Chactopsoides anduzei ( González-Sponga, 1982 ) Ochoa & Rojas-Runjaic & Pinto-da-Rocha & Prendini, 2013

Ochoa, José A., Rojas-Runjaic, Fernando J. M., Pinto-da-Rocha, Ricardo & Prendini, Lorenzo, 2013, Systematic Revision Of The Neotropical Scorpion Genus Chactopsis Kraepelin, 1912 (Chactoidea: Chactidae), With Descriptions Of Two New Genera And Four New Species, Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2013 (378), pp. 1-121 : 88-97

Chactopsoides anduzei ( González-Sponga, 1982) , n. comb.

Figures 2 , 4A , 5C , 9C , 45A, B , 46A, B , 47 , 50A, B , 51A , 52A, B , 53–57 ; table 5

Chactopsis anduzei González-Sponga, 1982: 128– 132 , figs. 1–5; Lourenço, 1986a: 564, fig. 23; 1986b: 165, fig. 5; Lourenço and Francke, 1986: 550, 552, map 1 (part); González-Sponga, 1991: 27, 32, 58, 59, map 1; 1996: 111, 112, figs. 244– 247; Lourenço and Pinto-da-Rocha, 2000: 264 (part); Sissom, 2000: 311; Soleglad and Sissom, 2001: 92; González-Sponga, 2001: 29, 41, 49, map 5; Lourenço, 2002a: 220, 222 (part); 2002b: 429, 435 (part); 2002c: 139; Rojas-Runjaic and de Sousa, 2007: 299; Botero-Trujillo, 2008: 34 (part);

Chactopsis sp. : González-Sponga, 1984a: 53 (part).

Chactopsis carolinae Botero-Trujillo, 2008: 36–41 , figs. 1–14, table 1 (new synonym).

TYPE MATERIAL: Chactopsis anduzei : Holotype ♀ ( MAGS 4392 ex MCNC 794 ), paratype ♀ ( MAGS 4393 ex MCNC 795 ), 4 ♀ paratypes ( MAGS 4407 , 4408 , 4409 , 4410 ), VENEZUELA: Amazonas: Municipio Atures: Caño Pava, between El Danto and Gavilán villages [ca. 05 ° 329N 67 ° 249W], 200 m, x.1982, P. Anduze. Chactopsis carolinae : Holotype ³ (IAvH-E 100759), CO- LOMBIA: Vichada Department: Selva de Matavén , Bosque de Planicies Arenosas , 04 ° 299130 N 68 ° 009220W, 260 m, pitfall trap, 31.iii–2.iv.2007, L.E. Franco ; paratype ♀ (IAvH-E 100760), Selva de Matavén, Cumaribo, Bosque de Cerro Rocoso , 04 ° 369330 N 67 ° 519520W, 300 m, Winkler trap, 6–8.iii. 2007, L.E. Franco ; 1 juv. ♀ paratype (IAvH-E 100761), Selva de Matavén, Cumaribo, Bosque de Tierra Firme , 04 ° 339320 N 68 ° 119510W, 270 m, pitfall trap, 22–24.iii.2007, L.E. Franco .

NEW RECORDS: VENEZUELA: Amazonas: Municipio Atures : between Gavilán and Las Pavas, 05 ° 32918.480 N 67 ° 24940.560W, 89 m, 11.x.2008, S. Bazó, rainforest, 1 ³, 1 ♀ ( AMNH), 1 ♀ ( AMNH [ LP 9239 ]) ; near Puerto Ayacucho, road to Tobogán de la Selva , 05 ° 36942.720 N 67 ° 35943.030W, 76 m, 15.viii.2009, F. Rojas-Runjaic and J.A. Ochoa, secondary forest, 1 ³, 1 ♀ ( AMNH), 1 juv. ( AMNH [ LP 10089 ]), 1 ³, 1 ♀, 1 juv. ( MHNLS) ; near Puerto Ayacucho , 05 ° 38.7609 N 67 ° 34.7789 W, 85–100 m, 10.x.2008, S. Bazó, rainforest, 1 ♀ ( AMNH [ LP 9215 ]), 1 ♀ ( MHNC) ; Tobogán de la Selva [ca. 05 ° 36942.720 N 67 ° 35943.030W, 76 m], xii.2002, A. Pérez and G. Giupponi, 2 ♀ ( MNRJ 7558 ). Municipio Autana: Isla Ratón , Orinoco River , 05 ° 03952.920 N 67 ° 499000W, 81 m, 7.viii.2009, F. Rojas- Runjaic, A. Ferrer and J.A. Ochoa, secondary forest, 3 ³, 1 ♀, 1 juv. ( AMNH), 2 juv. ( AMNH [ LP 10086 , 10087 ]), 5 ³, 4 ♀, 4 juv. ( MHNLS), 1 ³, 1 ♀, 1 juv. ( MHNC) ; Tobogán del Cuao , 05 ° 059580 N 67 ° 299540W, 124 m, 14–15.vii.2010, F. Rojas-Runjaic, 8 ♀, 1 juv. ( MHNLS) .

DIAGNOSIS: Chactopsoides anduzei , n. comb., differs from C. gonzalezspongai , n. sp., and C. marahuacaensis , n. comb., as follows. The carapace is coarsely to finely granular, especially anteriorly and laterally (more so in ³), in C. anduzei , n. comb., and C. gonzalezspongai , n. sp. (fig. 45A–D), but mostly smooth, with scattered granules near anterior margin only, and nongranular surfaces punctate, in C. marahuacaensis , n. comb. (fig. 45E). The metasomal LIM carinae are restricted to the anterior third of segments II and III in C. anduzei , n. comb. (fig. 47), and absent, represented by only a few granules posteriorly, in C. gonzalezspongai , n. sp., and C. marahuacaensis , n. comb. (fig. 48A, B). The metasomal VSM carinae are complete and granular on segments II–IV in C. anduzei , n. comb., and C. gonzalezspongai , n. sp., whereas the VSM carinae are obsolete on segment II, and complete and granular on segments III and IV in C. marahuacaensis , n. comb. The DMA carina of the pedipalp chela is costate on the fixed finger only in C. anduzei , n. comb., and C. marahuacaensis , n. comb., but costate on the distal quarter of the manus and on the fixed finger in C. gonzalezspongai , n. sp. Chelal trichobothrium db is situated slightly proximal to esb in C. anduzei , n. comb., equidistant between esb and eb in C. gonzalezspongai , n. sp., and closer to eb in C. marahuacaensis , n. comb. The dimensions of metasomal segment V and telson provide additional differences between C. anduzei , n. comb., C. gonzalezspongai , n. sp., and C. marahuacaensis , n. comb. The length/width ratio of metasomal segment V is 1.83–2.10 (³) and 1.75–1.96 (♀) in C. anduzei , n. comb., 1.63–1.90 (³), 1.63–1.72 (♀) in C. gonzalezspongai , n. sp., and 1.77–1.82 (♀) in C. marahuacaensis , n. comb. The telson length/ height ratio is 3.22–3.75 (³) and 3.40–3.85 (♀) in C. anduzei , n. comb., 2.72–3.28 (³) and 2.63–3.13 (♀) in C. gonzalezspongai , n. sp., and 3.13–3.15 (♀) in C. marahuacaensis , n. comb. Chactopsoides anduzei , n. comb., may be further distinguished from C. gonzalezspongai , n. sp., by the hemispermatophore morphology (figs. 57, 61): the lamina is 15 % –20 % shorter than the trunk in C. anduzei , n. comb., but approximately the same length in C. gonzalezspongai , n. sp.; the median lobe and dorsal apophysis are more developed in C. anduzei , n. comb., than C. gonzalezspongai , n. sp. (figs. 54, 57); the sheath-shaped part occupies 80 % of the trunk in C. anduzei , n. comb., compared with two-thirds of the trunk in C. gonzalezspongai , n. sp. (figs. 54, 57). There are also some differences in pigmentation pattern and dimensions of the pedipalp chela between the two species: the pedipalp chela manus length/ width ratio is 4.43–4.82 (³) and 4.21–4.67 (♀) in C. anduzei , n. comb., compared with 4.00–4.58 (³) and 3.82–4.15 (♀) in C. gonzalezspongai , n. sp.; metasomal segments II–IV each exhibit two complete stripes of pigmentation (VL only), the VM stripe restricted to the anterior half of each segment, in C. anduzei , n. comb., compared with three complete stripes of pigmentation (single VM and paired VL), the VM stripe being complete, in C. gonzalezspongai , n. sp.

REDESCRIPTION: Based on the holotype ♀, paratypes, and additional adult ³ and ♀ specimens listed in the Material Examined. Measurements of the holotype ³ and a paratype ♀ recorded in table 5 .

Total length: ³, 22.6–30.5 mm (n 5 10; mean 5 27.77 mm); ♀, 25.8–35.52 mm (n 5 14; mean 5 31.69 mm).

Color: Base color chestnut to chestnut yellow (adults; fig. 5C) or yellow (juveniles), with metasomal segment V and telson darker than preceding segments; carapace, tergites, sternite VII, metasoma, legs, and pedipalps with dark brown spots; sternites III–VI and coxosternal region yellow; pectines white; aculeus brown. Cheliceral manus, dorsal surfaces with fine reticulate pigmentation, becoming contiguous distally near base of fixed finger; fixed and movable fingers entirely pigmented. Carapace, median ocular tubercle, and surfaces around lateral ocelli very densely pigmented; lateral surfaces densely pigmented; anteromedian longitudinal sulcus moderately to densely pigment- ed; unpigmented median longitudinal stripe, extending from anterior to posterior margins and including posteromedian longitudinal and postocular sulci, usually present and broad, narrow or faint. Pedipalp femur, dorsal surface densely pigmented with small, unpigmented areas in proximal half, other intercarinal surfaces faintly pigmented, with pigmentation stripes along DI, DE, and EM carinae, and faint pigmentation stripe along VI carina; patella, dorsal and internal surfaces densely pigmented with irregular pigmentation stripes along DE and DI carinae, external surface with pigmentation stripe along EM carina and reticulate pigmentation throughout, ventral surface with pigmentation stripes along VI and VE carinae and faint reticulate pigmentation; chela densely pigmented, dorsal and external surfaces with fine reticulation, pigmentation stripes along D, SD, DS, DMA, DI, E, IM, VI and VE carinae, contiguous at base of fingers, VI and VE pigmentation stripes often faint or absent. Leg femur, prolateral surfaces faintly pigmented; patella and tibia, pro- and retrolateral surfaces faintly pigmented. Tergites I–VI densely pigmented except for small, unpigmented area medially, usually forming narrow or broad (especially in juveniles) median stripe longitudinally across tergites; VII similar, but unpigmented area broader, comprising surface between submedian carinae. Coxosternal region, genital operculum and pectines mostly unpigmented. Sternites III–VI, mostly unpigmented, except for faint spots on lateral margins; VII with two broad, dark pigmentation stripes sublaterally and faint pigmentation submedially. Metasomal segments I–IV, dorsal surfaces each with pigmentation stripes along DSM and DL carinae, surfaces between DSM carinae faintly pigmented; lateral surfaces each with pigmentation stripes along ML carinae and reticulate pigmentation along LIM and LSM carinae, surfaces between DL and ML carinae densely pigmented in posterior third of segment, surfaces between ML and VL carinae densely pigmented in posterior twothirds; ventral surfaces each with paired pigmentation stripes along VL carinae, surfaces between VL and VSM carinae densely pigmented in posterior half of segment, fine reticulate pigmentation along VSM carinae connecting VL pigmentation stripes with VM pigmentation. Metasomal segment V, dorsal surface faintly pigmented, with paired stripes of DSM pigmentation contiguous posteriorly with paired stripes of pigmentation along DL carinae; lateral surface with reticulate pigmentation along LIM and LSM carinae, and pigmentation stripes along ML carinae, contiguous with DL pigmentation posteriorly, surfaces between ML and VL carinae densely pigmented in posterior half of segment; ventral surface with three dense pigmentation stripes along VM and paired VL carinae, contiguous in posterior third of segment, and with fine pigmentation stripes along VSM carinae in anterior third, surfaces between VL and VSM carinae densely pigmented in posterior two-thirds. Telson vesicle, dorsolateral margins with faint pigmentation in anterior half of segment; ventral surface with two broad VL and one narrow VM pigmentation stripes, separated by two narrow, unpigmented stripes.

Chelicerae: Movable finger with well-developed serrula, occupying approximately half its length; ventral subdistal tooth present.

Carapace: Anterior margin with shallow, biconcave median notch and several microsetae (fig. 45A, B); posterior margin sublinear, with few microsetae. Interocular, circumocular, anterolateral, and median lateral surfaces with variable fine and medium granulation, becoming more finely granular posterolaterally, granulation more pronounced in ³ (fig. 45A, B); nongranular surfaces punctate, more so in ♀; scattered microsetae throughout. Anteromedian and posteromedian carinae obsolete, obscured by granulation. Median ocelli half an ocular diameter apart. Anteromedian longitudinal sulcus finely granular, nongranular surfaces punctate; posteromedian longitudinal sulcus sparsely granular; other sulci smooth.

Pedipalps: Femur, length/width ratio, ³, 2.80–3.44 (n 5 12; mean 5 3.09); ♀, 2.83– 3.26 (n 5 18, mean 5 3.05); DE, DI, and VI carinae complete, granular (fig. 55A), DE carina weakly developed in ♀; EM carina reduced to punctation in distal third of segment, slightly granular; VM carina weakly granular, restricted to proximal quarter of segment; other carinae absent; dorsal intercarinal surface finely granular (³) or slightly punctate (♀), and with few coarse granules medially; external intercarinal surface smooth and slightly punctate; ventral intercarinal surface punctate, smooth (♀) or finely granular proximally (³); internal intercarinal surface finely granular (³) or punctate (♀). Patella, length/width ratio, ³, 2.63–3.05 (n 5 12; mean 5 2.82); ♀, 2.55–2.79 (n 5 18, mean 5 2.69); DE, DI, and VI carinae complete, granular, DE slightly less developed (fig. 55B–D); EM and VE carinae obsolete, reduced to punctation, more evident in ³; DPP comprising moderate proximal granule and additional smaller granules, VPP reduced to one or two smaller granules; dorsal intercarinal surface densely granular, more so in ³, nongranular surfaces punctate, more so in ♀; external intercarinal surfaces punctate, more so in ³; ventral intercarinal surfaces smooth, slightly punctate in ³; internal intercarinal surface densely granular. Chela manus narrow, fingers elongated (fig. 56); chela length/width ratio, ³, 4.43– 4.82 (n 5 12; mean 5 4.59); ♀, 4.21–4.67 (n 5 18, mean 5 4.41); length/height ratio, ³, 4.38–4.82 (n 5 12; mean 5 4.60); ♀, 4.30– 4.67 (n 5 18, mean 5 4.43). Manus and fingers, intercarinal surfaces weakly granular, nongranular surfaces densely punctate, more so in ♀, and covered with scattered microsetae, more so on fingers; D carina discontinuous, punctate, becoming weakly granular on distal third of manus and costate on distal two-thirds of fixed finger; SD carina restrict- ed to proximal third of manus, mostly punctate, with few small granules proximally; DS carina complete, weakly granular and punctate on manus, becoming costate on fixed finger; DMA carina weakly granular and punctate on manus, becoming costate on fixed finger, well developed on proximal third of finger, becoming progressively less pronounced distally between db and dm 2 trichobothria, and becoming more pronounced distally thereafter; DI carina discontinuous, interrupted by two porous areas at base of fixed finger, weakly granular and punctate on manus, weakly developed and costate on distal three-quarters of fixed finger; E, VE, IM, and VI carinae mostly punctate (♀) or weakly granular and punctate (³). Fixed finger, median denticle row continuous, complete; flanked by nine external and nine internal denticles; internal denticles not interspersed with accessory denticles; internal accessory denticles arranged in one discontinuous row, comprising 23–25 small denticles; external accessory denticles arranged in two rows, one adjacent to median row, continuous in proximal 80 % of finger, second (externalmost) row, discontinuous, comprising 14 denticles in distal two-thirds of finger, interspersed with external denticles.

Trichobothria: Femur with three trichobothria (fig. 55A). Patella with 33 trichobothria (fig. 55B–D): two dorsal, seven ventral, 23 external, one internal; trichobothrium v 6 situated equidistant between v 5 and v 7; est 5 situated on VE margin and slightly distal to est 4; est 2 situated proximal to other est trichobothria; est 3 situated slightly proximal to or in same axis as est 4; em trichobothria variable (see Remarks); esb 2 usually situated distal to esb 3 (observed in same axis in several cases). Chela with 26 trichobothria (fig. 56): 10 situated on manus, three ventral, seven external; 16 situated on fixed finger, seven external, six dorsal, three internal (it, ist, ib); isb absent; it situated between et 3 and est; Est situated equidistant between V 3 and Et 1; Et 2 situated distal to Et 1; Esb situated proximal to or in same axis as Eb 2; eb situated near base of fixed finger; db situated proximal to esb or, rarely, in same axis (see Remarks); dm 1 situated slightly distal to et 3.

Legs: Prolateral surfaces granular, retrolateral surfaces smooth. Femur III, DI carina restricted to distal half of segment; DE and EM carinae obscured by dorsal granulation; VI carina complete. Patella III, DI carina complete; VI carina restricted to distal half of segment; other carinae obscured by granulation. Basitarsus III setose; two dorsal rows of small subspiniform granules, retrodorsal row complete, prodorsal row restricted to medial third of segment; one dorsal and two ventral rows of small brushlike spinules, retrodorsal and proventral rows restricted to distal third of segment, ventromedian row restricted to distal two-thirds. Telotarsus III setose, pro- and retroventral rows each with 6–7 elongat- ed macrosetae.

Tergites: Pretergites I–VII, surfaces punctate. Posttergites I–VI, surfaces densely granular, finely granular in anterior half, becoming more coarsely so in posterior half, granules increasing in size posteriorly, especially on IV–VI (³) or posttergites I–III smooth, punctate with sparse granulation along posterior margin of III, and IV–VI punctate and coarsely granular in posterior half, more so on VI; dorsomedian and dorsosubmedian carinae vestigial on posterior half of III–VI (³) or V and VI (♀), slightly more pronounced on VI. Posttergite VII, surface finely and densely granular in anterior half, coarsely granular in posterior half (³), or slightly punctate anteriorly with sparse granulation in posterior half (♀); paired dorsosubmedian and dorsolateral carinae well developed in posterior two-thirds; dorsomedian carina coarsely granular, forming low mound; posterior margin with transverse row of coarse granules.

Sternum: Ventral surface punctate, with 6– 8 macrosetae, one pair situated anteriorly and two or three pairs on posterolateral lobes; lobes, apex and anterior margins each with several microsetae (fig. 46A, B).

Pectines: Pectinal tooth count: ³, 10 (n 5 3), 11 (18), 12 (5); ♀, 8 (4), 9 (35), 10 (19) (fig. 46A, B).

Sternites: Sternites III–VI, surfaces smooth, moderately (♀) or densely (³) punctate, IV–VI each with scattered granules along lateral margins (³); VII, surface smooth and punctate with scattered granules along lateral margins, VL carinae vestigial, each comprising three or four granules in medial third.

Metasoma: Segments I–IV, dorsal intercarinal surfaces finely and densely (³) or sparsely (♀) granular; lateral surfaces coarsely and densely granular (more so in ³) (fig. 47); ventral intercarinal surfaces coarsely and densely granular (more so in ³), nongranular surfaces punctate on segment I (³) or I–III (♀); small porous area situated posteriorly at LIM position; DSM carinae comprising row of small granules on anterior two-thirds of segment I and anterior third of II, vestigial on III, absent on IV; DL carinae complete, granular, posterior three or four granules forming slightly elevated mound on segments I and II, more pronounced on III and IV; LSM carinae vestigial, comprising few small granules in median third of segments I–III and complete row of small granules on IV; ML carinae complete, granular on segments I–IV, posterior granules slightly larger than others, forming low mound, on I–III; LIM carinae complete on segment I, reduced to anterior half of segment and two or three posterior granules on II, reduced to few granules in anterior third and two or three posterior granules on III and IV; VL carinae complete, granular; VSM carinae obsolete on segment I, complete and moderately developed on II and III, complete and well developed on IV (fig. 47). Segment V length/width ratio, ³, 1.83–2.10 (n 5 12; mean 5 1.94), ♀, 1.75–1.96 (n 5 18, mean 5 1.82); length/height ratio, ³, 2.08– 2.59 (n 5 12; mean 5 2.31), ♀, 2.03–2.46 (n 5 18, mean 5 2.17); dorsal intercarinal surface finely and sparsely granular; lateral and ventral intercarinal surfaces coarsely and densely granular (figs. 50A, B, 51A); porous area, situated posteriorly at LIM position, slightly more developed than on other segments; DL and VL carinae complete, granular; LSM carinae vestigial, obscured by granulation in anterior third of segment; ML carinae well developed, restricted to anterior two-thirds of segment; LIM carinae absent; VM carina coarsely granular, restrict- ed to anterior two-thirds of segment, obscured by scattered granulation in posterior third (fig. 51A); VSM carinae absent or vestigial, reduced to row of small granules in anterior third.

Telson: Length/height ratio, ³, 3.22–3.75 (n 5 12, mean 5 3.53); ♀, 3.40–3.85 (n 5 18, mean 5 3.59). Vesicle elongated, shallow; ventral surface entirely coarsely granular (♀) or coarsely granular in posterior half (³), nongranular surfaces punctate (fig. 52A, B); dorsal and lateral surfaces smooth; lateral and ventral surfaces with few macrosetae and scattered microsetae. Aculeus slightly elongated and gently curved, more so in ♀.

Hemispermatophore: Lamina narrow, slen- der, approximately 15 % –20 % shorter than trunk (fig. 57A–C); apex elongated, curved, and progressively tapering distally; flagellum slightly undulated, approximately one-third the length of lamina; ental fold absent; articular flexure present, weakly developed; slight proximal constriction, forming moderately elongated pedicel (fig. 57A). Trunk well developed, elongated; sheath-shaped part well developed, occupying 80 % of trunk, with median longitudinal sulcus; ventral concavity reduced; foot well developed, extending almost entire length of trunk. Lobe region reduced, with single lobe; ental lobe absent; median lobe moderately developed, extending to ventral surface, finely papillose entally, without spines or papillae distally; median trough deep, extending entire length of median lobe; dorsal apophysis well developed, laminar, apically subtriangular and acuminate.

REMARKS: Botero-Trujillo (2008) described C. carolinae based on three specimens (1 ³, 1 ♀, 1 juv.) from a locality in the Vichada Department of Colombia, near the border with Venezuela and fairly close to the type locality of C. anduzei , n. comb., in the state of Amazonas. Botero-Trujillo (2008) described C. carolinae as most closely related to C. anduzei , n. comb., and separated it from the latter by the following characters: pedipalp chela trichobothrium db situated proximal to Et 4 (esb in the present contribution) in C. carolinae , but distal to Et 4 in C. anduzei , n. comb.; pedipalp patellar trichobothrium em 2 situated dorsal to est 5 in C. carolinae , but ventral to est 5 in C. anduzei , n. comb.; ventrosubmedian carinae absent from sternite VII in C. carolinae , but present, comprising obsolete granules, in C. anduzei , n. comb.; DL carinae of metasomal segment V well developed in C. carolinae , but weakly developed in C. anduzei , n. comb.; a broad yellowish (unpigmented) stripe evident medially along the tergites of C. carolinae , but absent in C. anduzei , n. comb. We examined the type specimens of C. anduzei , n. comb., and C. carolinae , and 44 additional specimens from the type locality and three adjacent localities in the state of Amazonas, Venezuela: Puerto Ayacucho, Tobogan del Cuao, and Isla Ratón, the latter located approximately 70 km north of the type locality of C. carolinae . Based on the study of this material, we conclude that the diagnostic characters of C. carolinae fall within the known variation of C. anduzei , n. comb., and therefore propose the following new synonym: Chactopsis carolinae Botero- Trujillo, 2008 5 Chactopsoides anduzei ( González-Sponga, 1982) , n. comb.

It is necessary to clarify three confusing characters in the original description of C. anduzei , n. comb.: (1) The position of pedipalp chela trichobothrium db is erroneously illustrated in González-Sponga’s (1982: 130) figure 1 (db distal to esb). In fact, db is situated proximal to esb, i.e., Et 4 in Gonzalez-Sponga’s (1982) notation, on the dextral chela of the holotype of C. anduzei , n. comb., and all except three other specimens examined, in which it is situated in the same axis as esb. (2) González-Sponga (1982: 132) mistakenly described the ML carinae (termed ‘‘dorsal lateral carinae’’) of metasomal segment V carinae as vestigial in C. anduzei , n. comb. These carinae are in fact well developed in the anterior two-thirds of segment V in the holotype and all other specimens examined. (3) The VL carinae of sternite VII are obsolete, and the VSM carinae absent, in all specimens of C. anduzei , n. comb., examined. The VL carinae were termed ‘‘paramedian carinae’’ by González- Sponga (1982: 132): ‘‘ el V esternito tiene dos carenas paramedianas que estan formadas por gránulos vestigiales ’’ and ‘‘lateral carinae’’ by Botero-Trujillo (2008: 39): ‘‘ without any vestige of paramedian carinae but with two slight elevations on the position of lateral carinae, ’’ but it is clear that both authors referred to the same structures.

The two other putatively diagnostic characters of C. carolinae , i.e., the presence of an unpigmented median stripe on the carapace and tergites, and the position of pedipalp patellar trichobothrium em 2, are variable in all populations of C. anduzei , n. comb., examined. For example, among specimens from the type locality (Caño Brava) and Puerto Ayacucho, the median stripe may be narrow and barely evident on the tergites (5/ 13 specimens), narrow on carapace and tergites (2/13), broad on carapace and narrow on tergites (1/13), narrow on carapace and absent on tergites (1/13) or absent on carapace and tergites (4/13, including the holotype). In the population from Tobogan del Cuao, the median stripe may be narrow on carapace and tergites (5/ 9 specimens), broad on carapace and narrow on tergites (2/ 9), or broad on carapace and tergites (2/9). In the population from Isla Ratón, the median stripe may be broad on carapace and tergites (11/ 19 specimens), broad on carapace and narrow on tergites (7/19) or narrow on tergites and carapace (1/19). Each of the three type specimens of C. carolinae exhibits a broad stripe on the carapace and tergites. The relative positions of pedipalp patella trichobothria em 2 and est 5 (em 3 in the present contribution) are also extremely variable, even differing in position on both pedipalps of the same specimen. Four different positions are evident for em 2, with respect to em 1 and em 3, among specimens from the type locality of C. anduzei , n. comb. (figs. 53, 54). The type material of C. carolinae matches the population from Isla Ratón more closely than the other populations, but falls well within the variation exhibited by the other populations.

DISTRIBUTION: This species is endemic to the Vichada Department of Colombia and the state of Amazonas in Venezuela (fig. 2). A previously reported record from Tapuriquara, in the state of Amazonas, Brazil ( Lourenço and Francke, 1986; Lourenço, 1994a; 2002a, 2002b, 2005; Lourenço and Pinto-da-Rocha, 2000; Botero-Trujillo, 2008), is based on a single misidentified female specimen (MZSP 8755). This unique specimen probably belongs to C. yanomami , n. comb., given the proximity to the type locality of that species (Barcelos).

HABITAT: The known records of this species fall within primary rainforest in the Orinoco River basin (fig. 4A).

Figures

Fig. 2. Distribution of Chactopsoides, n. gen., and Megachactops, n. gen., plotting known locality records in Brazil, Colombia, and Venezuela. Chactopsoides anduzei (González-Sponga, 1982), n. comb., solid squares; Chactopsoides gonzalezspongai, n. sp., solid diamond; Chactopsoides marahuacaensis (González-Sponga, 2004), n. comb., open square; Chactopsoides yanomami (Lourenço et al., 2011), n. comb., solid circle; Megachactops coriaceo (González-Sponga, 1991), n. comb., open diamond; Megachactops kuemoi, n. sp., open circle; undetermined Chactopsoides species, solid stars.

Fig. 4. Chactopsoides, n. gen., and Megachactops, n. gen., habitat. A. Autana, Amazonas, Venezuela, habitat of Chactopsoides anduzei (González-Sponga, 1982), n. comb., and Megachactops kuemoi, n. sp. B. Isla Piñate, confluence of Orinoco and Ventuari rivers, Amazonas, Venezuela, habitat of Chactopsoides gonzalezspongai, n. sp.

Fig. 5. Chactopsis Kraepelin, 1912, Chactopsoides, n. gen., and Megachactops, n. gen., habitus in life. A, B. Chactopsis amazonica Lourenço and Francke, 1986, Reserva Ducke, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil. A. ³. B. ♀. C. Chactopsoides anduzei (González-Sponga, 1982), n. comb., ³, Isla Ratón, Amazonas, Venezuela. D. Chactopsoides gonzalezspongai, n. sp., ³, Isla Piñate, Amazonas, Venezuela. E. Chactopsis insignis Kraepelin, 1912, ³, Tahuayo River, Loreto Department, Peru. F. Megachactops kuemoi, n. sp., ♀, Tobogan del Cuao, Amazonas, Venezuela.

Fig. 9. Chactopsis Kraepelin, 1912, Chactopsoides, n. gen., and Megachactops, n. gen., dextral pedipalp chela, movable finger, dorsal aspect showing dentition. A. Chactopsis curupira, n. sp., paratype ³ (MZSP). B. Chactopsis insignis Kraepelin, 1912, ³ (MHNC). C. Chactopsoides anduzei (González-Sponga, 1982), n. comb., ³ (AMNH). D. Chactopsoides gonzalezspongai, n. sp., paratype ³ (AMNH). E. Megachactops kuemoi, n. sp., paratype ♀ (MHNC). Scale bars 5 1 mm.

Fig. 45. Chactopsoides, n. gen., carapace, dorsal aspect. A, B. Chactopsoides anduzei (González- Sponga, 1982), n. comb. A. ³ (AMNH). B. ♀ (AMNH). C, D. Chactopsoides gonzalezspongai, n. sp. C. Paratype ³ (AMNH). D. Paratype ♀ (AMNH). E. Chactopsoides marahuacaensis (González-Sponga, 2004), n. comb., holotype ♀ (MAGS). Scale bars 5 1 mm.

Fig. 46. Chactopsoides, n. gen., sternum and pectines, ventral aspect. A, B. Chactopsoides anduzei (González-Sponga, 1982), n. comb. A. ³ (AMNH). B. ♀ (AMNH). C, D. Chactopsoides gonzalezspongai, n. sp. C. Paratype ³ (AMNH). D. Paratype ♀ (AMNH). E. Chactopsoides marahuacaensis (González- Sponga, 2004), n. comb., holotype ♀ (MAGS). Scale bars 5 1 mm.

Fig. 47. Chactopsoides anduzei (González-Sponga, 1982), n. comb., ³ (AMNH). Metasomal segments I–IV. A. Dorsal aspect. B. Lateral aspect. C. Ventral aspect. Scale bar 5 1 mm.

Fig. 50. Chactopsoides, n. gen., metasomal segment V, lateral aspect. A, B. Chactopsoides anduzei (González-Sponga, 1982), n. comb. A. ³ (AMNH). B. ♀ (AMNH). C. Chactopsoides gonzalezspongai, n. sp., paratype ♀ (AMNH). Scale bars 5 1 mm.

Fig. 51. Chactopsoides, n. gen., metasomal segment V, ventral aspect. A. Chactopsoides anduzei (González-Sponga, 1982), n. comb., ³ (AMNH). B. Chactopsoides gonzalezspongai, n. sp., paratype ♀ (AMNH). C. Chactopsoides marahuacaensis (González-Sponga, 2004), n. comb., holotype ♀ (MAGS). Scale bars 5 1 mm.

Fig. 52. Chactopsoides, n. gen., telson, lateral aspect. A, B. Chactopsoides anduzei (González-Sponga, 1982), n. comb. A. ³ (AMNH). B. ♀ (AMNH). C, D. Chactopsoides gonzalezspongai, n. sp. C. Paratype ³ (AMNH). D. Paratype ♀ (AMNH). E. Chactopsoides marahuacaensis (González-Sponga, 2004), n. comb., holotype ♀ (MAGS). Scale bars 5 1 mm.

Fig. 53. Chactopsoides anduzei (González-Sponga, 1982), n. comb., dextral pedipalp patella, external surface, showing variation in trichobothrial pattern. A. ♀ (MAGS). B. ♀ (MAGS). C. ³ (MHNLS). Scale bar 5 1 mm.

Fig. 54. Chactopsoides anduzei (González-Sponga, 1982), n. comb., dextral pedipalp patella, external surface, showing variation in trichobothrial pattern. A. ♀ (MAGS). B. ♀ (MAGS). C. ♀ (MHNLS). Scale bar 5 1 mm.

Fig. 55. Chactopsoides anduzei (González-Sponga, 1982), n. comb., ³ (AMNH), dextral pedipalp segments. A. Femur. B–D. Patella. A, B. Dorsal aspect. C. External aspect. D. Ventral aspect. Scale bar 5 1 mm.

Fig. 56. Chactopsoides anduzei (González-Sponga, 1982), n. comb., dextral pedipalp chela. A. ³ (AMNH). B–E. ♀ (AMNH). A, C. External aspect. B. Dorsal aspect. D. Ventral aspect. E. Internal aspect. Scale bars 5 1 mm.

Fig. 57. Chactopsoides anduzei (González-Sponga, 1982), n. comb., ³ (AMNH), sinistral hemispermatophore. A. Ental aspect. B. Dorsal aspect. C. Ectal aspect. Annotations: da, dorsal apophysis; f l, flagellum; med, median lobe; mls, median longitudinal sulcus; vc, ventral concavity. Scale bar 5 1 mm.