Cervus nippon Temminck 1838

Wilson, Don E. & Reeder, DeeAnn, 2005, Order Artiodactyla, Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1, Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, pp. 637-722 : 663

Cervus nippon Temminck 1838

Cervus nippon Temminck 1838 , in: von Siebold, Temminck, and Schlegel, Fauna Japonica, Coup d'Oeil Faune Iles Sonde Emp. Japan: xxii.

Type Locality: "Les îles du domaine du Japon "; restricted to Japan, Kyushu, Nagasaki ( Groves and Smeenk, 1978).

Vernacular Names: Sika.

Subspecies: :

Subspecies Cervus nippon subsp. nippon Temminck 1838

Subspecies Cervus nippon subsp. aplodontus Heude 1884

Subspecies Cervus nippon subsp. grassianus Heude 1884

Subspecies Cervus nippon subsp. hortulorum Swinhoe 1864

Subspecies Cervus nippon subsp. keramae Kuroda 1924

Subspecies Cervus nippon subsp. kopschi Swinhoe 1873

Subspecies Cervus nippon subsp. mageshimae Kuroda and Okada 1950

Subspecies Cervus nippon subsp. mandarinus Milne-Edwards 1871

Subspecies Cervus nippon subsp. mantchuricus Swinhoe 1864

Subspecies Cervus nippon subsp. pseudaxis Gervais 1841

Subspecies Cervus nippon subsp. pulchellus Imaizumi 1970

Subspecies Cervus nippon subsp. sichuanicus Guo, Chen and Wang 1978

Subspecies Cervus nippon subsp. soloensis Heude 1888

Subspecies Cervus nippon subsp. taiouanus Blyth 1860

Subspecies Cervus nippon subsp. yakushimae Kuroda and Okada 1950

Subspecies Cervus nippon subsp. yesoensis Heude 1884

Distribution: China (Manchuria south to Guangxi, and Sichuan to Anhui), Korea (incl. Cheju Isl), Japan (incl. Tsushima Isls), Russia (Soviet Far East), Taiwan (extinct but reintroduced), and Vietnam. Apparently wild populations now very localised in China. Presumably anciently introduced to Philippines (Solo Isl; still extant?). Introduced in 17th century to Kerama Isls (Ryukyu Isls). Introduced in 19th-20th centuries to British Isles, mainland Europe ( Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Kaliningrad, Lithuania, Poland, W Russia, and Ukraine), New Zealand, USA, and small islands off Japan.

Conservation: U.S. ESA – Endangered as C. n. grassianus, C. n. keramae, C. n. kopschi, C. n. mandarinus, and C. n. taiouanus; IUCN – Critically Endangered as C. n. grassianus, C. n. keramae, C. n. mandarinus, C. n. taiouanus, and C. n. pseudaxis, Endangered as C. n. sichuanicus and C. n. kopschi, Data Deficient as C. n. aplodontus, C. n. mantchuricus , C. n. pulchellus, and C. n. yesoensis, otherwise Lower Risk (lc).

Discussion: Further described by Temminck in von Siebold, Temminck and Schlegel, Fauna Japonica, Aperçu Gén. Spéc. Mamm. Japon, p. 54, pl. 17 [1844] as Cervus sika . Includes hortulorum, taiouanus and pulchellus, which were considered species by Imaizumi (1970 a). Includes soloensis, see Grubb and Groves (1983). Revised in part by Groves and Smeenk (1978) who included mageshimae and yakushimae in nominate nippon , and noted that aplodontus has priority over centralis. Reviewed by Feldhamer (1980, Mammalian Species, 128) and Banwell (1999). Native and introduced populations seriously threatened by genetic pollution; numerous populations are of uncertain provenance or have mixed ancestry; status of hortulorum is particularly uncertain.