1 (12), p. 127.— Aurivillius, 1882. Kongl. Svenska Akad. Handl. 19 (5): 76.— Röber, 1906. Soc. ent. 21 (4): 27.— Stichel, 1909. Das Tierreich 25: 53, 83.— Fruhstorfer, 1912, in Seitz. Gross-Schmett. Erde 5, p. 301, 304.— Fassl, 1920. Ent. Rdsch. 37 (12): 45.—Schwanwitsch, 1924. Proc. zool. Soc. London 1924 (2): 521; wing patterns.—Costa Lima, 1928. Arch. Esc. Sup. Agr. Med. Vet. 8 (1/2): 138; host plant.— Monte, 1934. Bol. Agric. Zoo. Vet. Sec. Agric., Minas Gerais, 21: 71, fig. 67 (female d); biol.— Biezanko, 1938. Rev. Agronomica 2 (16/17): 8; biol.— Biezanko, 1938. Bol. Biol., São Paulo , 3 (3/4): 122.— Biezanko & Freitas, 1938. Cat. Ins. Pelotas, Fasc. 1, Lepidopteros, Pelotas, p. 13; biol.—Hall, 1939. Agric. Jour. Brit. Guiana 10 (1): 35.— Bondar, 1940. Bol. Inst. Centr. Fomento Econ. Bahia 8 (3): 118; biol., host plant.— Hayward, 1951. Acta zool. lill. 9: 221; syn.: ledon.—de Lesse, 1967. Ann. Soc. ent. France 3 (1): 81; genet.— Silva et al., 1968. Quarto Cat. Ins. viv. Plantas Brasil 2 (1), p. 329; biol., host plant.—Biezanko et al., 1974. Rev. Centro Ciências Rur., Santa Maria , 4: 112.— Blandin & Descimon, 1975. Ann. Soc. ent. France 11 (1): 10, 25.— Smart, 1975. Enc. Butt. World, p. 242, fig. 7 (male d).— Blandin, 1977. Publ. Lab. Zool. l’École norm. sup., Paris, 9: 163, 186, 197; biogeogr.— Ackery, 1988. Biol. Jour. Linn. Soc. 33 (2): 100; host plant.—Kesselring & Ebert, [1982]. Rev. Nordestina Biol. 2 (1/2): 107.—Brown, 1992, in Morellato. Hist. nat. Japi, p. 150, fig. 13 (male d); biol., host plant.—Casagrande, 1995. Rev. bras. Zool. 12 (3): 683, fig. 11 (male gen.).— Kesselring, 1996. Galathea 12 (3): 91.— Penz et al., 1999. Jour. Lep. Soc. 53 (4): 149; host plant.—Klimaitis, 2000. Cien Marip. arg., p. 101 (fig. female d); host plant.—Murray, 2000. Jour. Res. Lep. 35: 56.—Andrade, 2002, in Costa et al. Monogr. Terc. Milenio, Zaragoza, 2: 162.—Freitas & K. Brown, 2004. Syst. Biol. 53 (3): 365; phylog.—Santin, 2004. Répert. plantes-hôtes subst. chen. lépid. monde (2 nd ed.), 2, p. 1739; host plant.— Austin et al., 2007. Bull. Allyn Mus. 150: 2, 15.—Brown et al., 2007. Biol. Jour. Linn. Soc. 92 (3): 472; genet.—Garwood et al., 2007. Butt. South. Amaz., p. 108 (figs male d, v), 109 (figs male d, v).— Penz, 2007. Syst. Ent. 32 (4): 675; phylog.—Garwood et al., 2009. Butt. South. Amaz. (2 nd ed.), p. 230, 231 (figs male d, v).— Specht, 2011. Rev. Bioc., Taubaté, 17 (1): 27; host plant.— Penz et al., 2011. Zootaxa 2897: 16.— Chacón et al., 2012. Bull. Allyn Mus. 166: 2, 9, 11, fig. 27 (phylogenetic tree).—DeVries et al., 2012. Jour. Anim. Ecol. 81 (2): 478; ecol.— Penz et al., 2013. Syst. Ent. 38 (2): 317, 320, 324, 329, figs 6a, b (larva, head capsule), 8e (pupa); phylog.—Penz & Mohammadi, 2013. Biota Neotrop. 13 (3): 180.—Orlandin, 2016, in Orlandin et al., Borb. Marip. S. Catarina View in CoL , p. 111.—Nobre & Schlindwein, 2016. Borboletas Vale Catimbau, p. 160 (figs male d, v), 161 (figs female d, v).—Shirai et al., 2017. Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 110 (2): 147, 149, 155, fig. 5 (phylogenetic tree); biol., phylog.— Brandão et al., 2017. Rev. Bras. Ciências Agrár. 12 (4): 464; biol.—Martins et al., 2017. Pap. Avuls. Zool., São Paulo , 57 (38): 485.—Oliveira et al., 2018. Lands. Urban Plann. 180: 210.—Bordin et al., 2019. Biota Neotrop. 19 (4): 5.—Sousa et al., 2019. Zoologia 36: e27708, p. 4.— Matos-Maraví et al. 2021, Biol. Jour. Linn. Soc. 133 (3): 711, fig. 2 (phylogenetic tree); phylog.—Penz & Williams, 2020. Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 113 (3): 207.—Henao-B. & Gantiva-Q., 2020. Bol. Cient. Mus. Hist. Nat. U. de Caldas 24 (1): 188.—Silva et al., 2020. Insects 11 (5): 278; biol.

Opsiphanes cassina C. Felder & R. Felder, 1862 View in CoL . Wien. ent. Monatsschr. 6 (4): 122; male, female, Upper Rio Negro , Amazonas, North Brazil; [Peru].—Herrich-Schäffer, 1865. Corr.-Blatt zool.-min. Ver. Regensburg 19 (5): 64.— Kirby, 1871. Syn. Cat. Diurn. Lep., p. 126.— Aurivillius, 1882. Kongl. Svenska Akad. Handl. 19 (5): 76.— Röber, 1906. Soc. ent. 21 (4): 27.— Stichel, 1909. Das Tierreich 25: 53, 88.— Fruhstorfer, 1912, in Seitz. Gross-Schmett. Erde 5, p. 302.—Kaye, 1914. Trans. ent. Soc. London 1913 (3): 547.— Fassl, 1920. Ent. Rdsch. 37 (12): 45.— Blandin & Descimon, 1975. Ann. Soc. ent. France 11 (1): 10.— Blandin, 1977. Publ. Lab. Zool. l’École norm. sup., Paris, 9: 163, 185; biogeogr.—Bristow, 1981. Zool. Jour. Linn. Soc. 72 (2): 151.— Álvarez-Sierra & Álvarez-Corral, 1984. Marip. Venezuela, p. 123; biol., host plant.—Smith et al., 2008. Proc. Nat. Ac. Sc. USA 105 (34): 12361.— Penz et al., 2011. Zootaxa 2897: 16.— Chacón et al., 2012. Bull. Allyn Mus. 166: 1, 11.—Rodríguez et al., 2012. UDO agrícola 12 (3): 584; host plant.— Penz et al., 2013. Syst. Ent. 38 (2): 317, 320, 324, 328, 330, figs 7b (larva, head capsule), 9b (larva d); phylog.—Penz & Mohammadi, 2013. Biota Neotrop. 13 (3): 162, 164, figs 7i (male d), 9l (male d, female d).— Neves & Paluch, 2016. Neotrop. Ent. 45 (1): 13, 14; cit.—Shirai et al., 2017. Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 110 (2): 147, 149, 155, fig. 5 (phylogenetic tree); biol., phylog.—Casas- Pinilla et al., 2017. Shilap Revta. lepid. 45 (177): 108.— Matos-Maraví et al. 2021, Biol. Jour. Linn. Soc. 133 (3): 711, fig. 2 (phylogenetic tree); phylog.—Penz & Williams, 2020. Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 113 (3): 207.—Henao-B. & Gantiva-Q., 2020. Bol. Cient. Mus. Hist. Nat. U. de Caldas 24 (1): 188. Syn. nov.

Opsiphanes invirae invirae View in CoL ; Stichel, 1902. Berl. ent. Ztschr. 46 (4): 514, 524.— Stichel, 1904, in Wytsman. Gen. Ins. 20, p. 21.—Fruhstorfer, 1907. Int. ent. Ztschr. 1 (5): 30.— Stichel, 1909. Das Tierreich 25: 85.— Stichel, 1932. Lep. Cat. 51, p. 44.—Lamas, 1985. Rev. peruana Ent. 27: 69.— D’Abrera, 1987. Butt. Neotrop. Reg. 3, p. 412, 413 (figs male d, v, female d).— Bristow, 1991. Zool. Jour. Linn. Soc. 101 (3): 253, 255, 258, figs 21a (female d, v), 22g (male d, v); syn.: ledon.— Casagrande, 2004. Brassolini View in CoL , in Lamas (ed.) Checklist: Part 4A, Hesperioidea-Papilionoidea, in Heppner (ed.). Atlas Neotrop. Lep. 5A, p. 204; syn.: ledon.

Opsiphanes invirae intermedius Stichel, 1902 View in CoL . Berl. ent. Ztschr. 46 (4): 515, 524; male [holo] type, Upper Amazonas, [Brazil], collection Stichel; syn.: intermedia Staudinger, in litt.— Stichel, 1904, in Wytsman. Gen. Ins. 20, p. 21.—Fruhstorfer, 1907. Int. ent. Ztschr. 1 (5): 30.— Stichel, 1909. Das Tierreich 25: 85, 88.— Fruhstorfer, 1912, in Seitz. Gross-Schmett. Erde 5, p. 302, 304.— Stichel, 1932. Lep. Cat. 51, p. 45.— Blandin & Descimon, 1975. Ann. Soc. ent. France 11 (1): 10.— D’Abrera, 1987. Butt. Neotrop. Reg. 3, p. 412.— Bristow, 1991. Zool. Jour. Linn. Soc. 101 (3): 252, 255, 284, figs 20b (male d, v), 21c (female d, v).—O. Mielke & Casagrande, 1992. Acta Amaz. 21: 182.— Casagrande, 2004. Brassolini View in CoL , in Lamas (ed.) Checklist: Part 4A, Hesperioidea-Papilionoidea, in Heppner (ed.). Atlas Neotrop. Lep. 5A, p. 204. Syn. nov.

Opsiphanes cassina cassina View in CoL ; Stichel, 1902. Berl. ent. Ztschr. 46 (4): 515, 523, fig. 3 (male d).— Stichel, 1904, in Wytsman. Gen. Ins. 20, p. 21.— Stichel, 1909. Das Tierreich 25: 89, fig. 22 (male d, Typus).— Stichel, 1932. Lep. Cat. 51, p. 47; syn.: fabricii View in CoL (not Boisduval).— Bristow, 1991. Zool. Jour. Linn. Soc. 101 (3): 265, 268, 284, figs 25a–c (male d, v), 26b (female d, v); syn.: aequatorialis; LECTOTYPUS.—Maes, 1999. Cat. Ins. Art. Terr. Nicaragua 3, p. 1387.— Casagrande, 2004. Brassolini View in CoL , in Lamas (ed.) Checklist: Part 4A, Hesperioidea-Papilionoidea, in Heppner (ed.). Atlas Neotrop. Lep. 5A, p. 204.

Opsiphanes cassina aequatorialis Stichel, 1902 View in CoL . Berl. ent. Ztschr. 46 (4): 517, 523, pl. 9, fig. 5 (male d); 4 males, 3 females, I–IV, Archidona, 640 m, Coca, 260 m, [Napo], Ecuador, R. Haensch leg.; collection Stichel.— Stichel, 1904, in Wytsman. Gen. Ins. 20, p. 21, pl. 3, fig. 5 (female d, v).— Stichel, 1909. Das Tierreich 25: 89, 91.— Fruhstorfer, 1912, in Seitz. Gross-Schmett. Erde 5, p. 303.— Stichel, 1932. Lep. Cat. 51, p. 49.— Blandin & Descimon, 1975. Ann. Soc. ent. France 11 (1): 10.— Blandin, 1977. Publ. Lab. Zool. l‘École norm. sup., Paris, 9: 174; biogeogr. Syn. rest.

Opsiphanes invirae amplificatus Stichel, 1904 View in CoL , in Wytsman. Gen. Ins. 20, p. 21; tipos Paraguay, South Brazil, collection Stichel.—Fruhstorfer, 1907. Int. ent. Ztschr. 1 (5): 30.— Stichel, 1908. Berl. ent. Ztschr. 52 (3): 163; syn.: remoliatus View in CoL , agasthenes, pseudophilon, isagoras View in CoL .— Stichel, 1909. Das Tierreich 25: 85, 87.— Fruhstorfer, 1912, in Seitz. Gross-Schmett. Erde 5, p. 302, 304.—Hayward, 1929. Ent. Rec. & Jour. Var. 41 (2): 34; biol.— Bates, 1932. Bull. Brooklyn Ent. Soc. 27 (3): 158; biol.— Stichel, 1932. Lep. Cat. 51, p. 46.—Podtiaguin, 1944. Rev. Soc. Cient. Paraguay 6 (4): 24.— Hayward, 1951. Acta zool. lill. 9: 221; syn.: remoliatus View in CoL , pseudophilon.—Biezanko, 1960. Arq. Ent., Esc. Agron. “Eliseu Maciel” (A), Pelotas, 4: 9.—Biezanko, 1960. Arq. Ent., Esc. “Agron. Eliseu Maciel” (B), Pelotas, 4: 7.— Biezanko et al., 1962. Rev. Fac. Agron., Montevideo, 50: 93; host plant.— Biezanko & Ruffinelli, 1962. Rev. Fac. Agron., Montevideo, 50: 146.— Hayward, 1969. Inst. Miguel Lillo, Misc. 31: 75; biol., host plant.—Hayward, 1973. Op. Lill. 23: 243.— Link & Alvarez-Filho, 1979. Rev. Centro Ciências Rur., Santa Maria , 9 (2): 224; host plant.— D’Abrera, 1987. Butt. Neotrop. Reg. 3, p. 412, 413 (fig. male d).— Bristow, 1991. Zool. Jour. Linn. Soc. 101 (3): 252, 284, fig. 20d (male d, v); LECTO- TYPUS.—Robbins et al., 1996, in Wilson & Sandoval. Manu, p. 230.— Penz et al., 1999. Jour. Lep. Soc. 53 (4): 150; host plant.—Canals, 2000. Marip. Bonaer., p. 294, 295 (figs male d, v, pupa); biol.—Varga, 2000. Marip. Arg., p. 49 (figs male, female d).—Canals, 2003. Marip. Misiones, p. 359 (figs male d, v; pupa); biol.— Pastrana, 2004. Lep. arg., Plantas hosp., p. 180; syn.: remoliatus View in CoL ; host plant.— Casagrande, 2004. Brassolini View in CoL , in Lamas (ed.) Checklist: Part 4A, Hesperioidea-Papilionoidea, in Heppner (ed.). Atlas Neotrop. Lep. 5A, p. 204.—Núñez B., 2010. Marip. Bs. Aires, p. 115 (figs male, female d, v); host plant.—Graciotim & Morais, 2016. Shilap Revta. lepid. 44 (173): 120.—Palo Jr., 2017. Borb. Brasil 2, p. 1441, 1467 (figs d, v), 1468 (figs male v).—Pérez et al., 2017. Shilap Revta. lepid. 45 (179): 444.—Klimaitis et al., 2018. Marip. Argentina, p. 182 (figs male, female d, v); biol.—Orlandin et al., 2019. Pap. Avuls. Zool., São Paulo , 59: 18.— Orlandin et al., 2020. Borb. Meio-Oeste S. Catarina View in CoL , p. 175, 326, 382, fig. 113 a, b (larva), c (pupae), d, e (male d, v); host plant., biol., ecol. Syn. nov.

Opsiphanes sticheli Röber, 1906 View in CoL . Soc. ent. 21 (3): 20; (4): 27; 2 males, Colombia .

Opsiphanes invirae sticheli View in CoL ; Stichel, 1907. Soc. ent. 22 (13): 98.— Stichel, 1909. Das Tierreich 25: 85.— Fruhstorfer, 1912, in Seitz. Gross-Schmett. Erde 5, p. 302, 304.— Stichel, 1932. Lep. Cat. 51, p. 45.— D’Abrera, 1987. Butt. Neotrop. Reg. 3, p. 412.— Bristow, 1991. Zool. Jour. Linn. Soc. 101 (3): 258, 261, 264, figs 22f (male d, v), 23f (female d, v).—Andrade, 2002, in Costa et al. Monogr. Terc. Milenio, Zaragoza, 2: 162.— Casagrande, 2004. Brassolini View in CoL , in Lamas (ed.) Checklist: Part 4A, Hesperioidea-Papilionoidea, in Heppner (ed.). Atlas Neotrop. Lep. 5A, p. 204. Syn. nov.

Opsiphanes invirae pseudophilon Fruhstorfer View in CoL , IV-1907. Int. ent. Ztschr. 1 (5): 29, fig. 2 (female d); Espiritu [sic] Santo, [ Brazil], Jul[ius] Michaelis leg.—Fruhstorfer, V-1907. Stett. ent. Ztg. 68 (1): 135, 139.— Fruhstorfer, 1912, in Seitz. GrossSchmett. Erde 5, p. 302, 304, pl. 61d (male d).—Breyer, 1939. Physis 17 (49): 499.— Silva et al., 1968. Quarto Cat. Ins. viv. Plantas Brasil 2 (1), p. 329; biol., host plant.— Bristow, 1991. Zool. Jour. Linn. Soc. 101 (3): 252, 255, 284, figs 20a (male d, v), 21d (female d, v); lectótipo macho [recte fêmea]; LECTOTYPUS.— Casagrande, 2004. Brassolini View in CoL , in Lamas (ed.) Checklist: Part 4A, Hesperioidea-Papilionoidea, in Heppner (ed.). Atlas Neotrop. Lep. 5A, p. 204.—Kerpel et al., 2014, in Bravo & Calor (eds). Arthrop. Semiárido Biodiv. Conserv., p. 266.— Neves & Paluch, 2016. Shilap Revta. lepid. 44 (176): 597.—Palo Jr., 2017. Borb. Brasil 2, p. 1466 (figs d, v). syn. rest.

Opsiphanes invirae remuliata ; Fruhstorfer, IV-1907. Int. ent. Ztschr. 1 (5): 30; nom. nud. (ICZN, Art. 12.1—no description).— Fruhstorfer, 1907. Stett. ent. Ztg. 68 (1): 139.

Opsiphanes invirae agasthenes Fruhstorfer View in CoL , IV-1907. Int. ent. Ztschr. 1 (5): 30; nom. nud. (ICZN, Art. 12.1—no description).—Fruhstorfer, V-1907. Stett. ent. Ztg. 68 (1): 132, 139; 2 males, Pozuzo, [Pasco], Peru.— Fruhstorfer, 1912, in Seitz. Gross-Schmett. Erde 5, p. 302, 304.— Stichel, 1932. Lep. Cat. 51, p. 45; syn.: f. rectifasciata.—Breyer, 1939. Physis 17 (49): 499.— D’Abrera, 1987. Butt. Neotrop. Reg. 3, p. 412.— Bristow, 1991. Zool. Jour. Linn. Soc. 101 (3): 252, 254, figs 20g (male d, v), 21e (female d, v); LECTOTYPUS.— Casagrande, 2004. Brassolini View in CoL , in Lamas (ed.) Checklist: Part 4A, Hesperioidea-Papilionoidea, in Heppner (ed.). Atlas Neotrop. Lep. 5A, p. 204; syn.: f. rectifasciata, androsthenes, isagoras View in CoL .—Gareca et al., 2006, in Gareca & Reichle. Marip. diurn. Bolivia, p. 87, fig. 50 (male d, v). Syn. rest.

Opsiphanes invirae isagoras Fruhstorfer View in CoL , IV-1907. Int. ent. Ztschr. 1 (5): 30; nom. nud. (ICZN, Art. 12.1—no description).— Fruhstorfer, V-1907. Stett. ent. Ztg. 68 (1): 138; Cochabamba, Bolívia.— Fruhstorfer, 1912, in Seitz. Gross-Schmett. Erde 5, p. 302, 304, pl. 61c (male d).— Stichel, 1932. Lep. Cat. 51, p. 46.—Barth, 1958. An. Ac. Bras. Ciências 30 (3): 352, 356, 360; scent organs.— Biezanko & Ruffinelli, 1962. Rev. Fac. Agron., Montevideo, 50: 146.— Bristow, 1991. Zool. Jour. Linn. Soc. 101 (3): 252, 285, figs 20e (male d, v), 20f (female d, v); LECTOTYPUS.

Opsiphanes invirae remoliatus Fruhstorfer, 1907 View in CoL . Stett. ent. Ztg. 68 (1): 131; 1 male, probably from Santa Catarina [ Brazil], 1 female, Rio Grande do Sul, [ Brazil]; biol., host plant.— Fruhstorfer, 1912, in Seitz. Gross-Schmett. Erde 5, p. 302, 304.— Rothschild, 1916. Novit. Zool. 23 (3): 311, pl. 6, figs 10 (larva), 12 (pupa); biol.—Talbot, 1928. Bull. Hill Mus. 2 (3): 199.— Bates, 1932. Bull. Brooklyn Ent. Soc. 27 (3): 158; biol.— Stichel, 1932. Lep. Cat. 51, p. 46; syn.: f. pseudophilon.— Biezanko & Freitas, 1938. Cat. Ins. Pelotas, Fasc. 1, Lepidopteros, Pelotas, p. 13; biol.—Biezanko & Seta, 1939. Cat. Ins. Rio Grande, Fasc. 1 E, Lepidopteros, Pelotas. p. 8; biol.—Breyer, 1939. Physis 17 (49): 499.—Biezanko & Piton, 1941. Bol. Esc. Agron. Eliseu Maciel, Pelotas, 28: 9; biol.— Silva et al., 1968. Quarto Cat. Ins. viv. Plantas Brasil 2 (1), p. 329; biol., host plant.—Boos, 1986. Living World 1985-1986: 32; cit.— Bristow, 1991. Zool. Jour. Linn. Soc. 101 (3): 252, 255, 285, figs 20c (male d, v), 21f (female d, v); LECTOTYPUS.— Casagrande, 2004. Brassolini View in CoL , in Lamas (ed.) Checklist: Part 4A, Hesperioidea-Papilionoidea, in Heppner (ed.). Atlas Neotrop. Lep. 5A, p. 204; syn.: remuliata, pernambucoensis.—Brown et al., 2007. Biol. Jour. Linn. Soc. 92 (3): 472; genet.—Kerpel et al., 2014, in Bravo & Calor (eds). Arthrop. Semiárido Biodiv. Conserv., p. 266.—Palo Jr., 2017. Borb. Brasil 2, p. 1469 (fig. v).—Melo et al., 2019. Can. Jour. Zool. 97 (7): 592.—Melo et al., 2019. Biota Neotrop. 19 (1): 5. Syn. rest.

Opsiphanes invirae agasthenes View in CoL f. rectifasciata Fruhstorfer, 1907. Stett. ent. Ztg. 68 (1): 133; 1 male [holotype], Pozuzo , [Pasco], Peru.— Fruhstorfer, 1912, in Seitz. Gross-Schmett. Erde 5, p. 302 .

Opsiphanes invirae androsthenes [sic]; Fruhstorfer, 1907. Stett. ent. Ztg. 68 (1): 138.— Stichel, 1908. Berl. ent. Ztschr. 52 (3): 164.

Opsiphanes invirae remoliata [sic]; Stichel, 1908. Berl. ent. Ztschr. 52 (3): 163.

Opsiphanes invirae f. remoliata [sic]; Stichel, 1909. Das Tierreich 25: 88.

Opsiphanes invirae f. agasthenes; Stichel, 1909. Das Tierreich 25: 88.

Opsiphanes invirae ledon Fruhstorfer, 1912 View in CoL . in Seitz. Gross-Schmett. Erde 5, p. 302; Lower Amazon [ Brazil].— Stichel, 1932. Lep. Cat. 51, p. 45.

Opsiphanes remoliata [sic]; Fruhstorfer, 1912, in Seitz. Gross-Schmett. Erde 5, pl. 61c (male d).

Opsiphanes isagoras ; Fassl, 1920. Ent. Rdsch. 37 (12): 45.

Opsiphanes remoliatus ; Costa Lima, 1928. Arch. Esc. Sup. Agr. Med. Vet. 8 (1/2): 138; host plant.

Opsiphanes invirae rectifasciata View in CoL ; Breyer, 1939. Physis 17 (49): 499.— D’Abrera, 1987. Butt. Neotrop. Reg. 3, p. 412.— Bristow, 1991. Zool. Jour. Linn. Soc. 101 (3): 252, 262, 285, fig. 20h (male d, v).

Opsiphanes invirae View in CoL subsp.; D’Abrera, 1987 (Bristow Ms). Butt. Neotrop. Reg. 3, p. 414 (fig. male, female d); French Guiana, p. 415 (fig. male, female d); Guyana.

Opsiphanes invirae roraimaensis Bristow, 1991 . Zool. Jour. Linn. Soc. 101 (3): 258, 261, 263, figs 22d (male d, v), 23b (female d, v); holotype male, Roraima, [East Berbice-Corentyne], Guyana; NHMUK.— Casagrande, 2004. Brassolini View in CoL , in Lamas (ed.) Checklist: Part 4A, Hesperioidea-Papilionoidea, in Heppner (ed.). Atlas Neotrop. Lep. 5A, p. 204.—Viloria, 2005, in Llorente & Morrone (eds). Reg. Biogeo. Iberoamérica, UNAM, Mexico, p. 450. Syn. nov.

Opsiphanes invirae sieberti Bristow, 1991 . Zool. Jour. Linn. Soc. 101 (3): 258, 261, 264, 285, figs 22e (male d, v), 23c, e (female d, v); holotype male, VIII–IX-[19]15, C. Bar [leg.], French Guiana, no locality; NHMUK.—Blandin, 2003, in Lacomme & Manil. Lép. Guyane 1 (2), p. 18.— Casagrande, 2004. Brassolini View in CoL , in Lamas (ed.) Checklist: Part 4A, Hesperioidea-Papilionoidea, in Heppner (ed.). Atlas Neotrop. Lep. 5A, p. 204. Syn. nov.

Opsiphanes invirae cassina View in CoL ; Moreno et al., 1998. Marip. Ecuador, p. 155.

Opsiphanes invirae aequatorialis ; Casagrande, 2004. Brassolini , in Lamas (ed.) Checklist: Part 4A, Hesperioidea-Papilionoidea, in Heppner (ed.). Atlas Neotrop. Lep. 5A, p. 204.

Opsiphanes quiteria [misidentification]; Garwood et al., 2007. Butt. South. Amaz., p. 109 (figs female d, v).—Garwood et al., 2009. Butt. South. Amaz. (2 nd ed.), p. 231 (figs female d, v).

Taxonomic history. Potamis invirae Hübner, [1808] was described by means of an illustration, with no information on the number of specimens or the origin; it was transferred to Brassolis by Hübner ([1819]) and to Opsiphanes by Westwood (1851), who questioned whether Brazil was the place of origin of the material that supported the description of the species. Cajetan Felder & R. Felder (1862) described Opsiphanes cassina syn. nov. and mentioned that the male and female were from the “ Rio Negro Superior ”, northern Brazil. When examining the specimens used by C. Felder & R. Felder (1862), Lamas (1976) suggested that the material was probably from San Martín, Peru. Because of the morphological variation and the presence of phenotypes similar to the lectotype of Opsiphanes cassina C. Felder & R. Felder, 1862 syn. nov. ( Fig. 235 View FIGURE 235 ) in the Brazilian, Peruvian, and Ecuadorian Amazon ( Figs 220j View FIGURE 220 , 221i View FIGURE 221 , 223i–k View FIGURE 223 ), it is not possible to determine the location where the material that supported the description of Opsiphanes cassina syn. nov. was collected. However, based on the other taxa listed and/or described by C. Felder & R. Felder (1862), undoubtedly such specimens were not gathered on the upper Rio Negro in Brazil —the most likely real provenance of the specimens is in San Martín, Peru (G. Lamas (pers. comm.).

Kirby (1871) questioned whether “Brasilia” was the place of origin of the material that supported the description of Opsiphanes invirae invirae , and in a later article ( Kirby 1879), based on four specimens, he indicated the locations “Para” [Pará, Brazil] and Ecuador for the occurrence of the subspecies. Stichel (1902) indicated that Opsiphanes invirae invirae occurred in the following locations: Guyana, Brazil, Colombia, Venezuela, and Costa Rica; he illustrated the specimen later designated as the lectotype of Opsiphanes cassina syn. nov., and despite mentioning that the specimen has an isolated spot inside the DFW discal cell, he stated that the name “ cassina ” is the oldest to be used for specimens with a “bifurcated” band, that is, specimens with a developed band inside the DFW discal cell. Accordingly, he described Opsiphanes cassina chiriquensis Stichel, 1902 syn. nov., Opsiphanes cassina aequatorialis Stichel, 1902 syn. rest., and Opsiphanes merianae Stichel, 1902 stat. rest., and proposed Opsiphanes fabricii ( Boisduval, 1870) as a subspecies of Opsiphanes cassina syn. nov.

Stichel (1904) indicated the following geographic distribution for Opsiphanes invirae invirae : Guyana, northern Brazil, Colombia, and Venezuela; later, Stichel (1909) removed Colombia. Additionally, in 1904, he described Opsiphanes invirae amplificatus syn. nov., comparing it with Opsiphanes quiteria meridionalis Staudinger, 1887 .

Stichel (1908) synonymized Opsiphanes invirae remoliatus syn. rest., Opsiphanes invirae agasthenes syn. rest., Opsiphanes invirae pseudophilon syn. rest., and Opsiphanes invirae isagoras with Opsiphanes invirae amplificatus syn. nov., claiming that the characters used by Fruhstorfer are variable in such a way that they appear in the most varied combinations with each other and therefore, would not justify the proposed subspecies. At the same time, when examining three specimens from the same location in Peru (corresponding to Opsiphanes invirae agasthenes syn. rest.), Stichel commented that the characters proposed by Fruhstorfer are so divergent that a different name could be applied to each specimen. He also stated that the name “ androsthenes ” used by Fruhstorfer (1907a) probably referred to Opsiphanes invirae agasthenes syn. rest.

Although Stichel (1909) compared Opsiphanes cassina syn. nov. with Opsiphanes invirae amplificatus syn. nov., illustrated the specimen later designated as the lectotype of Opsiphanes cassina syn. nov., which he called “typus” ( Fig. 22 View FIGURE 22 , p. 91 View FIGURE 91 ), and indicated that the nominal subspecies is recognized by having an isolated spot inside the DFW discal cell, he continued to group the taxa with a fully developed band inside the DFW discal cell as subspecies of Opsiphanes cassina syn. nov. Fruhstorfer (1912) reproduced the information on Opsiphanes invirae invirae provided by Stichel (1909), including the locations of occurrence of the subspecies, and claimed that it was impossible to distinguish Opsiphanes invirae invirae from Opsiphanes cassina syn. nov. in ventral view.

Stichel (1932) maintained the following geographical distribution for Opsiphanes invirae invirae : Guyana, northern Brazil, and Venezuela; he also considered all taxa with a fully developed band inside the DFW discal cell as subspecies of Opsiphanes cassina ; and synonymized Opsiphanes invirae agasthenes f. rectifasciata with Opsiphanes invirae agasthenes syn. rest. and Opsiphanes invirae pseudophilon syn. rest. with Opsiphanes invirae remoliatus syn. rest. Hayward (1951) synonymized Opsiphanes invirae ledon with Opsiphanes invirae invirae , and Opsiphanes invirae remoliatus syn. rest. and Opsiphanes invirae pseudophilon syn. rest. with Opsiphanes invirae amplificatus syn. nov.

Blandin (1977) drew attention to the fact that Opsiphanes fabricii has a fully developed band, which crosses the DFW discal cell, and Opsiphanes cassina syn. nov. has only one isolated spot on this structure. Therefore, Blandin (1977) considered Opsiphanes cassina syn. nov. and Opsiphanes fabricii at the species level, and as a subspecies of Opsiphanes fabricii , all specimens with a fully developed band inside the DFW discal cell.

Bristow (1991) disregarded the hypotheses of Blandin (1977) (see taxonomic history of Opsiphanes fabricii fabricii ) and maintained all taxa with a fully developed band inside the DFW discal cell as subspecies of Opsiphanes cassina syn. nov.; synonymized Opsiphanes invirae ledon with Opsiphanes invirae invirae , which was followed by Casagrande (2004); and synonymized Opsiphanes cassina aequatorialis syn. rest. with Opsiphanes cassina cassina syn. nov. When describing Opsiphanes invirae roraimaensis syn. nov., Bristow (1991) indicated “ Guyana ” as the location of the holotype, probably information taken from D’Abrera (1987), and in the figure caption, Bristow (1991) gave the distribution as “Roraima, Guyana ”, whereas on the holotype labels, the only location mentioned is Roraima ( Fig. 246 View FIGURE 246 ).

Casagrande (2004) mentioned Opsiphanes invirae aequatorialis syn. rest. as a subspecies of Opsiphanes invirae and synonymized Opsiphanes invirae agasthenes f. rectifasciata and Opsiphanes invirae isagoras with Opsiphanes invirae agasthenes syn. rest., and Opsiphanes invirae pernambucoensis stat. rev. with Opsiphanes invirae remoliatus syn. rest. Pastrana (2004) synonymized Opsiphanes invirae remoliatus syn. rest. with Opsiphanes invirae amplificatus syn. nov.

The lack of illustrations of Opsiphanes invirae ledon Fruhstorfer, 1912 and Opsiphanes sticheli Röber, 1906 makes it difficult to interpret these subspecies. Likewise, there is no information on the precise geographical origin of the material that supported their descriptions, and for this reason we herein designate neotypes for both taxa.

Type material. Potamis invirae Hübner, [1808] was illustrated based on an unknown number of males. Aurivillius (1882) stated that plates [66] and [76] by Hübner ([1808], [1823]) illustrated the “fig. typ.” of Opsiphanes invirae invirae , but the type material was not found by M. M. Casagrande, O. H. H. Mielke, and G. Lamas. Therefore, a male neotype of Potamis invirae Hübner, [1808] is hereby designated in order to stabilize the nomenclature of this taxon. The selected neotype specimen has the same morphological characters as the male illustrated by Hübner ([1808]), D’Abrera (1987), and Bristow (1991), and is deposited at the DZUP, with the following labels: / NEOTY- PUS/ DZ 41.957/ CUIPIRANGA, RIO NHAMUNDÁ, NHAMUNDÁ , AMAZONAS 20–22-V-2008. 1º53′58″S 57º02′59″W MIELKE & CASAGRANDE LEG./ Opsiphanes invirae invirae (Hübner, [1808]) Casagrande, O. Mielke det. 2011/ BC-DZ/ Neotypus Potamis invirae Hübner, [1808] , Piovesan, Casagrande & O. Mielke det. 2022/.

Opsiphanes cassina C. Felder & R. Felder, 1862 was described based on an unknown number of males and females from the “upper Rio Negro , Brazil ”. Bristow (1991) designated a male as the lectotype, but the nomenclatural action made by Stichel (1909) represents a valid lectotypification under ICZN Art. 74.5, and supersedes the fixation made by Bristow (1991). The lectotypus is deposited at the NHMUK, with the following labels: / LECTOTYPE / Rio Negro / FELDER COLLN./ cassina / Ops . c. cassina Felder / Rothschild Bequest B.M. 1939-1./.

Opsiphanes invirae intermedius Stichel, 1902 was described based on a male [holo]type from “ Amazonas Sup[erior]”, [Staudinger’s locality “ Amazonas sup.” can mean either the Brazilian portion above of the Amazon river, above the mouth of the Rio Negro , or the Peruvian portion west of the border], deposited in the Stichel collection. The [holo]type is deposited at the NHMUK, with the following labels: / Typus/ Type/ Amazonas sup. (Staudinger) e. c. H. Stichel/ O. invirae intermedius Stich. Type/ Rothschild Bequest B. M. 1939-1./. In order to clarify the status of the type specimen, the following labels will also be attached: / HOLOTYPUS / Holotypus Opsiphanes invirae intermedius Stichel, 1902 , Piovesan, Casagrande & O. Mielke det. 2022/.

Opsiphanes cassina aequatorialis Stichel, 1902 was described based on four males and three females from Archidona, 640 m and Coca, 260 m, [Napo], Ecuador, collected by R. Haensch between January and April and deposited in the Stichel collection. Bristow (1991) designated a syntype as the lectotype, deposited at the NHMUK, with the following labels: / Typus/ LECTOTYPE / Ecuador, Archidona e. c. H. Stichel/ O. cassina aequatorialis Stich. Type/ Rothschild Bequest B.M. 1939-1./.

Opsiphanes invirae amplificatus Stichel, 1904 was described based on an unspecified number of specimens from Paraguay and southern Brazil, deposited in the Stichel collection. Bristow (1991) designated a male as the lectotype, deposited at the NHMUK, with the following labels: / Typus/ Type/ LECTOTYPE / Paraguay Nuev. Germania e. c. H. Stichel/ O. invirae amplificatus Stich. Type/ Rothschild Bequest B. M. 1939-1./.

Opsiphanes sticheli Röber, 1906 was described based on two males from Colombia. Bristow (1991), M. M. Casagrande, O. H. H. Mielke, and G. Lamas did not find the type material that supported the description of this species. Thus, a male neotype of Opsiphanes sticheli Röber, 1906 is hereby designated in order to stabilize the nomenclature of this taxon. The selected neotype specimen agrees with the information provided in the original description and is similar to O. invirae invirae , as interpreted by Stichel (1907, 1932), Fruhstorfer (1912), D’Abrera (1987), Bristow (1991) and Casagrande (2004). The neotype is deposited at the DZUP, with the following labels: / NEOTYPUS / DZ 41.708/ Colombia, Meta, Río Negro , 1-I-1967, Sch. Mumm leg./ gen. prep. M. Piovesan 2018/ BC-DZ/ Neotypus Opsiphanes sticheli Röber, 1906 , Piovesan, Casagrande & O. Mielke det. 2022/.

Opsiphanes invirae pseudophilon Fruhstorfer, 1907 was described based on an unspecified number of specimens (male and female) from Espírito Santo [ Brazil], collected by Julius Michaelis. Bristow (1991) indicated a male as the lectotype, but later illustrated and designated a female which corresponds to the specimen illustrated by Fruhstorfer (1907b). The lectotype is deposited at the NHMUK, with the following labels: / Type/ Type H T/ LEC- TOTYPE/ Espirito-Santo Brasil. ex coll. Fruhstorfer/ invirae pseudophilon Fruhst. / Agrees with fig. 2 ♀ in orig. descr. 1907 (G.T.)./ Fruhstorfer Coll. B.M. 1937-285./.

Opsiphanes invirae remoliatus Fruhstorfer, 1907 was described based on one male, probably from Santa Catarina [ Brazil] and one female from Rio Grande do Sul, [ Brazil]. Bristow (1991) designated a male as the lectotype, deposited at the NHMUK, with the following labels: / Type/ Brasilia ex coll. Fruhstorfer/ invirae remoliatus Fruhst / Fruhstorfer Coll. B.M. 1937-285./.

Opsiphanes invirae agasthenes Fruhstorfer, 1907 was described based on two males from Pozuzo , [Pasco], Peru. Bristow (1991) designated a male as the lectotype, deposited at the NHMUK, with the following labels: / Type/ LECTOTYPE / Peru H.Fruhstorfer / invirae agasthenes Fruhst. / Fruhstorfer Coll. B.M. 1937-285./.

Opsiphanes invirae agasthenes f. rectifasciata Fruhstorfer , 1907 was described based on a male from Pozuzo, [Pasco], Peru, deposited at the NHMUK, with the following labels: / Type / Holotype / Peru H. Fruhstorfer / invirae f. rectifascia [sic] Fruhst. / Fruhstorfer coll. B.M. 1937-285./. Infrasubspecific names are excluded from the provisions of the ICZN (Art. 1.3.4) and thus have no name-bearing types.

Opsiphanes invirae isagoras Fruhstorfer, 1907 was described based on an unknown number of specimens from Cochabamba, Bolivia. Bristow (1991) designated a syntype male as the lectotype, deposited at the NHMUK, with the following labels: / Type/ Lectotype [label “ Holotype ” with “Holo” scratched out and “Lecto” writted in pencil]/ 5 DAYS NORTH FROM COCHABAMBA, BOLIVIA, SEPT. 12, 1899./ invirae isagoras Fruhst. / Fruhstorfer Coll. B.M. 1937-285./.

Opsiphanes invirae ledon Fruhstorfer, 1912 was described based on an unknown number of specimens from “Amazonas Inferior” [ Brazil]. Bristow (1991), M. M. Casagrande, O. H. H. Mielke, and G. Lamas did not find the type material. Therefore, a male neotype of Opsiphanes invirae ledon Fruhstorfer, 1912 is hereby designated in or- der to stabilize the nomenclature of this taxon. The selected neotype specimen agrees with the information provided in the original description and is similar to O. invirae invirae , according to Bristow (1991) and Casagrande (2004). The neotype is deposited at the NHMUK, where some of the Fruhstorfer types are deposited, with the following labels: / Para, L. Amazons. H.W. Bates./ ♂ / B.C.A Lep. Rhop. Opsiphanes invirae Hubn. Godman-Salvin Coll. 1919 .-6./ ledon Fruhst./ and the following labels will be added: / NEOTYPUS / Neotypus Opsiphanes invirae ledon Fruhstorfer, 1912 , Piovesan, Casagrande & O. Mielke det. 2022/.

Opsiphanes invirae roraimaensis Bristow, 1991 was described based on the holotype male, illustrated by D’Abrera (1987) and Bristow (1991), and is deposited at the NHMUK, with the following labels: / Type/ Roraima / Crowley Bequest 1901-78. 933./ Ops. invirae roraimaensis Bristow/.

Opsiphanes invirae sieberti Bristow, 1991 was described based on the holotype male illustrated by D’Abrera (1987) and Bristow (1991), and is deposited at the NHMUK, with the following labels: / Holotype / Guyane Française Collection C Bar/ Ex Oberthür Coll. Brit. Mus. 1927-3./ Ops. invirae sieberti Bristow/.

Diagnosis. Opsiphanes invirae invirae differs from Opsiphanes invirae pernambucoensis stat. rev. in having the DFW with an oblique band usually bordering the discal cell on M 3 -CuA 1; and the ground color and band color of DFW and DHW intense, darker than in Opsiphanes invirae pernambucoensis stat. rev. ( Figs 219–227 View FIGURE 219 View FIGURE 220 View FIGURE 221 View FIGURE 222 View FIGURE 223 View FIGURE 224 View FIGURE 225 View FIGURE 226 View FIGURE 227 ).

Variation. FW, length: male: 38–44 mm (n=10), female: 36–47 mm (n=10). DFW, the width and color of the oblique band, which ranges from yellow to orange, and may or may not exceed 2A. DHW, the submarginal band present, weakly marked, or absent; when present, usually extends from the costal margin to M 2, with shades of yellow or orange; between M 2 and CuA 2, it becomes rusty red, which may widen or not and merge with the ground color or extend towards the basal region; the length of the band in this region is limited by the distal portion of the discal cell, and this character can be easily seen in females. VFW, oblique band from the costal margin to M 3 or half of M 3 -CuA 1 whitish, pale yellow, or indistinguishable from the ground color; eye spots may be present on CuA 1 -CuA 2; EIII submarginal line may or may not exceed CuA 1. VHW, eyespot between Sc+R 1 and M 1 rounded, ellipsoid, or reniform ( Figs 219–227 View FIGURE 219 View FIGURE 220 View FIGURE 221 View FIGURE 222 View FIGURE 223 View FIGURE 224 View FIGURE 225 View FIGURE 226 View FIGURE 227 ).

Comments. Since its description, Opsiphanes cassina syn. nov. has been treated as a species; however, the morphological and molecular data do not support this status. Opsiphanes cassina syn. nov. ( Fig. 235 View FIGURE 235 ) and Opsiphanes invirae invirae are indistinguishable by means of the VFW and VHW patterns and by the genitalia morphology, and the presence of an isolated spot, of varying proportions, on the DFW discal cell is the only morphological character used to separate the two taxa. The phenotypes represented by the names invirae and cassina show continuous intergradation in wing patterns ( Fig. 223 View FIGURE 223 h-k) and no other morphological differences, and therefore we regard the names as synonymous. Furthermore, molecular analyses showed that specimens with an isolated spot on the DFW discal cell grouped with Opsiphanes invirae ( Fig. 2 View FIGURE 2 ), in a cluster with no genetic distance. These analyses supported the hypothesis of Blandin (1977) by recovering specimens with the fully developed band, which crosses the discal cell, as a monophyletic group, corresponding to the “ fabricii subgroup”.

Bristow (1991) proposed only those specimens that lacked spots on the discal cell as Opsiphanes invirae ; and specimens with an isolated spot or with a fully developed band inside the DFW discal cell would correspond to Opsiphanes cassina syn. nov. and Opsiphanes merianae Stichel, 1902 stat. rest., respectively. He also hypothesized that due to the morphological similarity shown by the taxa, hybridization could be occurring, and as a result, the specimens corresponding to Opsiphanes cassina syn. nov. had the band incomplete on the DFW discal cell. This argument could explain the occurrence of phenotypes similar to Opsiphanes cassina syn. nov. in several places in the Brazilian, Ecuadorian and Peruvian Amazon. However, some specimens with an isolated spot on the DFW discal cell have been observed in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest ( Figs 219f View FIGURE 219 , 226b View FIGURE 226 ), a region outside the geographic distribution of Opsiphanes merianae stat. rest. Here we have recorded other species that have an isolated spot on the DFW discal cell, as is the case of Opsiphanes cassiae cassiae ( Linnaeus, 1758) ( Fig. 21h View FIGURE 21 ), Opsiphanes cassiae tamarindi C. Felder & R. Felder, 1861 stat. nov. ( Fig. 26e View FIGURE 26 ), Opsiphanes zelotes Hewitson, 1873 ( Fig. 75b View FIGURE 75 ) and Opsiphanes quiteria quiteria (Stoll, 1780) ( Fig. 137a View FIGURE 137 ), which could indicate that the isolated spot on the DFW discal cell is expressed due to another mechanism. In this way, it is desirable that more in-depth studies be conducted with the aim of testing the hypothesis of hybridization between taxa. Opsiphanes invirae invirae is sympatric with Opsiphanes merianae stat. rest. and Opsiphanes quiteria .

Opsiphanes invirae invirae shows variation in wing pattern, which may explain the number of names proposed as subspecies or forms, based on characters such as specimen size and the color, width, and length of the FW and HW bands. However, examination of a series of specimens from several locations showed that many of the characters that justified the names are variable and/or appear in specimens that belong to different subspecies, confirming some of the patterns observed by Stichel (1908). Allied to the morphological patterns, the molecular data support this hypothesis. After examination of the type material ( Figs 234–247 View FIGURE 234 View FIGURE 235 View FIGURE 236 View FIGURE 237 View FIGURE 238 View FIGURE 239 View FIGURE 240 View FIGURE 241 View FIGURE 242 View FIGURE 243 View FIGURE 244 View FIGURE 245 View FIGURE 246 View FIGURE 247 ) and the morphological variations found in a series of specimens, we consider as synonymous with Opsiphanes invirae invirae (Hübner, [1808]) the following names: Opsiphanes cassina C. Felder & R. Felder, 1862 syn. nov., Opsiphanes invirae intermedius Stichel, 1902 syn. nov., Opsiphanes cassina aequatorialis Stichel, 1902 syn. rest., Opsiphanes invirae amplificatus Stichel, 1904 syn. nov., Opsiphanes invirae sticheli Röber, 1906 syn. nov., Opsiphanes invirae pseudophilon Fruhstorfer, 1907 syn. rest., Opsiphanes invirae remuliata Fruhstorfer, 1907 nom. nud., Opsiphanes invirae remoliatus Fruhstorfer, 1907 syn. rest., Opsiphanes invirae agasthenes Fruhstorfer, 1907 syn. rest., Opsiphanes invirae agasthenes f. rectifasciata Fruhstorfer, 1907, Opsiphanes invirae isagoras Fruhstorfer, 1907 , Opsiphanes invirae ledon Fruhstorfer, 1912 , Opsiphanes invirae roraimaensis Bristow, 1991 syn. nov., and Opsiphanes invirae sieberti Bristow, 1991 syn. nov.

Natural history. Information on the immature stages of Opsiphanes invirae invirae can be found in Biezanko & Freitas (1938), Bondar (1940), Silva et al. (1968), Núñez-Bustos (2010), and Orlandin et al. (2020).

Host plants: Arecaceae : Butia eriospatha (Mart. ex Drude) Becc. ( Orlandin et al. 2020) , Livistona rotundifolia (Lam.) Mart. ( Silva et al. 1968) , Elaeis guineensis Jacq. ( Rodríguez-González et al. 2012; Brandão et al. 2017), Livistona chinensis (Jacq.) R. Br. ex Mart. , Syagrus romanzoffiana (Cham.) Glassman ( Biezanko et al. 1962; Link & Alvarez-Filho 1979; Orlandin et al. 2020), Archontophoenix cunninghamiana (H. Wendl.) H. Wendl. & Drude , Butia capitata (Mart.) Becc. , Phoenix canariensis H. Wildpret , Rhapis excelsa (Thunb.) Henry , Rhapis humilis Blume , Washingtonia robusta H. Wendl. ( Link & Alvarez-Filho 1979) .

Geographic distribution. Colombia (Caquetá, Amazonas, Meta); Ecuador (Zamora-Chinchipe, Sucumbíos, Napo, Orellana, Morona-Santiago); Peru (Amazonas, Loreto, San Martín, Huánuco, Pasco, Ucayali, Junín, Madre de Dios, Ayacucho, Cuzco, Puno); Bolivia (La Paz, Cochabamba, Santa Cruz ); Venezuela (Barinas, Amazonas, Monagas, Bolívar); Guyana (Cuyuni-Mazaruni); French Guiana (no data); Brazil (Amapá, Roraima, Pará, Amazonas, Acre, Rondônia, Mato Grosso, Maranhão, Piauí, Tocantins, Distrito Federal, Goiás, Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais, Espírito Santo, Rio de Janeiro , São Paulo , Paraná, Santa Catarina , Rio Grande do Sul); Paraguay (Caaguazú, Paraguarí, Central, Distrito Capital, Guairá, Amambay, Alto Paraná, Cordillera); Argentina (Misiones, Entre Ríos) ( Fig. 233 View FIGURE 233 ), at altitudes between sea level and 1,400 m.

Temporal distribution. Throughout the year.

Etymology. Unknown.

Specimens examined. Photos of the lectotypus of Opsiphanes cassina C. Felder & R. Felder, 1862 syn. nov.; [holo]typus of Opsiphanes invirae intermedius Stichel, 1902 syn. nov.; lectotypus of Opsiphanes cassina aequatorialis Stichel, 1902 syn. rest.; lectotypus of Opsiphanes invirae amplificatus Stichel, 1904 syn. nov.; lectotypus of Opsiphanes invirae pseudophilon Fruhstorfer, 1907 syn. rest.; lectotypus of Opsiphanes invirae remoliatus Fruhstorfer, 1907 syn. rest.; lectotypus of Opsiphanes invirae agasthenes Fruhstorfer, 1907 syn. rest.; “type” of Opsiphanes invirae agasthenes f. rectifasciata Fruhstorfer, 1907; lectotypus of Opsiphanes invirae isagoras Fruhstorfer, 1907 ; neotypus of Opsiphanes invirae ledon Fruhstorfer, 1912 ; holotypus of Opsiphanes invirae roraimaensis Bristow, 1991 syn. nov.; holotypus of Opsiphanes invirae sieberti Bristow, 1991 syn. nov., and the following specimens: neotypus of Opsiphanes invirae invirae (Hübner, [1808]) ; neotypus of Opsiphanes sticheli Röber, 1906 syn. nov. COLOMBIA: Caquetá —La Montañita, 400 m, 12-I-1971, 1 male, USNMENT01590058 (USNM). Amazonas — Río Loretoyacu , IV-1946, 1 male, L. Richter leg., ex-coll. F. Johnson, AMNH_IZC 00352461 (AMNH); La Pedrera ( Rio Caquetá), 30-IV-1992, 1 male, 3-V-1992, 1 male, 30-V-1992, 1 male, M. Büche leg., OM 35.144, 35.076, 35.155 (DZUP—OM). Meta —Ober Río Negro , 800 m, 1 male, 1 female, Fassl leg., ex-coll. E. T. Owen, USNMENT01590213, 01590215 (USNM); La Macarena, 3-III-1975, 1 male, Schmidt-Mumm leg., DZ 41.710 (DZUP); Río Negro , 1-V-1967, 1 male, 9-VI-1963, 1 male, 1-I-1967, 1 male, 20-V-1967, 1 male, Schmidt-Mumm leg., DZ 41.706 –41.709 (DZUP), 730 m, 15-I-1971, 1 female, S. S. Nicolay leg., UFFLMNH MGCL 1092398 (MGCL). ECUADOR: Zamora-Chinchipe —Zamora, 700 m, 29-X-1941, 1 male, 31-X-1941, 4 males, D. D. Laddey leg., ex-coll. F. M. Brown, UFFLMNH MGCL 1107085—UFFLMNH MGCL 1107089 (MGCL). Sucumbíos —Sacha Lodge, 00º28.0′S, 76º28.0′W, 235 m, VIII– IX-2010, 2 males, G. Gallice leg., UFFLMNH MGCL 1107108, 1107109 (MGCL). Napo —Puerto Misahuallí, 500 m, 5-IX-2000, 1 male, 6-IX-2000, 1 male, J. J. Bowe leg., UFFLMNH MGCL 1107098, 1092432 (MGCL); Jatun Sacha Biological Reserve, 01º04′S, 77º37′W, 450 m, VIII– IX-2010, 1 male, 24-VIII-2010, 1 male, G. Gallice, leg., UFFLMNH MGCL 1107096, 1107097 (MGCL), 25- II-1995, 1 male, 23-II-1995, 1 male, P. B. Pearman leg., Loan from USNMNH 2041410, 0.04, 0.05 (USNM), 6-XI- 1994, 2 males, 13-IX-1994, 1 male, 30-X-1994, 1 male, K. Soria & I. Endara leg., USNMENT01590116, 01590119, 01590126, 01590134 (USNM), 22-II-1995, 3 males, 23-II-1995, 5 males, 24-II-1995, 10 male, 25-II-1995, 4 male, P. B. Pearman leg., USNMENT01590113–01590115, 01590117, 01590118, 01590120, 01590122, 01590123, 01590127–01590133, 01590135–01590141 (USNM); Archidona, 800 m, 28-V-1977, 1 male, 450 m, 23-V-1977, 1 male, S. S. Nicolay leg., USNMENT01590107, 01590108 (USNM). Orellana —Estación Científica Yasuní, 8-IX- 2002, 2 males, 4-X-1998, 2 males, L. Harris leg., UFFLMNH MGCL 1107104–1107107 (MGCL), 00º39′S, 76º22′W, 245 m, 28-IV-2002, 1 male, 21-IV-2002, 1 male, F. Checa leg., UFFLMNH MGCL 1107099, 1107100 (MGCL), 00º40′6″S, 76º23′7″W, 230 m, 7-VI-2009, 1 male, 20-VI-2009, 1 male, 16-VII-2009, 1 male, 18-VII-2009, 1 male, VIII– IX-2010, 1 male, 10-XI–4-XII-2010, 1 male, G. Gallice leg., UFFLMNH MGCL 1107090–1107095 (MGCL). Morona-Santiago —Macas, 1 male, G. H. H. Tate leg., AMNH_IZC 00352808 (AMNH); Yaupi ( Río Wampis ), 2º51′16″S, 77º56′48″W, 2-VII-2009, 1 female, G. Gallice leg., UFFLMNH MGCL 1092862 (MGCL), (Forest ridge), 2º51′15″S, 77º56′48″W, 400 m, 16-VII-2009, 1 male, G. Gallice leg., UFFLMNH MGCL 1107102 (MGCL); Cueva de los Tayos, 800 m, VIII-1976, 1 female, L. deVries leg., UFFLMNH MGCL 1092863 (MGCL). PERU: no data, 1 male, ex-coll. J. C. Hopfinger, USNMENT01590294 (USNM), 10-I-1983, 1 male, UFFLMNH MGCL 1092617 (MGCL). no department — Río Huallaga , 1 male, 1 female, ex-coll. F. Johnson, AMNH_IZC 00352489, 00352504 (AMNH), VII-1967, 1 male, Tangerini leg., DZ 41.733 (DZUP), Cusco — Río Mapitunari , 685 m, 16-VII- 1972, 1 male, 17-VII-1972, 2 males, C. A. Pilecki leg., ex-coll. C. Papageorgis-McCormick,AMNH_IZC 00352495, 00352498, 00352499 (AMNH). Amazonas — Río Cenepa, VII – VIII-1977, 1 male, R. McDiarmid leg., USN- MENT01590125 (USNM); Bagua (Nazareth), 300 m, 26-V-1970, 1 male, ex-coll. J. Baker, USNMENT01590150 (USNM). Loreto — Río Amazonas (Explorama Inn – 100 km E), 10-III-1984, 1 female, L. C. Dow leg., UFFLMNH MGCL 1092868 (MGCL); Iquitos, 29-VIII-1957, 1 male, UFFLMNH MGCL 1092586 (MGCL), IX-1990, 1 male, L. Kassarov leg., UFFLMNH MGCL 1092583 (MGCL), 2 males, 2 females, ex-coll. F. Johnson, AMNH_IZC 00352473, 00352474, 00352818, 00352819 (AMNH), 100 m, VI-1988, 2 males, 8-III-1989, 1 female, M. Büche leg., OM 35.482, 35.356, 35.297 (DZUP—OM), (80 km E), 6-VIII-1980, 1 male, D. & J. Jenkins leg., UFFLMNH MGCL 1092664 (MGCL). San Martín —no locality, X-1987, 1 male, II-1988, 1 male, L. Kassarov leg., UFFLMNH MGCL 1092591, 1092678 (MGCL); Tarapoto, 1 male, A. Vasques leg., AMNH_IZC 00352477 (AMNH); Moyobamba, IV-1963, 1 male, Tangerini leg., DZ 41.736 (DZUP), 1 male, UFFLMNH MGCL 1092679 (MGCL), (Jepelacio), 18 males, ex-coll. F. Johnson, AMNH_IZC 00352478–00352482, 00352494, 00352496, 00352497, 00352501–00352503, 00352505, 00352506, 00352816, 00352817, 00352826, 00352828, 00352834 (AMNH). Huánuco —no locality, 1,400 m, 9-IV-1982, 3 males, H. Perona leg., USNMENT01590291–01590293 (USNM); Río Pachitea , 16-II-1962, 1 male, UFFLMNH MGCL 1092618 (MGCL); Tingo María, 670 m, 9-IV-1988, 1 female, VII-1989, 1 female, M. Büche leg., OM 35.603, 35.269 (DZUP—OM), 700 m, X-1984, 1 female, Schunke leg., DZ 41.731 (DZUP), VII-1967, 1 male, ex-coll. N. Tangerini, DZ 41.732 (DZUP), VII-1981, 1 male, Rojas leg., DZ 41.734 (DZUP), II-1972, 1 male, 1972, 1 male, X-1975, 1 male, 18–25-IX-1976, 1 male, USNMENT01590124, 00941159, 00941285, 01590289 (USNM), 23–30-III-1981, 5 males, J. Y. Miller leg., UFFLMNH MGCL 1092601– 1092605 (MGCL), 17-IV-1972, 1 male, 18-IV-1962, 1 male, I-2003, 1 male, I-1974, 1 male, UFFLMNH MGCL 1092590, 1092672 1092665, 1092592 (MGCL), II-1964, 1 male, ex-coll. Jae, UFFLMNH MGCL 1092593 (MGCL), VII-1980, 4 males, 30-VII-1980, 4 males, VII-1980, 1 female, D. & J. Jenkins leg., UFFLMNH MGCL 1092587, 1092589, 1092598, 1092600, 1092611, 1092667, 1092669, 1092671, 1092869 (MGCL), III-1981, 10 males, D. W. Jenkins leg., UFFLMNH MGCL 1092588, 1092594–1092597, 1092599, 1092610, 1092612, 1092668, 1092670 (MGCL), 670 m, 22-X-1946, 1 male, J. C. Pallister leg., AMNH_IZC 00352485 (AMNH), (Turista motel), 28-III- 1981, 1 female, J. Y. Miller leg., UFFLMNH MGCL 1092414 (MGCL); Río Huallaga (15 km N of Tingo María), 15–22-VIII-1981, 2 males, ex-coll. M. Rojas, UFFLMNH MGCL 1092606, 1092666 (MGCL);. Ucayali —Pucallpa, 150 m, XI-1981, 1 female, Schunke leg., DZ 41.645, 41.646, 41.737 (DZUP). Junín —no locality, 1987, 1 male, UFFLMNH MGCL 1092578 (MGCL); Río Perené , 300–800 m, IX– XI-1987, 56 males, Tello leg., OM 18.474– 18.501, 18.512, 18.558–18.584 (DZUP—OM), 600 m, XII-1981, 1 male, Schunke leg., DZ 41.715 (DZUP); Río Satipo, 1977 , 2 males, S. Kager leg., UFFLMNH MGCL 1092673, 1092582 (MGCL); Satipo, 9-IV-1941, 1 male, ex-coll. Jae, UFFLMNH MGCL 1092577 (MGCL), 1 male, OM 58.402 (DZUP—OM), 1 male, DZ 41.730 (DZUP), 700 m, III-1981, 1 male, Schunke leg., DZ 41.729 (DZUP); Chanchamayo, 2 males, Schunke leg., DZ 41.738, 41.739 (DZUP), 1 male, ex-coll. E. T. Owen, USNMENT01590285 (USNM); Alto Cheni, 800 m, 1–15-V-1975, 1 male, USNMENT01590286 (USNM), 12-V-1943, 1 male, 12-VII-1982, 1 male, XI-1948, 2 males, VI-1947, 2 males, IV-1980, 1 male, III-1996, 1 male, 10-IV-1979, 1 male, UFFLMNH MGCL 1092571–1092576, 1092579, 1092580, 1092674 (MGCL), VII, 1 male, J. & F. Preston leg., UFFLMNH MGCL 1092675 (MGCL). Madre de Dios —Salvación ( Amazonia Lodge ), 500 m, 25-X-2013, 1 male, 28-IX-2014, 1 male, 29-IX-2014, 1 male, Kinyon leg., USNMENT01590295–01590297 (USNM); Erika Lodge, 12º53′, 71º14′, 550–560 m, 5-IX-1989, 1 male, D. Harvey leg., USNMENT01590287 (USNM); Puerto Maldonado (30 km SW), 300 m, 21-X-1983, 1 male, S. S. Nicolay leg., USNMENT01590288 (USNM), 22-X-1983, 1 male, C. V. Covell Jr. leg., UFFLMNH MGCL 1092585 (MGCL); Parque Nacional del Manu (Pakitza), 11º55′48″S, 71º15′18″W, 340 m, 20-X-1991, 1 male, 14-X-1991, 2 males, 27-IX-1991, 1 male, 28-IX-1991, 1 male, O. Mielke leg., DZ 41.667, 41.725–41.728 (DZUP); Reserva Nacional Tambopata, 12º50′S, 69º17′W, 300 m, 25-X-1991, 2 males, 26-X-1991, 3 males, 27-X-1991, 3 males, 29-X- 1991, 1 male, M. Casagrande leg., DZ 41.716 –41.724 (DZUP); Cerro Pantiacolla (4 km ENE Shintuya), 960– 1,030 m, 24-VII-1980, 1 male, J. F. Douglass leg., UFFLMNH MGCL 1092584 (MGCL). Ayacucho — Río Piene , 1 male, ex-coll. F. Johnson, AMNH_IZC 00352488 (AMNH). Puno —Carabaya, 2 males,AMNH_IZC 00352491, 00352500 (AMNH); Inca Mines, 1 male, G. Klug leg., ex-coll. H. H. Keys, AMNH_IZC 00352490 (AMNH). BOLIVIA: no department —Okara, 2,300 m, 28-IV-1926, 2 males, AMNH_IZC 00352520, 00352523 (AMNH). La Paz — Río Zongo , 750 m, 1 male, Fassl leg., USNMENT01590299 (USNM), 750 m, 1 female, Fassl leg., ex-coll. E. T. Owen, USNMENT01590300 (USNM); Mapiri, 600 m, 1–9-IV-1926, 8 males, 1 female, AMNH_IZC 00352515–00352519, 00352521, 00352522, 00352524, 00352544 (AMNH); Yungas de La Paz, VIII– IX-1989, 1 female, ex-coll. M. Simon, UFFLMNH MGCL 1092413 (MGCL); Las Cascadas (Hosteria—North Yungas), 16º02.6′S, 67º39.9′W, 930 m, 3-V-1998, 1 male, P. Goldstein, R. Hanner leg., AMNH_IZC 00352507 (AMNH); Río Coroico Valley (6 km downstream E), 650 m, 31-III-1979, 1 male, G. Schmitt leg., AMNH_IZC 00352525 (AMNH). Cochabamba —Todos los Santos ( Río Cesarsama ), XI-1977, 5 males, Kuscevic leg., DZ 41.740 –41.743, 3940 (DZUP); Chapare, 400 m, V-1951, 2 males, ex-coll. F. Justus Jr., DZ 41.932, 41.933 (DZUP), (Alto Palmar), 1,100 m, I-1956, 1 male, UF- FLMNH MGCL 1092646 (MGCL), (Cristal Mayu), 600 m, X-1957, 2 males, UFFLMNH MGCL 1092647, 1092648 (MGCL). Santa Cruz —Buenavista (5 km NO), 500 m, 30-IX–4-X-2001, 17 male, Mielke & Casagrande leg., DZ 41.914 –41.930 (DZUP), (Ichilo), 400 m, 1-XI-1955, 1 male, UFFLMNH MGCL 1092645 (MGCL); Parque Nacional Noel Kempff Mercado (Los Fierros), 10-XII-1999, 2 males, UFFLMNH MGCL 1092649, 1092650 (MGCL). VENEZUELA: Barinas —Reserva Forestal Ticoporo, 230 m, 3–10-IV-1966, 1 male, F. Fernández & L. Joly leg., DZ 41.702 (DZUP). Amazonas —Ocamo, 16-IV-1965, 1 male, Yépez leg., DZ 41.703 (DZUP). Monagas —Bolívar (Caripito), 21-VIII-1942, 1 male, AMNH_IZC 00352509 (AMNH). Bolívar —El Bochinche (Reserva Forestal de Imataca), 200 m, 6–13-XII-1974, 1 female, DZ 41.701 (DZUP); Río Cuchime (Alto Caura), 11-IV-1963, 1 male, La Salle leg., DZ 41.704 (DZUP). GUYANA: no data, 1 male, C. Pollard leg., ex-coll. F. Johnson, AMNH_IZC 00352511 (AMNH). Cuyuni-Mazaruni —Bartica, 1 male, 1 female, W. J. Kaye leg., UFFLMNH MGCL 1092438, 1092689 (MGCL); Kartabo, 1924, 1 male, 9-VII-1920, 1 female, AMNH_IZC 00352510, 00352512 (AMNH), 1924, 1 female, USNMENT01590235 (USNM). FRENCH GUIANA: no data, 15-VI-2012, 1 male, 23-IV-2012, 1 male, M. Benmesbah leg., DZ 41.713, 41.714 (DZUP), 1 male, ex-coll. F. Johnson,AMNH_IZC 00352508 (AMNH); Montagne des Pères, 18-VII-2012, 1 male, M. Benmesbah leg., DZ 41.712 (DZUP); Cacao, I-1991, 1 male, L. Kassarov leg., UFFLMNH MGCL 1092437 (MGCL); Cayenne, 1 male, ex-coll. W. Schaus, USNMENT01590236. BRAZIL: Amapá —Porto Grande, 14–16-XII-2014, 1 male, F. Dias leg., DZ 41.952 (DZUP); Serra do Navio ( Rio Amapari ), 100 m, XI-1959, 1 male, H. Ebert leg., ex-coll. H. Ebert, DZ 41.953 (DZUP). Roraima —Alto Alegre (Ilha de Maracá), 24–31-VIII-1987, 3 females, 8 males, 23–28-II-1988, 5 males, 26-XI–2-XII-1987, 2 males, Mielke & Casagrande leg., DZ 41.934–DZ 41.951 (DZUP). Pará —no locality, 2 males, 2 females, ex-coll. F. Johnson, AMNH_IZC 00352527–00352530 (AMNH); Santo Antonio do Tauá, 4-V-2008, 1 female, 22-V-2007, 1 female, 3-XI-1986, 1 male, 2-VI-2007, 3 males, P. Jauffret leg., DZ 42.001, 42.002, 42.016–42.018, 9.935 (DZUP), (Reserva Sonho Azul), 4-III-2005, 1 female, 7-VI-2005, 1 female, 1 male, 8-VI-2005, 1 female, 6-V-2005, 2 males, 6-VI- 2005, 1 male, 14-VII-2005, 1 male, 16-VI-2005, 1 male, 26-VIII-2005, 1 male, 3-XI-2005, 1 male, 26-III-2005, 1 female, 20-I-2005, 2 males, 19-II-2005, 1 male, 15-VI-2006, 1 female, 22-VI-2006, 1 female, 1-VII-2006, 1 female, 3-VII-2006, 1 female, 11-VII-2006, 1 female, 18-VII-2006, 1 female, 15-IX-2006, 1 female, 25-IX-2006, 1 female, 13-VII-2006, 1 male, 23-VII-2006, 1 male, 16-IX-2006, 1 male, 30-IX-2006, 2 males, 20-VI-2006, 2 males, 1-VII- 2006, 1 male, 12-VII-2006, 1 male, 23-XI-1986, 1 male, 31-XI-2004, 1 male, 12-VI-2000, P. Jauffret leg., DZ 42.004–42.015, 40.282, 40.283, 40.292, 40.293, 40.302, 40.303, 40.312, 40.313, 42.019, 42.032 (DZUP), 12-VI- 2000, 1 female, 25-VII-2000, 1 male, 5-VI-2004, 1 male, 13-II-2007, 1 male, ex-coll. Jauffret, DZ 42.003, 42.033– 42.035 (DZUP); Colares, VII-2006, 1 female, P. Jauffret leg., DZ 42.086 (DZUP); Benevides (Neópolis), 1–3-VIII- 1992, 1 female, 2 males, Mielke & Casagrande leg., DZ 42.083 –42.085 (DZUP); Belém ( Utinga ), 25 m, V-1962, 1 female, ex-coll. H. Ebert, DZ 42.087 (DZUP), 25 m, VIII-1959, 1 male, Kesselring leg., ex-coll. H. Ebert, DZ 42.088 (DZUP), (estrada PA 150—KM 87), 8-VI-2004, 1 male, ex-coll. Jauffret, DZ 42.080 (DZUP); Itaituba (15 km S), 23-VII-1978, 1 male, C. Callaghan leg., UFFLMNH MGCL 1092469 (MGCL); Santarém ( Rio Arapiuns ), XII-1979, 2 males, I-1980, 1 female, 4 males, II-1980, 4 males, III-1980, 3 females, 4 males, V-1980, 2 males, Kesselring leg., OM 12.334–12.337, 12.294–12.297, 12.319–12.325, 12.326, 12.328–12.332 (DZUP—OM), VIII-1980, 1 female, 2 males, XI-1980, 3 females, 7 males, IX-1981, 1 male, XI-1981, 3 females, 3 males, II-1982, 2 males, Kesselring leg., DZ 42.036 –42.057 (DZUP); Óbidos, XI-1955, 1 male, DZ 42.068 (DZUP), XI-1955, 3 males, 2 females, 1968, 1 male, IX-1968, 1 male, X-1968, ex-coll. H. Ebert, 42.062 42.063 42.069–42.074 (DZUP), 23-VII- 1984, 2 males, Miers leg., DZ 42.066, 42.067 (DZUP), XII-1979, 1 female, II-1980, 1 female, 1 male, IV-1980, 1 male, IV-1980, 1 male, Kesselring leg., OM 12.324, 12.327, 12.333, 12.338, 12.339 (DZUP—OM), XI-1980, 1 female, 4 males, X-1981, 1 male, I-VIII-1982, 1 female, Kesselring leg., DZ 42.064, 42.065, 42.075–42.079 (DZUP), II– III-1989, 1 male, L. Kassarov leg., UFFLMNH MGCL 1092470 (MGCL), X-1944, 1 female, AMNH_IZC 00352475 (AMNH), 1945, 1 male, AMNH_IZC 00352476 (AMNH), 1 male, ex-coll. F. Johnson, AMNH_IZC 00352526 (AMNH); Juruti, XII-1977, 1 female, DZ 42.091 (DZUP), XII-1971, 1 female, 1 male, Kesselring leg., ex-coll. H. Ebert, DZ 42.089, 42.090 (DZUP); Bom Jesus do Tocantins ( Rio Jacundá ), 11-VI-2004, 1 male, ex-coll. Jauffret, DZ 42.081 (DZUP), 9-VI-2004, 1 male, P. Jauffret leg., DZ 42.082 (DZUP). Amazonas — Rio Negro , 11- XI-1927, 1 male, DZ 41.960 (DZUP), 22-VIII-1927, 1 male, ex-coll. H. Ebert, DZ 41.959 (DZUP); Rio Uaupés , 30-VII-1951, 1 male, Falco leg., ex-coll. H. Ebert, DZ 41.958 (DZUP); São Gabriel da Cachoeira ( Rio Caiari ), 27- IX-1906, 1 male, 21-IX-1906, 1 male, 9-X-1906, 1 male, 4-XI-1906, 1 male, H. Schmidt leg.,AMNH_IZC 00352464, 00352467, 00352468, 00352469 (AMNH); Rio Madeira , 1 male, USNMENT01590221 (USNM); Barcelos ( Rio Ararão — Rio Padauarí , margem esquerda), 4–7-VI-2010, 1 male, Mielke & Casagrande leg., DZ 21.329 (DZUP), (Comunidade Bacuquara— Rio Aracá ), 12–14-VI-2010, 1 female, 1 male, Mielke & Casagrande leg., DZ 42.960, 42.961 (DZUP), ( Rio Aracá —Foz do Rio Curudurí ), 15–19-VI-2010, 2 males, 1 female, Mielke & Casagrande leg., DZ 42.962, 42.963 21.336 (DZUP); Parque Nacional do Jaú ( Rio Jaú —Igarapé Miratucú), 1º57′S, 61º49′W, 25- VII-1995, 1 male, R. W. Hutchings leg., USNMENT01590228 (USNM), 1 female, R. W. Hutchings leg., UF- FLMNH MGCL 1092459 (MGCL); Humaitá (40 km S), 3-VII-2001, 1 male, 4-VII-2001, 1 male, O. Mielke leg., OM 53.858, 53.582 (DZUP—OM); Fonte Boa, 80 m, 11–23-VIII-2011, 1 female, 1 male, E. Emery leg., ex-coll. E. Emery, DZ 42.954, 42.955 (DZUP); Vila Nova, 13-VII-1992, 1 female, 18-IX-1992, 1 female, 30-X-1992, 1 male, M. Büche leg., OM 35.249, 34.928, 35.114 (DZUP—OM); Nhamundá ( Rio Nhamundá ), 1º53′58″S, 57º02′59″W, 20–22-V-2008, 1 male, Mielke & Casagrande leg., DZ 41.957 (DZUP); Maués, XII-1925, 2 males, ex-coll. O. Buchholz, AMNH_IZC 00352471, 00352472 (AMNH); Manaus (Reserva Ducke), S02º53′, W59º57′, 10–13-VIII- 2010, 1 male, Dias & Bonfanti leg., DZ 41.955, 41.956 (DZUP), (Puraquequara), 10-IV–10-V-1945, 1 male, W. Praetorius leg., ex-coll. F. Johnson, AMNH_IZC 00352463 (AMNH); Canutama (estrada Porto Velho-Humaitá, km 90, 12 km O—Fazenda Três Coqueiros), 1–2-VII-2001, 4 males, O. Mielke leg., OM 53.577, 53.605, 53.528, 53.570 (DZUP—OM); Ipixuna (Comunidade São Vicente — Rio Liberdade), 12–15-V-2011, 2 males, Mielke & Casagrande leg., DZ 45.846, 45.847 (DZUP). Acre —Mâncio Lima ( Rio Moa —Parque Nacional Serra do Divisor), 20–27-VI- 2013, 1 female, 9 males, Mielke, Casagrande, Carneiro, Dias & Dolibaina leg., DZ 45.855 –45.864 (DZUP), 23–30- VIII-2014, 13 males, Mielke, Casagrande, Carneiro, Dias, Dolibaina, Siewert & Salik leg., DZ 45.865 –45.877 (DZUP), (porção norte), 10–21-IX-2011, 1 male, 1 female, D. Dolibaina & D. Moura leg., DZ 45.878, 45.879 (DZUP); Cruzeiro do Sul ( Rio Juruá ), 200 m, 20–30-VII-1973, 1 female, H. P. M. Ebert leg., ex-coll. H. Ebert, DZ 41.993 (DZUP); Santa Rosa do Purus (6 km E), 3–4-VIII-2008, 2 males, Mielke & Carneiro leg., DZ 41.994, 41.997 (DZUP), (9,2 km SE), 6–8-VIII-2008, 3 males, Mielke & Carneiro leg., DZ 41.995, 41.996, 41.998 (DZUP), (14,2 km SE), 12-VIII-2008, 2 males, Mielke & Carneiro leg., DZ 41.999, 42.000 (DZUP); Porto Acre (Reserva Humaitá), 200 m, 8–10-IX-2004, 10 males, 28–31-VII-2008, 1 male, 28–30-I-2009, 3 males, Mielke & Casagrande leg., DZ 41.978–41.987, 43.248, 43.278, 43.288, 43.298 (DZUP); Bujari (50 km NO), 200 m, 18–20-IX-2003, 5 males, O. C. Mielke & Casagrande leg., DZ 41.988, 41.989, 41.991, 41.992, 42.956 (DZUP), 10–12-IX-2004, 1 male, O. Mielke & Casagrande leg., DZ 41.990 (DZUP); Senador Guiomard (Reserva Catuaba), 23-IX-2003, 5 males, 24- IX-2003, 1 male, 2–5-IX-2004, 1 male, 3–5-X-2006, 4 males, 9-X-2006, 5 males, 6–7-X-2006, 1 male, 23–27-VII- 2008, 5 males, Mielke & Casagrande leg., DZ 41.961–41.977, 43.308, 43.318, 43.328, 43.338, 43.348 (DZUP), 27-VIII–5-IX-2011, 13 males, D. Dolibaina & D. Moura leg. DZ 43.122, 43.132, 43.142, 43.152, 43.162, 43.172, 43.182, 43.192, 43.202, 43.212, 43.222, 43.232, 43.242 (DZUP). Rondônia —Ji-Paraná ( Rio Jiparaná ), 3-II-1961, 1 male, A. Machado, P. Pereira leg., ex-coll. D’Almeida, DZ 42.147 (DZUP); Porto Velho, 6-III-1978, 1 female, Gifford leg., ex-coll. Gifford, DZ 42.148 (DZUP), 19-VI-1978, 1 female, Raw leg., DZ 42.149 (DZUP); Candeias do Jamari (Balneário Rio Preto ), 1–7-IX-2001, 40 males, Mielke & Casagrande leg., DZ 42.105 –42.144 (DZUP), Fazenda Urupá, 1–4-VII-1996, 1 male, 5–7-VII-1996, 1 male, O. C. Mielke & Miers leg., OM 43.010, 42.946 (DZUP—OM); Cacaulândia (Fazenda Rancho Grande), 21-XI-1991, 4 males, 17-XI-1991, 1 male, 19-XI-1991, 2 males, 9–19-XI-1994, 3 males, 8–19-XI-1994, 4 males, O. Mielke leg., OM 37.419, 36.975, 37.202, 37.169, 38.103, 36.397, 37.166, 27.672, 28.188, 28.134, 28.182, 28.284, 27.473, 27.467 (DZUP—OM), 15-VIII-1993, 1 male, 20- IV-1997, 2 males, UFFLMNH MGCL 1092451, 1092502, 1092503 (MGCL); 22-X-1989, 1 male, 4-XI-1989, 1 male, 15-III-1991, 1 female, 10-XI-1991, 3 males, 11-XI-1991, 3 males, 11-XI-1992, 1 male, 13-XI-1991, 4 males, 14-XI-1991, 1 male, 16-XI-1991, 1 male, 18-IX-1992, 2 males, 17-VIII-1993, 1 male, 18-XI-1991, 2 males, 19-III- 1991, 1 male, 19-IV-1995, 1 male, 20-XI-1991, 4 males, 20-IV-1991, 1 male, 20-XI-1991, 1 male, 1-IV-1995, 2 males, 21-IX-1992, 2 males, 21-XI-1991, 1 male, 23-IV-1991, 2 males, 24-IV-1991, 1 male, 1 female, 23-IX-1992, 1 male, 24-VIII-1996, 1 male, 26-IV-1991, 1 male, 27-XI-1991, 3 males, 28-XI-1991, 4 males, 29-IX-1996, 3 males, 29-XI-1991, 1 male, 2-XII-1991, 2 males, 30-XI-1991, 1 male, 3-XII-1991, 3 males, 4-II-1995, 1 male, 4- XII-1991, 1 male, 5-XII-1991, 2 males, 7-IV-1991, 1 male, 7-X-1993, 1 male, 7-XI-1991, 3 males, 9-XI-1991, 2 male, G. T. Austin leg., UFFLMNH MGCL 1092406, 1092407, 1092496, 1092504–1092510–1092553, 1092558– 1092562, 1092564, 1092565, 1092567–1092570, 1092683, 1092685–1092688, 1107149 (MGCL); 9-VI-1993, 1 female, 19-XII-1993, 1 male, 8-I-1994, 1 male, 12-II-1994, 1 male, 12-III-1994, 1 male, 2-IV-1994, 1 male, 10-IV- 1994, 1 male, 17-IV-1994, 1 male, 30-IV-1994, 1 male, 19-VI-1994, 1 male, 15-I-1995, 1 male, 18-I-1995, 1 male, 18-III-1995, 1 male, 19-III-1995, 1 male, O. Gomes leg., UFFLMNH MGCL 1092405, 1092490, 1092497–1092499, 1092554–1092557, 1092563, 1092566, 1092684, 1092681, 1092682, (MGCL), 16-XI-1991, 1 male, J. & F. Preston leg., UFFLMNH MGCL 1092500 (MGCL), 27-VIII–8-IX-1994, 2 males, R. Leuschner leg., UFFLMNH MGCL 1092446, 1092447 (MGCL); 29-IX–10-X-1992, 1 male, 29-X–10-XI-1991, 1 male, 14–25-XI-1993, 1 male, 27- VIII–8-IX-1994, 1 female, R. Leuschner leg., USNMENT01590224, 01590225, 01590227, 01590230 (USNM), 19-IX-1992, 1 male, 22-IX-1992, 2 males, T. Schmitz leg., UFFLMNH MGCL 1092443, 1092479, 1092487 (MGCL), 20-XII-1990, 1 male, 2-I-1991, 1 female, 4-I-1991, 1 male, G. N. Ross leg., UFFLMNH MGCL 1092501, 1092402, 1092449 (MGCL), 12-XI-1990, 1 female, B. Barney leg., UFFLMNH MGCL 1092403 (MGCL), 6-XI- 1990, 1 male, J. Brock leg., UFFLMNH MGCL 1092450 (MGCL), 13–19-X-1991, 4 males, J. Kemner leg., USN- MENT01590216–01590218, 01590222 (USNM), 14-X-1991, 2 males, 29-X-1991, 1 female, J. MacDonald leg., USNMENT01590219, 01590220, 01590229 (USNM), 22-XI-1992, 1 male, D. L. Eiler leg., UFFLMNH MGCL 1092448 (MGCL), 29-X–10-XI-1991, 1 male, B. P. Harris leg., USNMENT01590223 (USNM), ( Rio Pardo ), 15- XI-1991, 1 male, G. T. Austin leg., UFFLMNH MGCL 1092484 (MGCL), 7-I-1995, 1 male, 6-III-1995, 2 males, 26-III-1995, 1 male, 4-II-1995, 1 male, 12-III-1994, 1 male, 23-I-1994, 1 male, 20-III-1994, 1 male, 27-III-1994, 1 male, 5-VI-1994, 1 male, 19-XII-1993, 1 male, 26-VI-1994, 1 male, O. Gomes leg., UFFLMNH MGCL 1092471– 1092476, 1092485, 1092486, 1092489, 1092491, 1092492, 1092494 (MGCL); Ariquemes, 19-III-1987, 1 female, O. Mielke leg., DZ 42.058 (DZUP), 1-VI-1988, 1 male, Miers leg., OM 18.238 (DZUP—OM), 16-VII-1986, 1 female, 2 males, Miers leg., DZ 42.059 –42.061 (DZUP), III-1991, 1 female, 1 male, L. Bongiolo Neto leg., UF- FLMNH MGCL 1092404, 1092495 (MGCL); Jaru, 29-VII-1975, 1 male, Brown leg., DZ 42.145 (DZUP), 10°25′55.94″S, 62°28′46.09″W, 250 m, 4–12-IX-1977, 1 male, Gifford & Negrett leg., ex-coll. Gifford, DZ 42.146 (DZUP); Ouro Preto D’ Oeste, 1–7-X-1987, 3 males, 16–23-X-1987, 5 males, 8–15-X-1988, 1 male, 23–30-IX- 1987, 3 males, 17–31-VIII-1987, 3 males, C. Elias, leg., DZ 42.154 –42.168 (DZUP); Vilhena, 29-X-1986, 1 female, 23-XI-1986, 1 male, 11-XII-1986, 1 male, 4-XII-1986, 1 male, 13-XI-1986, 1 male, C. Elias, leg., DZ 3948, DZ 42.150 –42.153 (DZUP). Mato Grosso — Rio Kuluene (Alto Xingu), VI-1950, 1 male, A. Carvalho leg., ex-coll. D’Almeida, DZ 42.187 (DZUP); Alta Floresta ( Lagoa dos Tucunarés ), 10-VII-2015, 1 male, S. R. Santos, leg., DZ 42.194 (DZUP); Sinop, 5-IV-2016, 1 male, DZ 42.957 (DZUP); Brasnorte, 23-VII-1987, 2 males, 26-VII-1987, 1 male, Miers leg., OM 15.294, 15.293, 15.290 (DZUP—OM); Diamantino (Alto Rio Arinos —Fazenda São João ), 10-X-1977, 1 female, 12-VI-1978, 1 male, 27-III-1977, 1 male, 25-II-1979, 1 male, 24-III-1978, 1 male, 26-III- 1982, 1 male, Furtado leg., DZ 42.169, 42.172, 42.173, 42.175, 42.176, 42.201 (DZUP), 24-X-1976, 1 female, Furtado leg., ex-coll. H. Ebert, DZ 42.171 (DZUP), 20-I-1978, 1 female, 21-V-1978, 1 male, 21-I-1978, 1 male, Mielke & Furtado leg., DZ 2360, 42.174, 42.177 (DZUP), 300–400 m, 22-VII-1975, 1 female, 28-VII-1975, 1 male, 25-X-1978, 1 male, 24-VII-1975, 1 male, H. & H. D. Ebert leg., ex-coll. H. Ebert, DZ 42.170, DZ 42.178 –42.180 (DZUP); Ribeirão Cascalheiras (11–18 km N), 21–23-VIII-1997, 2 females, Mielke leg., DZ 42.204, 42.205 (DZUP); Cuiabá, 150 m, 22-VIII-1979, 1 female, 21-VIII-1979, 1 female, H. Ebert leg., ex-coll. H. Ebert, DZ 42.188, 42.193 (DZUP), 10-X-1973, 1 female, N. Tangerini leg., DZ 42.189 (DZUP), 12-II-1990, 1 male, 23-III-1990, 1 male, 27- VI-1995, 1 male, DZ 42.190 –42.192 (DZUP), 1 male, USNMENT01590250 (USNM); Várzea Grande, IX-1989, 1 female, 1 male, DZ 42.202, 42.203 (DZUP); Chapada dos Guimarães , 700 m, 31-I-1978, 1 female, ex-coll. H. Ebert, DZ 42.195 (DZUP), (Buriti), 700 m, 14-VII-1973, 2 males, 8-VIII-1973, 1 male, ex-coll. H. Ebert, DZ 42.196 – 42.198 (DZUP), 27-VI-1972, 1 male, Mielke & Brown leg., DZ 42.199 (DZUP); Cáceres, 18-XI-1984, 1 female, 1 male, 16-XI-1984, 1 male, 12-XI-1984, 1 male, Buzzi, Mielke, Elias & Casagrande leg., DZ 42.181 –42.184 (DZUP), 4-IV-1985, 1 male, 20-XI-1984, 1 male, C. Elias leg., DZ 42.185, 42.186 (DZUP); Barra do Garças, 26-IV-1978, 1 female, Gifford leg., ex-coll. Gifford, DZ 42.200 (DZUP). Maranhão —Feira Nova do Maranhão (Fazenda Forquilha dos Brejos ), (26 km L), 13–16-IV-2011, 1 female, Mielke & Casagrande leg., DZ 42.096 (DZUP), (27–29 km L) 28-XI–4-XII-2010, 6 males, Mielke & Carneiro leg., DZ 42.097 –42.102 (DZUP); Estrada Belém—Maranhão (km 87), 9-VI-2004, 2 males, Jauffret leg., DZ 42.103, 42.104 (DZUP); Balsas ( Serra do Penitente), 22-VI-2002, 1 male, C. G. Mielke leg., OM 58.481 (DZUP—OM); Imperatriz, 21-VIII-1974, 1 female, 26-VIII-1974, 1 male, DZ 42.093, 42.092 (DZUP); São Luiz , 21-II-1977, 2 males, ex-coll. Gifford, DZ 42.094, 42.095 (DZUP). Piauí —Piracuruca (Parque Nacional Sete Cidades), 18–21-IV-2012, 1 female, O. Mielke & Casagrande leg., DZ 42.217 (DZUP). Tocantins —Paranã ( Rio São Domingos —Floresta de Galeria), 12-II-2004, 1 male, E. Emery leg., ex-coll. E. Emery, DZ 42.943 (DZUP); Ilha do Bananal, 18-IX-1980, 1 male, Gifford leg., ex-coll. Gifford, DZ 42.216 (DZUP); Palmas, 4-II-2016, 1 male, 8-II-2016, 2 males, 8-IX-2015, 1 female, DZ 42.944 –42.947 (DZUP). Distrito Federal —Brasília, 14-IV-2005, 1 male, E. Emery leg., ex-coll. E. Emery, DZ 42.939 (DZUP), (Área de Proteção Ambiental do Ribeirão Gama e Cabeça de Veado), 1,100 m, 2 females, E. Emery leg., ex-coll. E. Emery, DZ 42.937, 42.938 (DZUP), 29-XI-1980, 1 female, ex-coll. Gifford, DZ 42.213 (DZUP), ( Asa Sul ), 23-III-2007, 1 male, E. Emery leg., ex-coll. E. Emery, DZ 42.940 (DZUP), (Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística), 27-IX-2001, 1 male, 5-IV-2002, 1 male, E. Emery leg., ex-coll. E. Emery, DZ 42.941, 42.942 (DZUP), (Fazenda Água Limpa), 10-V-1979, 2 females, 5 males, ex-coll. Gifford, DZ 42.206 –42.212 (DZUP). Goiás —Campinaçu (Fazenda Barra Mansa ), X-1992, 1 female, Tangerini leg., DZ 42.214 (DZUP); Goiás Velho ( Vila Boa Hotel ), 18-VI-1976, 1 male, Gifford leg., ex-coll. Gifford, DZ 42.215 (DZUP). Mato Grosso do Sul —no locality, III-1953, 1 male, A. Cardoso leg., ex-coll. A. Cardoso, DZ 42.958 (DZUP); Rio Negro , 12-VIII-2002, 3 females, E. Emery leg., ex-coll. E. Emery, DZ 42.932 42.934, 42.935 (DZUP). Minas Gerais —Carmo do Rio Claro , 16-II-1959, 1 male, 19-II-1959, 2 males, Mielke leg., OM 2614, 2211, 2213 (DZUP—OM), 28-III-1983, 1 male, Barbosa leg., DZ 42.300 (DZUP); Rio Doce , 400 m, 19-IX-1974, 1 male, DZ 42.301 (DZUP); Conceição dos Ouros , I-2017, 1 female, Pereira leg., DZ 42.950 (DZUP); Belo Horizonte, 15-III-1994, 1 female, O. Mielke leg., OM 37.868 (DZUP—OM); São Francisco , VIII-1985, 1 male, C. Elias leg., DZ 42.302 (DZUP); Cristalia (6 km W), 1,060 m, 14-II-2010, 1 male, Melo, Parizoto & P. Grossi leg., DZ 42.303 (DZUP). Espírito Santo —Linhares, 15-VIII-1974, 1 male, 20-VIII-1974, 1 female, 1 male, 28-VIII-1974, 3 males, 2-VII-1974, 1 female, 4-IX-1974, 1 male, 6-VIII-1974, 1 male, IX-1981, 2 females, 5 males, VII-1981, 1 female, VIII-1981, 2 males, V– IX-1974, 1 female, C. Elias leg., DZ 3945, 42.275– 42.291, 42.293, 42.294, (DZUP), VI-1972, 2 males, VII-1972, 1 male, VIII-1972, 1 female, 1 male, IX-1972, 1 female, VIII-1973, 1 female, P. C. Elias leg., UFFLMNH MGCL 1092408, 1092409, 1092411, 1092627–1092630 (MGCL); Delta Rio Doce , 25 m, 18–25-II-1975, 1 male, H & H. D. Ebert leg., ex-coll. H. Ebert, DZ 42.292 (DZUP); Reserva Ecológica Soorotama, 21–25-I-2014, 1 female, Mielke & Casagrande leg., DZ 42.298 (DZUP); Baixo Guandu, 25-IV-1970, 1 female, 17–22-VIII-1970, 1 female, 1 male, 26–30-XI-1971, 1 female, C. & C. T. Elias leg., DZ 2412, 42.295 –42.297 (DZUP), 14-IV-1970, 1 male, 21-X-1970, 1 female, X-1971, 3 males, P. C. Elias leg., UFFLMNH MGCL 1092410, 1092631–1092634 (MGCL); Conceição da Barra , 4-IX-1969, 1 male, P. C. Elias leg., UFFLMNH MGCL 1092636 (MGCL), 22–28-X-1968, 1 female, C. & C. T. Elias leg., DZ 42.299 (DZUP); Alegre, 4-V-2016, 1 male, DZ 42.949 (DZUP); Itaguassu, IX-1971, 1 male, P. C. Elias leg., UFFLMNH MGCL 1092635 (MGCL). Rio de Janeiro —no locality, 1 male, ex-coll. W. Schaus, USNMENT01590243 (USNM), 1 male, K. Brown leg., ex-coll. P. Ehrlich, AMNH_IZC 00352540 (AMNH), 4-VIII-1960, 1 male, N. D’Almeida leg., ex-coll. D’Almeida, DZ 42.322 (DZUP), Itatiaia (Parque Nacional do Itatiaia), 22º27′S, 44º37′W, 800 m, 22- II-1995, 3 males, Caldas & students leg., USNMENT01590238–01590240 (USNM), 750 m, 22-XI-1969, 1 male, Ebert leg., ex-coll. H. Ebert, DZ 42.315 (DZUP); Casimiro de Abreu ( Barra de São João ), 10 m, 4-IX-1975, 1 male, ex-coll. H. Ebert, DZ 42.316 (DZUP); Duque de Caxias (Imbariê), 25 m, 7-IV-1971, 1 male, 19-IX-1964, 1 male, 23-III-1964, 1 female, 25-IV-1971, 1 female, 3-IV-1971, 1 male, H. Ebert leg., ex-coll. H. Ebert, DZ 42.319–42.321, 42.323, 42.324 (DZUP), ( São Bento ), 26-V-1962, 1 female, 25-V-1962, 1 female, Tangerini leg., OM 2212, 251 (DZUP—OM); Rio de Janeiro , 1 female, ex-coll. D’Almeida, DZ 42.311 (DZUP), (Largo do Humaitá), 5-III-1968, 1 female, P. Gagarin leg., ex-coll. Gagarin, DZ 42.306 (DZUP), (Botafogo), 19-VI-1967, 1 female, ex-coll. Gagarin, DZ 42.307 (DZUP), (Piedade), 8-XII-1927, 1 female, F. D’Almeida leg., ex-coll. D’Almeida, DZ 42.309 (DZUP), (Restinga da Tijuca), 12-I-1952, 1 female, H. Ebert leg., ex-coll. H. Ebert, DZ 42.310 (DZUP), (Encantado), 17-V- 1929, 1 male, 17-IX-1961, 1 female, 26-VI-1966, 1 male, D’Almeida leg., ex-coll. D’Almeida, DZ 42.305, 42.313, DZ 42.312 (DZUP), 6-V-1954, 1 male, Aida M. S. D’Almeida leg., ex-coll. D’Almeida, DZ 3944 (DZUP), 8-IX- 1968, 1 male, Izabel leg., ex-coll. D’Almeida, OM 22.297 (DZUP—OM), (Jacarepaguá), 20-X-1923, 1 male, F. D’ Almeida leg., ex-coll. D’Almeida, DZ 42.314 (DZUP), 20-II-1971, 1 male, C. Callaghan leg., UFFLMNH MGCL 1092637 (MGCL), (Gávea), 19-VII-1972, 1 male, Mielke leg., DZ 42.318 (DZUP), 1 male, ex-coll. W. Ames, Jr., AMNH_IZC 00352539 (AMNH), ( Quinta da Boa Vista ), 30-V-1958, 1 male, OM 2061 (DZUP—OM), (Parque Nacional da Tijuca—Morro de Dona Marta), 22º56.7′S, 43º11.4′W, 360 m, 4-V-1994, 1 male, Robbins & Caldas leg., USNMENT01590237 (USNM), (Joaquim Nabuco), 18-VIII-1956, 1 male, ex-coll. R. Frey, DZ 42.317 (DZUP), (Sampaio), 17-XII-1917, 1 female, F. D’ Almeida leg., ex-coll. D’Almeida, DZ 42.308 (DZUP), (Ilha de Marambaia), 12-V-2004, 1 female, E. Emery leg., ex-coll. E. Emery, DZ 42.948 (DZUP). São Paulo —no locality, 1 male, ex-coll. J. C. Hopfinger, USNMENT01590246 (USNM); Presidente Wenceslau, 1931, 1 male, F. D’Almeida leg., ex-coll. D’Almeida, DZ 42.330 (DZUP); Mirassol, 500 m, 1-VI-1972, 1 female, Ebert leg., ex-coll. H. Ebert, DZ 42.327 (DZUP); Araçatuba, 1 male, ex-coll. F. Johnson, AMNH_IZC 00352538 (AMNH); São Paulo (Ipiranga) , 16-XI-1943, 1 female, 1943, 1 male, 12-X-1942, 1 male, ex-coll. D’Almeida, DZ 42.325, 42.326, 42.329 (DZUP); Guarulhos, 3-II-1982, 1 male, 19-II-1982, 1 male, 24-II-1982, 1 female, 1 male, 8-III-1982, 1 female, 11-III-1982, 1 female, 17-III-1982, 2 males, Mielke & Casagrande leg., DZ 3941, 3946, 42.335 –42.340 (DZUP); Rio Claro , 3- VIII-1965, 1 male, 30-IV-1980, 1 male, 24-IV-1969, 1 female, 28-VIII-1963, 1 female, 7-IV-1980, 1 male, K. Ebert leg., ex-coll. H. Ebert, DZ 42.328, 42.331–42.334 (DZUP); Teodoro Sampaio (10–20 km W), 22º31′S, 52º12′W, 600 m, 18-III-1991, 3 males, Robbins, Mielke & Casagrande leg., USNMENT01590248, 01590249, 01590245 (USNM), (Parque Estadual Morro do Diabo), 17–19-VIII-1989, 1 male, 5–8-XII-1989, 1 male, 1 female, 20–23-II-1990, 2 males, 22–23-V-1990, 1 female, 15–18-III-1991, 1 male, Mielke & Casagrande leg., DZ 42.341–42.344, 42.346– 42.348 (DZUP), 300–600 m, 22–25-X-1987, 22 males, Mielke & Casagrande leg., OM 17.582–17.589, 17.591– 17.604 (DZUP—OM). Paraná — no locality, 4 males, ex-coll. F. Johnson, AMNH_IZC 00352531, 00352532, 00352536, 00352542 (AMNH), 1939, 1 male, ex-coll. D’Almeida, DZ 42.427 (DZUP); Loanda (Fazenda Matão— 25 km L), 400 m, 13-XII-2009, 1 male, 14-XII-2009, 1 female, 15-XII-2009, 2 males, 16-XII-2009, 1 female, 1 male, Mielke, Maia, Carneiro & Dolibaina leg., DZ 42.436 –42.441 (DZUP); Cambé, 30-X-2006, 1 female, 1 male, 24-X-2006, 1 female, 16-X-2006, 1 male, E. Lucof leg., DZ 42.420 –42.423 (DZUP); Cornélio Procópio (Parque Estadual Mata São Francisco ), 3–5-V-2016, 1 male, Mielke, Casagrande & Leviski leg., DZ 42.953 (DZUP); Castro, 1 male, USNMENT01590247 (USNM); Rolândia, XII-1944, 1 male, A. Maller leg., ex-coll. F. Johnson, AMNH_IZC 00352537 (AMNH); Diamante do Norte (Estação Ecológica Caiuá), 6-X-2009, 1 male, Carneiro, Dolibaina, Dias, & Ribeiro leg., DZ 42.435 (DZUP); 16-VII-2011, 1 male, Dolibaina & Salik leg., DD 484 (DD); Jaguariaiva (Parque Estadual do Cerrado), 1–4-II-2011, 1 male, P. Grossi leg., DD 483 (DD); Lapa, 3-IX-1977, 1 female, L. A. Foester leg., DZ 42.418 (DZUP); Matinhos (Caioba), 9-XI-1977, 1 female, B. L. Oliveira leg., DZ 42.419 (DZUP); Pontal do Paraná (Atami), 21-IX-1999, 1 female, O. Mielke leg., OM 50.455 (DZUP—OM); São Pedro do Ivaí (Reserva Particular do Patrimônio Natural Barbacena), 23°51′54.10″S, 51°51′22.13″O, 2-X-2012, 1 male, Lablep leg., DZ 42.442 (DZUP); Paranaguá ( Alexandra ), 10 m, 2-X-1971, 1 male, Mielke leg., DZ 42.443 (DZUP); Três Barras do Paraná (Parque Estadual Guarani), 25º26′21″S, 53º09′45″W, 9–11-X-2012, 1 male, Lablep leg., DZ 42.444 (DZUP); Terra Rica (Parque Municipal Três Morrinhos), 600 m, 14-XII-2009, 1 male, Mielke, Maia, Carneiro & Dolibaina leg., DZ 42.445 (DZUP); Tuneiras do Oeste (Reserva Biológica das Perobas), 23º50′49″S, 52º44′18″W, 8-X-2012, 1 female, 1 male, Lablep leg., DZ 42.416, 42.417 (DZUP); Curitiba, 15-II- 1990, 1 female, 18-II-1990, 4 males, 28-II-1990, 1 female, 1 male, Mielke leg., OM 25.343, 25.331, 25.325, 25.319, 25.313, 25.307, 21.040 (DZUP—OM), 4-IX-1989, 1 male, 13-IX-1989, 1 female, 27-II-1991, 1 female, 11-III- 1991, 1 male, 31-I-1993, 1 male, 13-VIII-2006, 1 male, Casagrande leg., DZ 42.349, 42.350, 42.394, 42.396, 42.397, 9.927 (DZUP), 3-XII-1990, 1 male, C. V. Covell leg., UFFLMNH MGCL 1092654 (MGCL), (Cristo Rei), 3-III-2017, 1 female, D. Dolibaina leg., DD 488 (DD), (Condominio Marumbi), 26-II-2018, 1 male, E. Dolibaina leg., DD 487 (DD), (Centro Politécnico), 7-XI-2014, 1 female, 20-X-1997, 1 female, M. Casagrande leg., DZ 42.351, 42.352 (DZUP), 15-II-2002, 1 female, O. Mielke leg., DZ 42.353 (DZUP); Fênix, 3–4-X-1987, 3 females, 3 males, Mielke & Casagrande leg., DZ 42.398 –42.403 (DZUP), 300 m, 23-XI-1986, 2 males, 29-IX-1987, 1 male, Mielke & Casagrande leg., DZ 42.404 –42.406 (DZUP); Foz do Iguaçu, 12-XI-1969, 1 male, DZ 42.409 (DZUP), 2-X-1988, 1 male, Casagrande leg., DZ 42.407 (DZUP), 10-X-1969, 1 male, Krause leg., DZ 42.408 (DZUP), (Parque Nacional Iguaçu), 21–24-IV-1995, 6 males, Mielke & Casagrande leg., DZ 42.410 –42.415 (DZUP); Ponta Grossa, 13-V-1980, 1 male, Berijardon leg., DZ 42.434 (DZUP), V-1955, 1 female, UFFLMNH MGCL 1092412 (MGCL), XI-1939, 1 female, 1 male, Hatschbach leg., ex-coll. D’Almeida, DZ 42.424, 42.426 (DZUP), IV-1939, 1 male, ex-coll. D’Almeida, DZ 42.425 (DZUP), III-1949, 1 male, XI-1957, 1 male, XII-1957, 1 female, IV-1958, 1 female, XII-1958, 1 female, ex-coll. F. Justus Jr., DZ 42.428–42.430, 42.432, 42.433 (DZUP), ( Vila Velha ), 900 m, 23-IV-2002, 1 female, Mielke leg., DZ 42.431 (DZUP); Toledo, IV-1973, 1 male, UFFLMNH MGCL 1092652 (MGCL), IV-1954, 1 male, ex-coll. B. Weber, UFFLMNH MGCL 1092653 (MGCL), ( Vila Mercedes ), 1 male, B. Mohr leg., OM 2167 (DZUP—OM). Santa Catarina —no locality, XII-1979, 1 male, S. Kager leg., UFFLMNH MGCL 1092651 (MGCL); Alto Paraguaçu, 15-III-1937, 1 male, J. Piton leg., ex-coll. D’Almeida, DZ 42.533 (DZUP); Joinville, 10–200 m, 9-X-1978, 1 female, Miers leg., DZ 42.513 (DZUP), 12-I-1981, 1 male, 9-X-1971, 2 males, O. Mielke leg., DZ 42.530 –42.532 (DZUP), 9-1-[19]72, 1 male, USNMENT00941158 (USNM); Agrolândia, XII-1981, 1 female, Wulff leg., DZ 42.512 (DZUP); Joaçaba (Nova Petrópolis), 770 m, 22-II-2017, 1 male, 19-III-2017, 1 male, E. Orlandin leg., DZ 42.951, 40.072 (DZUP), 17-II-2019, 1 female, 22-IV-2019, 1 male, E. Orlandin & M. Piovesan leg., DZ 40.062, 40.203 (DZUP). Rio Grande do Sul — Rio Guarita , XII-1962, 1 male, ex-coll. H. Ebert, DZ 42.534 (DZUP); Campo Novo, 9-XI-1985, 1 female, Mielke, Araújo & Casagrande leg., DZ 25.354 (DZUP); São Luiz Gonzaga (Guarany) , 27-XI-1939, 1 female, ex-coll. D’Almeida, DZ 25.274 (DZUP); Tenente Portela (Parque Estadual do Rio Turvo ), 10-XI-1985, 1 male, Mielke, Araújo & Casagrande leg., DZ 25.344 (DZUP); Santa Maria , 16-V-1977, 1 female, D. Link leg., DZ 25.264 (DZUP), 19-XII-1971, 1 male, DZ 42.536 (DZUP); Pelotas, 13-V-1939, 1 male, C. Biezanko leg., ex-coll. D’Almeida, DZ 42.537 (DZUP), 12-II-1939, 1 female, 7-XII-1937, 1 male, Biezanko leg., DZ 42.364, 42.535 (DZUP), 24-XI-1955, 1 male, 25-XI-1955, 1 male, 7-XII-1961, 1 male, 7-III-1959, 1 female, C. Biezanko leg.,AMNH_IZC 00352533, 00352535, 00352541, 00352543 (AMNH), 16-II-1939, 1 male, R. Figueiredo leg., ex-coll. D’Almeida, DZ 25.254 (DZUP). PARAGUAY: no data, 1 male, UFFLMNH MGCL 1092638 (MGCL). Caaguazú —no locality, IV-1960, 2 males, ex-coll. Jae, UFFLMNH MGCL 1092641, 1092642 (MGCL). Paraguarí —Sapucay, 1 female, USNMENT01590307 (USNM), 4 males, 1 female, W. T. Foster leg., USNMENT01590302 - 01590306 (USNM). Central —Nueva Italia, 10-II-1940, 2 males, 26-II-1940, 2 males, P. Willim leg., ex-coll. F. E. Church, AMNH_IZC 00352562 - 00352565 (AMNH). Distrito Capital —Asunción, VII, 1 female, VII–IX, 1 female, VI, 1 male, B. Podtiaguin leg., AMNH_IZC 00352555, AMNH_IZC 00352573, 00352574 (AMNH). Guairá — Villarica (Colonia Sudetia), 1 male, ex-coll. H. Ebert, DZ 42.508 (DZUP). Amambay —Pedro Juan Caballero (Parque Nacional Cerro Corá ), 23–26-II-1981, 1 male, R. D. Cave leg., USNMENT01590301 (USNM). Alto Paraná —Itakyry, 400 m, 15–20-I-1980, 69 males, O. C. Mielke & Miers leg., DZ 42.446 –42.507, 2359, 2416, 42.509 (DZUP). Cordillera —Santísima Trinidad, 25º15S, 57º38′W, 8 females, 15 males, B. Podtiaguin leg., AMNH_IZC 00352545 - 00352554, 00352556 - 00352561, 00352566 - 00352572 (AMNH). ARGENTINA: Misiones —Puerto Peninsula, I-1956, 1 male, Walz leg., UFFLMNH MGCL 1092656 (MGCL); General Manuel Belgrano (Almirante Brown—Reserva Yacutinga), 2–5-III-2007, 2 males, Mielke & Casagrande leg., DZ 42.510, 42.511 (DZUP); Eldorado, 6-IV-1993, 1 male, Foerster leg., OM 39.320 (DZUPOM); Dos de Mayo, 10-I-1989, 1 male, Foerster leg., OM 39.338 (DZUP—OM). Entre Ríos —no locality, 26-V- 1998, 1 male, UFFLMNH MGCL 1092655 (MGCL).

Kingdom	Animalia
Phylum	Arthropoda
Class	Insecta
Order	Lepidoptera
Family	Nymphalidae
Genus	Opsiphanes

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