Ipomoea violacea

Wood, John R. I., Munoz-Rodriguez, Pablo, Williams, Bethany R. M. & Scotland, Robert W., 2020, A foundation monograph of Ipomoea (Convolvulaceae) in the New World, PhytoKeys 143, pp. 1-823 : 1

389. Ipomoea violacea L., Sp. Pl. 161. 1753. (Linnaeus 1753: 161)

Convolvulus violaceus (L.) Spreng. Syst. Veg. 1: 599. 1825 [pub. 1824]. (Sprengel 1824: 599).

Pharbitis violacea (L.) Bojer, Hort. Maurit. 227. 1837. (Bojer 1837: 227).

Calonyction comospermum Bojer, Hort. Maurit , 228. 1837. (Bojer 1837: 228), nom. illeg. superfl. Type. Based on Ipomoea violacea L.

Convolvulus grandiflorus Jacq. , Hort. Bot. Vindobon. 3: 39. 1776. (Jacquin 1776: 39). Type. A plant cultivated at Vienna from seed collected in Martinique, apparently, not preserved, lectotype Icon, t. 69 in Jacquin, Hort. Bot. Vindobonensis vol. 3 (1776).

Calonyction grandiflorum (Jacq.) Choisy , Mém. Soc. Phys. Genève 6: 442 [60]. 1834. (Choisy 1834: 442 [60]).

Calonyction jacquinii G. Don , Gen. Hist. 4: 264. 1838. (Don 1838: 264), nom. illeg., superfl. for Calonyction grandiflorum (Jacq.) Choisy

Ipomoea grandiflora (Jacq.) Hallier f., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 18: 153. 1894 [pub. 1893]. (Hallier 1893a: 153), nom. illeg., non. Lamarck (1791).

Operculina grandiflora (Jacq.) House , Muhlenbergia 5: 69. 1909. (House 1909a: 69).

Ipomoea longiflora R.Br. , Prodr. 484. 1810. (Brown, R 1810: 484), nom. illeg., non Ipomoea longiflora Willd. (1809) . Type. AUSTRALIA. Queensland, Sweer’s Island, Gulf of Carpentaria, R. Brown 2741 (holotype BM000630203).

Ipomoea macrantha Roem. & Schult. Syst. Veg. 4: 451. 1819. (Roemer and Schultes 1819: 451). Type. Based on Ipomoea longiflora R.Br.

Convolvulus longiflorus (R.Br.) Spreng. , Syst. Veg. 1: 595 1825 [pub. 1824]. (Sprengel 1824: 595). Type. Based on Ipomoea longiflora R.Br.

Calonyction longiflorum (R. Br.) Hasskarl , Cat. Pl. Bogor. 140. 1844. (Hasskarl 1844: 140).

Calonyction speciosum var. laeve Choisy in A.P. de Candolle , Prodr. 9: 345. 1845. (Choisy1845: 390). Type. Based on Ipomoea longiflora R.Br.

Convolvulus tuba Schldtl. , Linnaea 6: 735. 1831. (Schlechtendal 1831: 735). Type. U.S. VIRGIN ISLANDS. Saint Thomas, C. Ehrenberg (holotype HAL0037520).

Ipomoea tuba (Schldtl.) G. Don , Gen. Hist. 4: 271. 1838. (Don 1838: 271).

Calonyction tuba (Schldtl.) Colla , Att. Sci. Ital. 150. 1840. (Colla 1840: 150).

Ipomoea glaberrima Bojer ex Bouton, J. Bot. (Hooker) 1: 357. 1834. (Bouton 1834: 357). Type. SEYCHELLES. Bojer s.n. (holotype K000097304).

Type.

Icon in Plumier, Codex Boerhaavianus, t. sub n. 851 (lectotype, designated by Manitz 1977: 269).

Description.

Vigorous, glabrous trailing or climbing perennial, stems woody to 10 m. Leaves petiolate, 5-16 × 5-14 cm, ovate to suborbicular (rarely 3-lobed), shortly acuminate, mucronulate, base cordate with rounded auricles, glabrous, prominently reticulate below; petioles 3.5-11 cm. Flowers opening at night, usually solitary (rarely up to 3), pedunculate from the leaf axils, peduncles 2.5-10 cm; bracteoles 1-2 mm, scale-like, caducous; pedicels 2-4 cm, noticeably thickened upwards; sepals subequal, 16-23 mm, suborbicular to elliptic, obtuse, sometimes mucronulate, glabrous; corolla hypocrateriform, with long cylindrical tube 5-9 cm in length and spreading limb c. 4-8 cm diam., white except for yellow lines on lobes, glabrous, stamens included or shortly exserted. Capsules 20-25 mm, compressed globose, glabrous; seeds 10-12 × 8 mm, blackish, puberulent except for shaggy hairs on the margins.

Illustration.

Figures 11G , 191 ; Proctor (2012: 550); Acevedo-Rodríguez (2005: 183); Bosser and Heine (2000: 42); Deroin (2001: 255).

Distribution.

Pantropical on or near seashores, growing in mangrove swamp and less commonly on beaches. In the Americas, scattered and never very abundant but most common around the Caribbean. Nearly absent from the Pacific coast, including the Galapagos Islands, and only present in the Choco of Colombia.

BRAZIL. Bahia: Ilha dos Frades, M.L. Guedes et al. 19920 (ALCB). Paraíba: L.A. Pereira 299 (JPB). Pernambuco: Fernando Do Noronho, Ridley, Lea & Ramage 92 (BM); A.M. Miranda 842 (PEUFR), 4130 (RB).

FRENCH GUIANA. Cayenne, R. Girault 1569 (CAY).

SURINAM. G.J. H. Amshoff 1969 (MO).

GUYANA. Fide Austin and Huáman (1996).

COLOMBIA. Antioquia: F.J. Roldán & J. Betancur 525 (MO). Chocó: Capulganá, W.G. D’Arcy 14192 (MO). San Andrés Island: Torres 214 (COL).

VENEZUELA. Dist. Fed.: R. Liesner & J. Steyermark 12314 (MO).

PANAMA. San Blas Islands, J.A. Duke 8516 (MO).

BELIZE. F.R. Fosberg & Sachet 53896 (MO).

MEXICO. Campeche: E.F. Cabrera 13440 (BM, MEXU, MO). Quintana Roo: E.F. & H. de Cabrera 6406 (MO). Yucatán: E.F. & H. de Cabrera 10424 (MEXU, MO).

UNITED STATES. Florida: fide Wunderlin and Hansen (2011: 392).

BAHAMAS. R.A. & E.S. Howard 10091 (S); D.S. & H.B. Correll 48929 (MO, NY).

TURKS & CAICOS ISLANDS. M.D. Sanchez et al. 10 (K).

CUBA. J. Acuña (HAJB15863); López Figeiras 49 (HAJB): Las Villas: A. González 242 (BM); A. Gentry 51014 (MO); J.A. Shafer 2698 (NY).

CAYMAN ISLANDS. G.R. Proctor 28930 (BM); M.A, Brunt 1746 (BM, MO).

JAMAICA. W. Stearn 322 (BM), 733(BM); D.R. Stoddart & S.M. Head 9132 (BM).

HAITI. E.L. Ekman H4166 (NY, S); E.C. Leonard 13956 (NY).

DOMINICAN REPUBLIC. H.A. Allard 14340 (S); E.L. Ekman H10927 (S); B.A. Lavastre 827 (NY); M. Mejía & Ramírez 9852 (NY); P.A. Poiteau s.n. (P).

PUERTO RICO. P. Sintenis 5697 (S); A.H. Liogier 35797 (MO, NY); G. Breckon et al. 4480 (NY).

LESSER ANTILLES. U.S. Virgin Islands: St Croix, F.R. Fosberg 59208 (BM), 55339 (MO, NY, P); St John: P. Acevedo-Rodríguez & A. Siaca 4007 (NY). Netherlands Antilles: St Eustatius fide Powell (1979). St Kitts: G.R. Proctor 18512 (BM). Guadeloupe: C. Le Gallo 2176 (NY). Martinique: F.E. Egler 39-189 (NY). St Lucia: fide Powell (1979). St Vincent: R.A. Howard 11019 (A, BM). Grenadines: P. Beard 1404 (MO). Barbados: E.G.B. Gooding s.n. [9/1940] (BM).

TRINIDAD. Fide Hill and Sandwith (1953). Tobago: fide Hill and Sandwith (1953).

NETHERLANDS ANTILLES. Aruba: A. Van Proosdij et al. 799 (MO, NY). Curaçao: N.L. Britton & J.A. Shafer 2942 (NY).

HAWAII. Fide www.starrenvironmental.com.

Note.

Despite the epithet violacea , this species is usually white-flowered. Pale lilac forms occur occasionally.

Figures

Figure 11. Seeds of Ipomoea A I. peteri B I. murucoides C I. carolina D I. eggersiana E I. longibarbis (with and without marginal hairs) F I. clavata G I. violacea H I. acanthocarpa J I. parvibracteolata K I. meyeri L I. jujuyensis M I. cholulensis N I. minutiflora P I. tiliacea. A from Wallnoefer & Tut-Tesucun 9662; B from Pringle 6066; C from Gillis 12906; D from Urote 35; E from Killeen et al. 4199; F from Fuentes & Miranda 10895; G from Stearn 322; H from Wurdack & Monachino 39830; J from Silva et al. 18; K from Smith 1573; L from Rose et al. 23251; M from Hinton 11166; N from Stevens & Montiel 26592; P from Curtiss 249. Drawn by Rosemary Wise.

Figure 191. Ipomoea violacea. A habit B outer sepal C inner sepal D corolla opened out to show stamens E anther F capsule G seed. Drawn by Rosemary Wise A from Proctor 28930; B, C from Stoddart 9140; D-G from Stearn 322.