Petrosia (Petrosia) revizee, Rocha & Moraes & Salani & Hajdu, 2021

Rocha, Lívia, Moraes, Fernando, Salani, Sula & Hajdu, Eduardo, 2021, Taxonomy of Petrosiidae Van Soest, 1980 (Haplosclerida, Porifera) from Brazil, Zootaxa 5004 (2), pp. 251-287 : 267-271

Petrosia (Petrosia) revizee sp. nov.

( Fig. 1 , 4 ; Tab. 4–5)

Holotype. Brazil, Bahia State, MNRJ 22190 , Station 14 R (Hotspur Seamount, REVIZEE/ Central SCORE, Campaign 5, 17.80000º S – 35.87500º W), 60 m depth, Col. N / Rb. Astro Garoupa, 2001.8.7 . Paratypes (8 specimens). Brazil, Bahia State: MNRJ 2652 , Boião (beacon signalling) off Farol da Barra (13.00000º S, 38.51667º W, Salvador), 16 m depth, Col. E. Hajdu et al., 1999.8.8; MNRJ 10575 , Boião (beacon signalling) off Farol da Barra (13.00000º S, 38.51667º W, Salvador), depth not recorded, Col. E. Hajdu, 2007.12.12; MNRJ 13119 , Boião (beacon signaling) off Farol da Barra (13.00000º S, 38.51667º W, Salvador), 15.8 m depth, Col. E. Hajdu & C. Castello-Branco, 2009.6.3. REVIZEE/ Central-SCORE, Col. N / Rb. Astro Garoupa: MNRJ 3274 A, Station 15 R (Hotspur Seamount, Campaign 2, 18.02306º S, 35.89111º W), 60 m depth, 1997.11.13; MNRJ 4461 , Station 14 R (Hotspur Seamount, Campaign 5, 17.80000º S, 35.87500º W), 60 m depth, Col. N / Rb. Astro Garoupa, 2001.8.7; MNRJ 4675 , Station 2 R (off Ponta de Castelhanos , Campaign 5, 13.64611º S, 38.74194º W, Morro de São Paulo , Cairu), 55 m depth, 2001.7.2; MNRJ 4793 , 4851 , Station 7 R (Royal Charlotte Bank, Campaign 5, 16.11694º S, 38.17000º W), 40 m depth, 2001.6.30; Espírito Santo State, MNRJ 4897 , Station 20 R (off Barra Seca, Campaign 5, 19.27194º S, 38.01889º W, Abrolhos Bank), 67 m depth, 2001.6.28 . Additional Material (14 specimens). Pernambuco State: UFRJPOR 4043, Tamandaré, Biquara Reef (8.75000º S, 35.08333º W), depth not recorded, Col. G. Muricy, 1996.3.9 . Alagoas State: MNRJ 17022 (= UFAL POR 0832 ), Marechal Deodoro, Cabeço da Pequena (9.76667º S, 35.83333º W), 18 m depth, Col. M.D. Correia, 2012.2.19 . All of the following—REVIZEE/ Central-SCORE, Col. N / Rb. Astro Garoupa : Bahia State (REVIZEE): MNRJ 3117 B, 3225A, Station 11 R (Rodger Bank, Campaign 2, 17.06011º S, 36.80806º W), 50 m depth, 1997.11.14 . Off Espírito Santo State (REVIZEE): MNRJ 4672 , Station 42 R (Columbia Seamount, Campaign 5, 20.73806º S, 31.82806º W), 85 m depth, 2001.7.11 ; MNRJ 4882 , Station 17 R (off Itaúnas, Campaign 5, 18.66306º S, 37.87000º W), 65 m depth, 2001.6.29 ; MNRJ 4928 , Station 25 R (off Linhares, Campaign 5, 19.52694º S, 38.76806º W), 65 m depth, 2001.6.28 ; MNRJ 4948 , 5020 , Station 17 R (off Itaúnas, Campaign 5, 18.66306º S, 37.87000º W), 65 m depth, 2001.6.29 ; MNRJ 6572 , 6574 , Station C44 (off Guarapari, Campaign 6, 20.63306º S, 40.02500º W), 54 m depth, 2002.6.14 . Off Rio de Janeiro State, Almirante Saldanha Seamount (REVIZEE): MNRJ 5981 , 5973 C, Station Y2 ( Campaign 6, 22.38222º S, 37.58750º W), 270 m depth, 2002.7.12 ; MNRJ 6595 , Station Y2 ( Campaign 6, 22.38194º S, 37.58806º W), 270 m depth, 2002.6.12 .

Diagnosis. This is the only Western Tropical Atlantic Petrosia (P.) with two, and only two well-differentiated categories of oxeas, being also devoid of any microsclere categories.

External Morphology. Massive to ramose, with thick lobes. Holotype with 16.5 x 9.8 x 3.4 cm ( Fig. 4A–B ). Smooth and irregular surface. Oscules rounded (1–4 mm diam.), dispersed over the entire surface, slightly raised or leveled with it. Some specimens presented a single terminal oscule at each lobe (4–8 mm diam.). Texture rough to the touch. Consistency firm, slightly compressible, elastic or hard and incompressible. Color in vivo and after collection, pink, red-wine, light-brown or white; sometimes showing red-wine or purple tinges near the oscules. In alcohol the color varies among orange-beige, brown (both with cream interior) and red-wine.

Skeleton. Ectosomal, a reticulated architecture of dense multispicular tracts in tangential section (25–165 µm thick), specially of oxeas I, forming rounded/polygonal meshes (130–255 µm wide), with oxeas II less abundant, and usually occurring among tracts ( Fig. 4C ). In transverse section, perpendicular choanosomal spicule tracts pierce the ectosome, translating in a hispid texture of the sponge ( Fig. 4D ). The subectosomal region carries abundant justaposed lacunae (290–390 µm wide). Choanosomal, an anastomosing isotropic reticulation of dense multispicular tracts (50–390 µm thick), composed mainly by oxeas I, forming oval to rectangular meshes (575–620 µm wide), with oxeas II usually echinating the tracts ( Fig. 4D; E ). Some specimens show meshes parallel to the surface (e.g. MNRJ 4851, 4897, 17022). Loose oxeas, of both size classes, are found among spicule tracts, as is abundant spongin and foreign material (e.g. sand grains).

Spicules. Oxeas in two size classes. Oxeas I ( Fig. 4F, H ), smooth, slender, slightly curved with usually rounded ends, but sometimes telescopic or mucronate, 102–206 (25)–305/ 5–7 (1.4)– 19.4 µm. Oxeas II ( Fig. 4G, I ; Table 4), resembling the former, but smaller and less abundant, 39–68 (10)–97/ 5–5 (0.4)– 15 µm.

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Ecology. Petrosia (P.) revizee sp. nov. occurs at 16–270 m depth, over rhodolith beds, corals, mud and gravel bottoms. Paratype MNRJ 2652 showed associated cirripeds, ophiuroids and algae.

Etymology. The specific epithet is used as a noun in apposition, and recognizes the importance of Program REVIZEE, promoted by the Brazilian government to assess the sustainable catch limits in the country’s Exclusive Economic Zone. Thousands of sponge samples were deposited in the MNRJ collection then, mostly dredged and trawled on the country’s continental shelf and slope.

Type locality. Hotspur Seamount, off Bahia State. Additional distribution. Provisional Brazilian endemic, so far known from the States of Pernambuco (depth not recorded), Alagoas (18 m) , Bahia (15.8–67 m) , Espírito Santo (50–85 m) and off Rio de Janeiro (270 m) .

Taxonomic Remarks. There are five species of Petrosia (Petrosia) known in the Western Tropical Atlantic ( Table 5). None of these has two, and only two well-differentiated categories of oxeas, being also devoid of any microsclere categories.

Given the current state of flux in haplosclerid classification, where departure from monospecificity often implies polyphyletism, we found it appropriate to compare this new species in particular, with Neopetrosia proxima , as both share some morphological traits which initially misguided our identification. Both genera are supposed to have distinct ectosomal architectures—“They differ especially in their ectosomal skeleton and the size categories of their spicules” ( Desqueyroux-Faúndez & Valentine 2002)—but overall, the images illustrating the ectosomes of N. proxima ( Figs 2C–D ) and of P. (P.) revizee sp. nov. ( Fig. 4C ) bear a remarkable resemblance. In order to match the diagnosis for Neopetrosia ectosomes, architectures should bear fine brushes of oxeas issued from subectosomal tracts, a remark that does not easily contrast to what is said about Petrosia , namely, that their ectosome should bear a triangular or polygonal reticulation of spicule tracts or single spicules, usually echinated at the nodes or along the tracts by a smaller category of spicules. In case of doubt, one usually resorts to an identification key, and Des-

......continued on the next page ......continued on the next page queyroux-Faúndez & Valentine’s (2002) happens to contrast Neopetrosia and P. ( Petrosia ) in terms slightly different from those presented in both (sub)genera’s diagnoses. The ectosome of the former is classified as a tangential network with isodictyal meshes of single spicules, and free spicules at the nodal points, and that of the latter, as a tangential network with rounded regular meshes and free spicules. The main difference as far as the ectosome goes rests on the possession of isodictyal vs rounded meshes respectively. It seems, nevertheless, that the sorting of Neopetrosia is resting too much on the unispicular isodictyal reticulation of its type species, and not accounting for the variability exhibited in additional species assigned to this genus, as outlined by Santos et al. (2016). Given this rationale, we have opted to focus on the new species’ possession of two clearly distinguishable categories of oxeas, and in the fact that the smaller of these appears to be preferably echinating the bundles, to justify its assignment to Petrosia instead of Neopetrosia . In spite of both species referred to above possessing similar ectosomal architectures, they can be easily distinguished on the basis of spicule morphology, categories and arrangement. Therefore, we feel confident that P. (P.) revizee sp. nov. is indeed a new species.

Figures

FIGURE 1 A, off Amapá State - NHo ‘Cruzeiro do Sul (AP); B, N.O.A.S. Station 1773A (Amazon River mouth, AP); C, R/V ‘Atlantis’ AMZ–4 Stn. (Amazon River mouth, PA); D, R/V ‘Victor Hensen’ Stn. 47 (off São Luis, MA); E, Acaraizinho de Amontada (CE); F, Flecheiras beach (Trairi, CE); G, Dois Coqueiros beach (Caucaia, CE); H, Maracajaú (Maxaranguape, RN); I, Deep Fenda crevice (Atoll das Rocas, RN); J, Salãozinho tide pool (Atoll das Rocas, RN); K, dos Mapas tide pool (Atoll das Rocas, RN); L, Rata Isl. (Cagarras Rasas and Cagarras Fundas, Fernando de Noronha Archipelago, PE); M, Buraco da Raquel (Fernando de Noronha Archipelago, PE); N, Lage Dois Irmãos (Fernando de Noronha Archipelago, PE); O, Cordilheira (Fernando de Noronha Archipelago, PE); P, Ponta das Caracas (Fernando de Noronha Archipelago, PE); Q, Recife Biquara (Tamandaré, PE); R, Ponta Verde beach (Maceió, AL); S, Cabeço da Pequena (Marechal Deodoro, AL); T, 2nd Boião (off SW Maré Isl., BA); U, Ribeira beach (Salvador, BA); V, ‘Blackadder’ Shipwreck off Cantagalo beach (Salvador, BA); W, Capitania dos Portos (Port Authority, Salvador, BA); X, Quebra mar Norte (northern breakwater, Salvador, BA); Y, ‘Germânia’ Shipwreck off Farol da Barra (Salvador, BA); Z, REVIZEE R4 Stn (off Salvador, BA); AA, REVIZEE R2 Stn (Ponta de Castelhanos, Morro de São Paulo, Cairu, BA); AB, REVIZEE R7 Stn (Royal Charlotte Bank); AC, Recife das Timbebas (Abrolhos Marine National Park, BA); AD, Rodger Bank (BA); AE, Pedra de Leste (off Caravelas, Parcel das Paredes, BA); AF, Parcel das Paredes (off Caravelas, BA); AG, Hotspur bank (BA); AH, REVIZEE R17 Stn (off Itaúnas, ES); AI, REVIZEE 20R Stn (off Barra Seca, ES); AJ, REVIZEE 25R Stn (off Linhares, ES); AK, REVIZEE 28R Stn (Besnard Bank, Vitória–Trindade Seamounts Chain, ES); AL, REVIZEE 23R Stn (Jaseur Bank, Vitória–Trindade Seamounts Chain ES); AM, REVIZEE 42R Stn (Columbia Seamount, Vitória–Trindade Seamounts Chain, ES); AN, Ponta dos Farrilhões (Trindade Isl., ES);AO, REVIZEE 34R and 45R Stns (off Vila Velha, ES); AP, REVIZEE C44 Stn (Guarapari, ES);AQ, REVIZEE C61 Stn (Congress Bank, Vitória–Trindade Seamounts Chain, ES); AR, Campos Basin (RJ); AS, REVIZEE Y2 Stn (Almirante Saldanha Seamount, RJ). Marine Ecoregions: I, Amazonia; II, Northeastern Brazil; III, Fernando de Noronha and Atoll das Rocas; IV, São Pedro and São Paulo Islands; V, Eastern Brazil; VI, Trindade and Martim Vaz Islands; VII, Southeastern Brazil; VIII, Rio Grande. α, entire Brazilian coast; β, Atoll das Rocas; γ, Fernando de Noronha Archipelago; δ, Todos os Santos Bay (BA); ε, Vitória-Trindade Seamounts Chain and proximities.

FIGURE 2 Neopetrosia proxima (Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864). (A) thick anatomical sections and dissociated spicules slides, (B) in situ image, (C–D) ectosome, (E–F) choanosome, (G, I) oxeas, (H, J) details of oxea extremities. A, C, E, G–H, Schizolectotype BMNH 1928.XI.12.45a; B, D, F, I–J, MNRJ 10526. Scale bars, (B) 1 cm, (C–D) 100 µm, (E–F) 150 µm, (G–H, J) 10 µm, (I) 50 µm.

FIGURE 4. Petrosia (Petrosia) revizee sp. nov. (A) preserved holotype, (B) in situ image of specimen, (C) tangential section and morphological variation of the ectosome, (D) perpendicular section of choanosome, (E) oxeas II echinating the multispicular tracts of oxeas I, (F) oxeas I, (G) oxeas II, (H) details of the extremities of oxeas I, (I) details of the extremities of oxeas II. A, Holotype MNRJ 22190; B, Paratype MNRJ 13119; C–I, Paratype MNRJ 4461. Scale bars, (A–B) 1 cm, (C) 100 µm, (D) 150 µm, (E–I) 10 µm.