Canis lupus Linnaeus, 1758

W. Christopher Wozencraft, 1993, Order Carnivora, Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition), Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press, pp. 279-348 : 280-281

Canis lupus Linnaeus, 1758 . Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1:39 .

TYPE LOCALITY: "Europae sylvis, etjam frigidioribus", restricted by Thomas (1911a) to " Sweden " .

DISTRIBUTION: Throughout the N hemisphere: North America south to 20°N in Oaxaca ( Mexico); Europe; Asia, including the Arabian Peninsula and Japan, excluding Indochina and S India. Extirpated from most of the continental USA, Europe, and SE China and Indochina ( Ginsberg and Macdonald, 1990).

STATUS: CITES - Appendix I (Indian, Pakistan, Bhutan, and Nepal populations); otherwise Appendix II. U.S. ESA - Endangered in the USA (48 conterminous States, except Minnesota) and Mexico; Threatened in Minnesota ( USA). IUCN - Vulnerable.

SYNONYMS: albus Kerr, 1792; alces Goldman, 1941; altaicus Noak, 1911; arabs Pocock, 1934; arctos Pocock, 1935 ; argunensis Dybowski, 1922; ater Richardson, 1839; baileyi Nelson and Goldman, 1929; banksianus Anderson, 1943; beothucus G. M. Allen and Barbour, 1937; bernardi Anderson, 1943; campestris Dwigubski, 1804; canadensis de Blainville, 1843 ; canus de Sélys Longchamps, 1839; chanco Gray, 1863; columbianus Goldman, 1941; communis Dwigubski, 1804 ; coreanus Abe, 1923; crassodon Halla, 1932 ; cubanensis Ognev, 1923; deitanus Cabrera, 1907; desertorum Bogdanov, 1992; dybowskii Kerr, 1792 ; ekloni Przewalski, 1883; familiaris Linnaeus, 1758 ; filchneri Matschie, 1908; flavus Kerr, 1792 ; fulvus de Sélys Longchamps, 1839 ; fusca Richardson, 1839 ; gigas Townsend, 1850; griseoalbus Baird, 1858; hattai Kishida, 1931; hodophilax Temminck, 1839; hudsonicus Goldman, 1941; irremotus Goldman, 1937; italicus Altobello, 1921; japonicus Nehring, 1883 ; kamtschaticus Dybowski, 1922; karanorensis Matschie, 1908; knightii Anderson, 1947; kurjak Bolkay, 1925; labradorius Goldman, 1937 ; laniger Hodgson, 1847; ligoni Goldman, 1937; lupus-griseus Sabine, 1823; lycaon Schreberrt, 1775; mackenzii Anderson, 1943; major Ogérien, 1863 ; manningi Anderson, 1943; minor Ogérien, 1863 ; mogollonensis Goldman, 1937; monstrabilis Goldman, 1937; nubilus Say, 1823; occidentalis Richardson, 1829 ; orientalis Wagner, 1841 ; orion Pocock, 1935; pallipes Sykes, 1831; pambasileus Elliot, 1905; rex Pocock, 1935 ; signatus Cabrera, 1907; sticte Richardson, 1839; tschiliensis Matschie, 1908; tundrarum Miller, 1912; turuchanensis Ognev, 1923; ungavensis Comeau, 1940; variabilis Say, 1823 ; youngi Goldman, 1937 .

COMMENTS: Reviewed by Meeh (1974, Mammalian Species, 37). C. familiaris has page priority over C. lupus in Linnaeus (1758), but both were published simultaneously, and C. lupus has been universally used for this species.