Myotis muricola (Gray, 1846)

Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier, 2019, Vespertilionidae, Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions, pp. 716-981 : 958

446.

Nepalese Whiskered Myotis

Myotis muricola

French: Murin de Gray / German: Sudasien-Bartfledermaus / Spanish: Ratonero de Gray

Other common names: Nepalese Whiskered Bat, Whiskered Bat

Taxonomy. Vespertilio muricola J. E. Gray in Hodgson, 1846,

Nepal.

Subgenus Myotis ; muricola species group. Closely related to M. ater (which see). Based on genetic data, morphometric data, and dentition, three taxa ( latirostris , caliginosus , and moupinensis ) previously considered races of this species have been moved to genus Submyotodon , hitherto known only from fossil material. Populations of Philippines and Sulawesi previously attributed to this species are now placed tentatively in M. brown: (which see). Internal taxonomy requires revision: populations of Moluccas and Lesser Sundas represent a species complex, as none of the individual island populations seem to cluster together monophyletically. Bornean populations form a monophyletic clade that is sister to a clade formed by South-east Asian and Sumatran populations. Form niasensis (Nias, off western Sumatra) may be a distinct race or species. Monotypic.

Distribution. Nepal, E & NE India (including Sikkim), Bhutan, Myanmar, SE China (Guizhou, Hunan, and Guangxi), SE Asia, Borneo (including Bunguran Is), Sumatra (including Simeulue, Nias, and Sipora Is), Java, Bali, Lesser Sundas (Lombok, Sumbawa, Sumba, and Flores Is), and C Moluccas ( Ambon I).

Descriptive notes. Head-body 41-51 mm, tail 35-49 mm, ear 10-6—14- 6 mm, hindfoot 4-6- 8 mm, forearm 31-2-38- 6 mm; weight 3-2-6- 5 g. Pelage of the Nepalese Whiskered Myotis is soft and thick; dorsally dark brown (hairs with black or dark brown roots and dark brown to russet brown tips); ventrally slightly paler (black roots and buff brown tips); dorsally light gray in subadults. Face is bare along rostrum and immediately around small eyes, but there is a well-developed fringe of hairs on upper lip. Ears are fairly small and narrow; tragus is long, narrow and straight, with bluntly pointed tip. Hindfeet are small; wing membrane attaches to base offirst toe; calcar has well-developed postcalcarial lobe. Baculum is small and saddle-shaped, with rounded tip. Skull is smaller than in the Common Whiskered Myotis ( M. mystacinus ), generally smooth in profile and with comparatively flattened rostrum and braincase compared to the Common Whiskered Myotis and the Himalayan Whiskered Myotis (M. siligorensis ); sagittal crest and lambdoid crests are very weak. C' exceeds height of P* P? is about two-thirds of crown area of P?, both of which are small and within tooth row (P? is sometimesslightly displaced lingually); P, is about half the crown area and height of P,, both being within tooth row; lower molars are myotodont. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 44 and FN = 50 ( Thailand).

Habitat. The Nepalese Whiskered Myotis can be found in a variety of primary and secondary, lowland and montane forests, as well as scrub, secondary growth, and gardens. Recorded at elevations from sea level up to 1400 m in Vietnam and Myanmar, to 3200 m in Nepal.

Food and Feeding. The Nepalese Whiskered Myotis flies fast and has been seen foraging in forest understory, above roads, and in gaps in forest along streams, generally staying within the cover of the forest. It is insectivorous.

Breeding. In Vietnam, pregnant females were found in first half of April; lactating females were caught in April in Lam Dong Province, and November in Cat Tien. These data suggest that the species may have two peaks in births.

Activity patterns. The Nepalese Whiskered Myotis leaves the roost shortly before sunset to forage. It roosts in tightly rolled leaves of various broadleaved trees; it seems to favor banana leaves for roosts but has also been seen roosting in caves and tree hollows. Call shape is a steep FM call with start frequency of 118 kHz, end frequency 55-3 kHz, frequency of maximum energy 82-3 kHz, duration 5-2 milliseconds, and pulse interval 59-4 milliseconds ( Thailand). In Singapore, frequency of maximum energy was recorded at 57-2 kHz.

Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Nepalese Whiskered Myotis generally roosts in small groups of 1-8 individuals.

Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. As currently defined, the Nepalese Whiskered Myotis is widespread and relatively common.

Bibliography. Bates & Harrison (1997), Bates, Csorba, Bumrungsri et al. (2008), Bates, Nwe Tin et al. (2005), Benda (2010a), Bickham et al. (1986), Corbet & Hill (1992), Francis (2008a), Francis et al. (2010), Hughes et al. (2011), Kruskop (2013a), Kruskop & Borisenko (2013), Kruskop, Borisenko et al. (2018), Lack et al. (2010), Phillipps & Phillipps (2016), Pottie et al. (2005), Ruedi & Mayer (2001), Ruedi, Csorba et al. (2015), Ruedi, Stadelmann et al. (2013), Smith & Xie Yan (2008), Stadelmann et al. (2007), Wiantoro et al. (2012), Zhang Zhenzhen et al. (2009).

Figures

420. Herman's Myotis (Myotis hermani), 421. Bartels’s Myotis (Myotis bartelii), 422. Weber’s Myotis (Myotis weberi), 423. Orange-fingered Myotis (Myotis rufopictus), 424. Black-and-orange Myotis (Myotis formosus), 425. Geoftroy’s Myotis (Myotis emarginatus), 426. Temminck's. 3 Myotis (Myotis tricolor), 427. Welwitsch’s Myotis (Myotis welwitschii), 428. Reddish-black Myotis (Myotis rufoniger), 429. Scott's Myotis (Myotis scotti), 430. Morris's Myotis (Myotis morrisi), 431. Bocage’ Myotis (Myotis bocagii), 432. Malagasy Myotis (Myotis goudotii), 433. Anjouan Myotis (Myotis anjouanensis), 434. Kock’s Myotis (Myotis dieteri), 435. Alcathoe Whiskered Myotis (Myotis alcathoe), 436. Hyrcanian Myotis (Myotis hyrcanicus), 437. Pond Myotis (Myotis dasycneme), 438. Ikonnikov’ ' s Myotis (Myotis tkonnikovi), 439. Sichuan Myous (Myotis altarium), 440. Common Whiskered Myotis (Myotis mystacinus), 441. David’s Myotis (Myotis davidii), 442. Valley Myotis (Myotis ancricola), 443. Anna Tess’s Myotis (Myotis annatessae), 444. Gomantong Myotis (Myotis gomantongensis), 445. Peters’s Myotis (Myotis ater), 446. Nepalese Whiskered Myotis (Myotis muricola), 447. Brown’s Whiskered Myotis (Myotis browni), 448. Insular Myotis (Myotis insularum)

Distribution. Nepal , E & NE India (including Sikkim), Bhutan , Myanmar , SE China (Guizhou, Hunan, and Guangxi), SE Asia, Borneo (including Bunguran Is), Sumatra (including Simeulue, Nias, and Sipora Is), Java, Bali, Lesser Sundas (Lombok, Sumbawa, Sumba, and Flores Is), and C Moluccas ( Ambon I).