Opsiphanes quiteria quirinalis Staudinger, 1887

Piovesan, Mônica, Casagrande, Mirna Martins & Mielke, Olaf Hermann Hendrik, 2022, Systematics of Opsiphanes Doubleday, [1849] (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae, Satyrinae, Brassolini): an integrative approach, Zootaxa 5216 (1), pp. 1-278 : 162-177

Opsiphanes quiteria quirinalis Staudinger, 1887

( Figs 143–145 , 148 , 159–161 )

Opsiphanes quiteria var. quirinalis Staudinger, 1887 , in Staudinger & Schatz. Exot. Schmett. 1(18), p. 213, 1 male Chiriquí, [ Panama], 1 male Chanchamayo , [Junín, Peru], Colombia.

Opsiphanes quiteria quirinalis ; Stichel, 1904, in Wytsman. Gen. Ins. 20, p. 20.— Stichel, 1907. Soc. ent. 22 (13): 99.— Stichel, 1908. Berl. ent. Ztschr. 52 (3): 165.— Stichel, 1909. Das Tierreich 25: 75, 78, fig. 19 (female d, v).— Fruhstorfer, 1912, in Seitz. Gross-Schmett. Erde 5, p. 299, 304.— Stichel, 1932. Lep. Cat. 51, p. 41; syn.: erebus .— D’Abrera, 1987. Butt. Neotrop. Reg. 3, p. 410 (fig. male d).— Bristow, 1991. Zool. Jour. Linn. Soc. 101 (3): 240, 246, 250, 284, figs 15f (female d, v) 18d (male d, v); LECTOTYPUS.—Maes, 1999. Cat. Ins. Art. Terr. Nicaragua 3, p. 1387.— Casagrande, 2004. Brassolini , in Lamas (ed.) Checklist: Part 4A, Hesperioidea-Papilionoidea, in Heppner (ed.). Atlas Neotrop. Lep. 5A, p. 204.

Opsiphanes quiteria phylas Fruhstorfer, 1912 . Ent. Rdsch. 29 (2): 15; Rio Negro , [Meta], East Colombia, 800 m, Fassl leg.— Fruhstorfer, 1912, in Seitz. Gross-Schmett. Erde 5, p. 299.—Fassl, 1915. Ent. Rdsch. 32 (8): 44.—Fassl, 1916. Ent. Rdsch. 33 (5): 26.— Stichel, 1932. Lep. Cat. 51, p. 40.— D’Abrera, 1987. Butt. Neotrop. Reg. 3, p. 410.— Bristow, 1991. Zool. Jour. Linn. Soc. 101 (3): 246, 248, 285, fig. 18c (male d, v).—Maes, 1999. Cat. Ins. Art. Terr. Nicaragua 3, p. 1387.— Casagrande, 2004. Brassolini , in Lamas (ed.) Checklist: Part 4A, Hesperioidea-Papilionoidea, in Heppner (ed.). Atlas Neotrop. Lep. 5A, p. 204.—Viloria, 2005, in Llorente & Morrone (eds). Reg. Biogeo. Iberoamérica, UNAM, Mexico, p. 449. Syn. nov.

Opsiphanes erebus Röber, 1927 . Int. ent. Ztschr. 21 (13): 98; 1 male [holotype], Peru. Syn. rest .

Opsiphanes quirinus quirinalis ; Blandin, 1977. Publ. Lab. Zool. l‘École norm. sup., Paris, 9: 163, 178; biogeogr.

Opsiphanes quirinus phylas ; Blandin, 1977. Publ. Lab. Zool. l‘École norm. sup., Paris, 9: 163; biogeogr.

Opsiphanes quiteria erebus ; D’Abrera, 1987. Butt. Neotrop. Reg. 3, p. 410.— Bristow, 1991. Zool. Jour. Linn. Soc. 101 (3): 243, 245, figs 17d (female d, v), 18b (male d, v).— Casagrande, 2004. Brassolini , in Lamas (ed.) Checklist: Part 4A, Hesperioidea-Papilionoidea, in Heppner (ed.). Atlas Neotrop. Lep. 5A, p. 204.

Taxonomic history. Stichel (1908), after examining the two specimens on which the description of Opsiphanes quiteria quirinalis Staudinger, 1887 was based, considered that a mistake was made in labeling one of the specimens from Chiriquí ( Panama); according to him, both are from Peru and similar to specimens deposited in his own collection (Nos. 709, 710). Stichel (1909) illustrated the female of Opsiphanes quiteria quirinalis . Stichel (1932) synonymized Opsiphanes erebus syn. rest. with Opsiphanes quiteria quirinalis . Blandin (1977) proposed two new combinations: Opsiphanes quirinus quirinalis and Opsiphanes quirinus phylas , probably due to the whitish coloration of the FW band, which is similar to that of Opsiphanes quirinus stat. rest. D’Abrera (1987) illustrated the male of Opsiphanes quiteria quirinalis and proposed a new combination, Opsiphanes quiteria erebus , which was followed by Bristow (1991) and Casagrande (2004).

Type material. Opsiphanes quiteria var. quirinalis Staudinger, 1887 was described based on one male from Chiriquí, [ Panama] and one male from Chanchamayo, [Junín, Peru]. Bristow (1991) designated a male as the lectotype, deposited at the MFN, with the following labels: / Origin./ LECTOTYPE / Chanchamayo Thamm/ O. quirinalis / Zool. Mus. Berlin/.

Opsiphanes quiteria phylas Fruhstorfer, 1912 was described based on an unspecified number of specimens from Rio Negro , [Meta], Colombia oriental, 800 m, collected by Fassl. Bristow (1991) did not find this material. In the RMS collection, where part of the Fruhstorfer types are deposited, G. Lamas (pers. comm.) found a male syntype corresponding to the original description, with the following labels: / quiteria phylas Fruhst./ Opsiphanes badius Stichel / Ober. Rio Negro Ost Colomb. 800 m Coll. Fassl/. In order to stabilize the nomenclature of this taxon, this specimen is hereby designated as the lectotype of Opsiphanes quiteria phylas Fruhstorfer, 1912 , and the following labels will also be attached: / LECTOTYPUS / Lectotypus Opsiphanes quiteria phylas Fruhstorfer, 1912 , Piovesan, Casagrande & O. Mielke det. 2022/. Another syntype with the same locality data, deposited at the SMT, with the following labels: / Staatl. Museum für Tierkunde. Dresden/ Stauding. & Bang-Haas Dresden. Ankauf 1961/ Ober Rio Negro Ost Colomb. 800 m Coll. Fassl/ is hereby designated as a paralectotype.

Opsiphanes erebus Röber, 1927 was described based on a male [holotype] from Peru. M. M. Casagrande, O. H. H. Mielke, and G. Lamas did not find the [holotype]. Therefore, a male neotype of Opsiphanes erebus Röber, 1927 is hereby designated in order to stabilize the nomenclature of this taxon. The selected neotype specimen has the same morphological characters as the male described by Röber (1927), mainly the DFW with an oblique band proximally well defined, dirty yellowish-gray, and distally completely diffuse, and is deposited at the DZUP—OM, with the following labels: / NEOTYPUS / OM 35.333/ Tingo Maria, Huánuco, Peru, 8-IV- 1988, 670 m, Büche leg./ BC-OM/ Neotypus Opsiphanes erebus Röber, 1927 , Piovesan, Casagrande & O. Mielke det. 2022/.

Diagnosis. Opsiphanes quiteria quirinalis differs from Opsiphanes quiteria quiteria and Opsiphanes quiteria meridionalis in having the DFW and DHW bands whitish or light-yellow, and the DFW oblique band with the distal margin appearing diffused ( Figs 143–145 ).

Variation. FW, length: male: 45–53 mm (n=5), female: 59–61 mm (n=2). DFW, the width and length of the oblique band; the color of this band ranges from white to pale yellow; and a small yellowish spot may or may not be present on the distal portion of the discal cell. DHW, between Sc+R 1 and M 3, the submarginal band light-yellow ranging from evident to faint. VFW, the width, color, and length of the oblique band ( Figs 143–145 ).

Comments. Blandin (1977) suggested that Opsiphanes quiteria quirinalis is the cis-Andean representative of Opsiphanes quirinus stat. rest. However, in the present study, DNA barcode analyses recovered Opsiphanes quiteria quirinalis with no genetic distance from Opsiphanes quiteria quiteria (Supplementary Information 1). Additionally, with the exception of the color and shape of the DFW oblique band, other wing characters and male and female genitalia are similar to those of Opsiphanes quiteria quiteria . When describing Opsiphanes quiteria phylas syn. nov., Fruhstorfer (1912) compared it with Opsiphanes quiteria augeias in a brief description of characters such as the general DFW and DHW color and the DFW oblique band length and color, all variable characters. Therefore, there is no reason to maintain Opsiphanes quiteria phylas syn. nov. as a subspecies. D’Abrera (1987) noted that the status of Opsiphanes quiteria erebus syn. rest. was doubtful, but Bristow (1991) assumed that it was a subspecies, without finding the type material, which according to the original description has the type locality “ Peru ”. When describing Opsiphanes erebus syn. rest., Röber (1927) compared it with Opsiphanes badius stat. rest. and characterized his new species by the DFW with an oblique band proximally well defined, dirty yellowish-gray, and distally completely diffuse. These characters allow us to interpret it as a specimen of Opsiphanes quiteria quirinalis . After examination of the type material ( Figs 159–161 ) and the morphological variation in a series of specimens, no characters were found to justify maintaining Opsiphanes quiteria erebus Röber, 1927 syn. rest. as a subspecies.

Natural history. Unknown.

Geographic distribution. Colombia (Meta) ; Peru (San Martín, Huánuco, Junín) ( Fig. 148 ), at altitudes between 300 and 800 m.

Temporal distribution. Throughout the year.

Etymology. Unknown.

Specimens examined. Photos of the lectotypus of Opsiphanes quiteria quirinalis Staudinger, 1887 ; lectotypus of Opsiphanes quiteria phylas Fruhstorfer, 1912 syn. nov.; neotypus of Opsiphanes erebus Röber, 1927 syn. rest., and the following specimens: COLOMBIA: Meta —Alto Río Negro , 800 m, 1 male, 1 female, Fassl leg., ex-coll. E. T. Owen, USNMENT01590464, 01590465 (USNM); Río Negro , I-1978, 1 male, 20-V-1967, 1 male, SchmidtMumm leg., DZ 42.579, 42.580 (DZUP); La Macarena, I-1962, 1 male, 26-III-1970, 1 female, Schmidt-Mumm leg., DZ 42.581, 42.573 (DZUP). PERU: no data, 1 male, ex-coll. G. MacBean, USNMENT01590475 (USNM), 2 males, ex-coll. F. Johnson, USNMENT01590477, 01590478 (USNM). no department — Río Huallaga , 1 male, 2 females, ex-coll. F. Johnson, AMNH_IZC 00197533, 00197539, 00197544 (AMNH). San Martín —no locality, XI-1987, 1 male, UFFLMNH MGCL 1103550 (MGCL), V-1990, 1 male, L. Kassarov leg., UFFLMNH MGCL 1103551 (MGCL); Moyobamba (Jepelacio), 1 male, AMNH_IZC 00197522 (AMNH), 8 males, 3 females, ex-coll.

F. Johnson, AMNH_IZC 00197523, 00197526, 00197534–00197538, 00197540–00197543(AMNH). Huánuco — Tingo María , IX-1965, 1 male, ex-coll. N. Tangerini, DZ 42.614 ( DZUP) , 800 m, XI-1981, 1 male, Schunke leg., DZ 42.615 ( DZUP) , 670 m, VI-1985, 1 male, 20-XI-1987, 1 male, 12-XII-1987, 1 male, 2-VII-1989, 1 male, 22-I-1988, 1 male, 8-IV-1988, 1 male, M. Büche leg., OM 35.744, 35.265, 35.501, 35.758, 35.474, 35.333 ( DZUP —OM), 27-X-[19]73 , 1 male, USNMENT00941163 ( USNM) , 21-V-1962, 1 male, UFFLMNH MGCL 1103549 ( MGCL) , 30-VII-1980, 1 male, VII-1980, 1 female, III-1981, 1 male, D. & J. Jenkins leg., UFFLMNH MGCL 1103547, 1103670, 1103548 ( MGCL) ; Leoncio Prado ( 25 km S Tingo María ) , 23-VI-1982, 1 female, R. J. Warren leg., UF- FLMNH MGCL 1103651 ( MGCL) . Junín — Río Perené , 300–800 m, IX – XI-1987, 11 males, 1 female, Tello leg., OM 18.511, 18.518, 18.520, 18.521, 18.523–18.528, 18.530, 18.531 ( DZUP —OM); Chanchamayo , 1 male, DZ 42.616 ( DZUP) , 1 male, Schunke leg., DZ 42.617 ( DZUP) , 1 male, ex-coll. E. T. Owen, USNMENT01590474 ( USNM) , 1 male, ex-coll. B. P. Clark, USNMENT01590476 ( USNM) , 5 males, J. D. Rivas leg., ex-coll. F. Johnson, AMNH_IZC 00197521, 00197529–00197532 ( AMNH) ; Satipo, 1 male, OM 58.384 ( DZUP —OM), 600 m, VII- VIII-1987, 1 male, Tello leg., OM 18.519 ( DZUP —OM), 1970 , 1 male, S. Kager leg., UFFLMNH MGCL 1103544 ( MGCL) , V-1994, 1 male, UFFLMNH MGCL 1103545 ( MGCL) , IX-1987, 1 male, L. Kassarov leg., UFFLMNH MGCL 1103546 ( MGCL) , II-1944, 1 male, P. Paprzycki leg., AMNH_IZC 00197527 ( AMNH) , 3 males, ex-coll. F. Johnson, AMNH_IZC 00197524, 00197525, 00197528 ( AMNH) .

6. “ fabricii subgroup”

Species included:

16. Opsiphanes barkeri Bristow, 1991 stat. nov.

17. Opsiphanes caliensis Bristow, 1991 stat. nov.

18. Opsiphanes fabricii ( Boisduval, 1870) (Caligo)

a) Opsiphanes fabricii fabricii ( Boisduval, 1870) (Caligo)

Opsiphanes cassina chiriquensis Stichel, 1902 syn. nov.

Opsiphanes cassina aiellae Bristow, 1991

b) Opsiphanes fabricii camposi Bristow, 1991 stat. nov.

c) Opsiphanes fabricii numatius Fruhstorfer, 1912 stat. nov.

19. Opsiphanes jacobsorum Chacón & Montero, 2012

20. Opsiphanes merianae Stichel, 1902 stat. rest.

a) Opsiphanes merianae merianae Stichel, 1902 stat. rest.

b) Opsiphanes merianae notanda Stichel, 1904 stat. nov.

Opsiphanes cassina milesi Bristow, 1991 syn. nov.

21. Opsiphanes periphetes Fruhstorfer, 1912 stat. nov.

Opsiphanes cassina aucotti Bristow, 1991 syn. nov.

Diagnosis. The species of the “ fabricii subgroup” differ from the other species of the genus in the following characters: dark-brown ground color; DFW with a fully developed band inside the discal cell; HW with smooth outer margin or weak crenulation compared to the “ sallei ” and “ quiteria ” subgroups; DHW with a submarginal band ( Fig. 165b ). Molecular analyses, without data for Opsiphanes barkeri Bristow, 1991 stat. nov. and Opsiphanes caliensis Bristow, 1991 stat. nov., recovered the “ fabricii subgroup” (SH-aLRT 85.8 / UFBoot 95) ( Fig. 2 ), supporting the hypothesis of Blandin (1977) in which specimens with the fully developed band, which crosses the discal cell, form a monophyletic group.

Figures

FIGURE 2. Phylogenetic tree (Maximum Likelihood) inferred with IQ-TREE based on six molecular markers: cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) (mitochondrial), elongation factor 1-alpha (EF-1α), ribosomal protein S5 (RpS5), wingless (wg), Car- bamoylphosphate synthase domain protein (CAD), Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) (nuclear), rooted in Catoblepia amphirhoe (Hübner, [1825]). Asterisk (*) indicates SH-aLRT> = 80% and UFboot> = 95%. The scale bar represents the expected number of nucleotide substitutions per site. Data of the specimens used are described in table 2.

FIGURE 143. Opsiphanes quiteria quirinalis Staudinger, 1887: Male, dorsal and ventral views: a. Colombia: (DZ 42.580- DZUP) Meta; b. Peru: (AMNH_IZC 00197530-AMNH) Chanchamayo.

FIGURE 144. Opsiphanes quiteria quirinalis Staudinger, 1887: Male, dorsal and ventral views: Peru: a. (OM 18.519-DZUP— OM; CMBUT1165-19), b. Satipo (AMNH_IZC 00197524-AMNH).

FIGURE 145. Opsiphanes quiteria quirinalis Staudinger, 1887: Female, dorsal and ventral views: a. Colombia: (DZ 42.573- DZUP) Meta; b. Peru: (OM 18.528-DZUP—OM) Rio Perené. White arrows indicate diagnostic characters of the species.

FIGURE 148. Geographical distribution of Opsiphanes quiteria quiteria (Stoll, 1780), Opsiphanes quiteria meridionalis Staudinger, 1887 and Opsiphanes quiteria quirinalis Staudinger, 1887.

FIGURE 159. Opsiphanes quiteria quirinalis Staudinger, 1887. Lectotype of Opsiphanes quiteria quirinalis Staudinger, 1887; a. dorsal view, b. ventral view.

FIGURE 160. Opsiphanes quiteria quirinalis Staudinger, 1887. Lectotype of Opsiphanes quiteria phylas Fruhstorfer, 1912 syn. nov.; a. dorsal view, b. ventral view.

FIGURE 161. Opsiphanes quiteria quirinalis Staudinger, 1887. Neotype of Opsiphanes erebus Röber, 1927 syn. rest. (CM- BUT1163-19); a. dorsal view, b. ventral view.

FIGURE 165. Opsiphanes caliensis Bristow, 1991 stat. nov.: Male, dorsal and ventral views: Colombia: a. (FLMNH MGCL 1107071-MGCL), b. (FLMNH MGCL 1107072-MGCL) Calima, c. (FLMNH MGCL 1107073-MGCL), d. (USN- MENT01590090-USNM) Muzo. White arrows indicate diagnostic characters of the species. Gray arrows indicate some diagnostic characters of the “fabricii subgroup”.