Phanodesta Reitter, 1876

Kolibac, Jiri, 2013, Trogossitidae: A review of the beetle family, with a catalogue and keys, ZooKeys 366, pp. 1-194 : 31-34

Genus Phanodesta Reitter, 1876 Fig. 5 ; Map 4

Phanodesta Reitter, E. 1876: 31.

Type species.

Phanodesta cordaticollis Reitter, 1876 [designated by Kolibáč 2005]

Léveillé, A. 1910: 20. Crowson, R. A. 1964a: 299. Kolibáč, J. 2005: 77 (redescription). Kolibáč, J. 2006: 111 (phylogeny). Leschen, R. A. B. & Lackner, T. 2013: 290

Remarks.

As mentioned previously, six Phanodesta species from Juan Fernandez Island have been considered peculiar wingless beetles, with a form of elytral sculpture that is unknown in other trogossitids. Two analyses have shown a relationship for the genus within Gymnochilini , perhaps as a strongly-derived descendent of Australian Leperina ( Kolibáč 2006, 2008). Most recently, Leschen and Lackner (2013) revised and redescribed the genus, established several new species from New Zealand, and combined some Leperina with Phanodesta species. They also discovered an uncommon distribution pattern comprising New Zealand (and adjacent islands) and Juan Fernandez Island.

Description

(according to Leschen and Lackner 2013). Body size: 5.4-11.5 mm. Colour of body black or red-brown. Dorsal vestiture consisting of setae, scales or both. Head extending beyond anterior angles of pronotum. Frons more or less horizontal with mandibles visible in dorsal view. Median lobe of clypeus absent. Edge of labrum weakly to strongly emarginate or straight. Eyes entire. Gena acute. Supra-ocular scales present or absent. Antenna 11-segmented with loose club; rela tive lengths antennomeres II and III variable; antennomere XI distinctly longer than wide and circular, about as long as wide or shorter. Prothorax with lateral carinae simple, or weakly to strongly and evenly or unevenly crenulate; anterior angles projecting or acute; posterior angles angulate. Pronotal surface even or uneven with impressions or shallow grooves; punctation uniform or not, with or without median area glabrous. Procoxae visible in lateral view. Hypomeron setose, glabrous, or bearing scales; anterior portion of hypomeron weakly to strongly rugose. Length of elytra 2.5-4 × or less than 2.5 × as long as pronotum; carinae present and usually beaded, with punctures located centrally within it, or adjacent and contacting carina; number of carinae variable, but usually 7-9; sublateral keel absent or present; intercarinal space apunctate; window punctures absent; intercarinal scales of disc never countersunk within puncture, elongate with lengths 2.5 × longer than wide or ovate to circular with lengths less than 2.5 × longer than wide; scales erect or not overlapping to strongly overlapping and adpressed; lateral carina simple; epipleuron visible or hidden in lateral view. Hind wings present and fully developed with MP3 spur present or vestigial and in the form of small buds, or absent. Aedeagus with parameres apically angulate, rounded or acute; inner outline between parameres bisinuate, weakly sinuate or straight; length of parameres and shape of median strut variable. Protibial edge smooth or crenulate; mucro absent or weakly developed; spurs longer than tarsomere 2 with anteriormost protibial spur greatly enlarged. Bursa and spermatheca bulbous, spermatheca about one fifth the size of the bursa and bearing a small tubulate spermathecal gland.

A description by Kolibáč (2005) based on Phanodesta cribraria : Body shape elongate. Gular sutures reduced. Frontoclypeal suture absent. Frons: longitudinal groove or depression absent. Cranium ventrally: tufts of long setae at sides present. Submentum: ctenidium absent. Antennal groove present. Eyes: size flat. Eyes number: two. Epicranial acumination deep. Lacinial hooks absent. Galea: shape clavate. Galea: ciliate setae absent. Mediostipes-Lacinia fused together. Palpifer: outer edge even. Mandibular apical teeth number: two, vertically situated. Mola reduced but present. Penicillus (at base) present (fine, often membranous). Pubescence above mola or cutting edge absent. Ventral furrow ciliate. Basal notch shallow or absent. Labrum-Cranium not fused. Epipharyngial sclerite present. Lateral tormal process: projection curved downwards, processes not connected ( Airora ). Ligula: ciliate setae absent. Ligula rigid, strongly retroflexed, weakly emarginate. Hypopharyngeal sclerite absent. Antenna 11-segmented. Antennal club asymmetrical, sensorial fields present. Front coxal cavities externally closed, internally open. Pronotum transverse. Prepectus absent. Middle coxal cavities open. Elytra: long hairs absent. Epipleuron moderate. Elytral interlocking mechanism present, carinae reduced. Elytral punctation regular, scales absent. Wings - present or absent. Front tibiae: spines along side moderate. Hooked spur present. Claws: denticle absent. Parasternites number along ventrites III-VII: two. Spiculum gastrale absent. Coxitae divided.

Biology.

Probably predatory. Adultsmay be collected at night on fungi and on the trunks of dead, dying and live trees, or on the ground ( Leschen and Lackner 2013). Larvae of Phanodesta have been found in association with adults and are thought to be predatory beneath the bark of dead trees ( Klimaszewski and Watt 1997). Phanodesta nigrosparsa is restricted to the Phyllocladus trichomanoides and Agathis australis trees, while Phanodesta brounii is a generalist ( Kuschel 1990).

Distribution.

Chile: Juan Fernandez Island; New Caledonia, New Zealand mainland and offshore islands, Lord Howe Island.

Species:

Phanodesta argentea Montrouzier, 1860 ( Nitidula ); New Caledonia (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 21 ( Leperina ). Leschen, R. A. B. & Lackner, T. 2013: 300 (comb. from Leperina ; maybe conspecific with Leperina spercheoides )

Phanodesta brevipennis Reitter, 1876; Chile: Juan Fernandez Island (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 20. Reitter, E. 1876: 33. Leschen, R. A. B. & Lackner, T. 2013: 300

Phanodesta brounii Pascoe, 1880; New Zealand (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 21 ( Leperina ). Leschen, R. A. B. & Lackner, T. 2013: 291 (comb. from Leperina )

Phanodesta carinata Leschen & Lackner, 2013; New Zealand (AD)

Leschen, R. A. B. & Lackner, T. 2013: 292

Phanodesta cribraria Blanchard, 1851 ( Toxicum ); Chile: Juan Fernandez Island (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 20 (syn. Phanodesta cordaticollis Reitter, 1876). Léveillé, A. 1910: 21 (syn. Phanodesta picea Germain, 1855). Kolibáč, J. 2005: 77 (redescription). Leschen, R. A. B. & Lackner, T. 2013: 300. Reitter, E. 1876: 32 ( Phanodesta cordaticollis Reitter, 1876)

Phanodesta cribrata Germain, 1855; Chile: Juan Fernandez Island (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 21 (syn. Phanodesta angulata Reitter, 1876). Leschen, R. A. B. & Lackner, T. 2013: 300. Reitter, E. 1876: 33 ( Phanodesta angulata )

Phanodesta francoisi Léveillé, 1909; New Caledonia (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 21 ( Leperina ). Leschen, R. A. B. & Lackner, T. 2013: 300 (comb. from Leperina ; combination based on an image of the type)

Phanodesta guerini Montrouzier, 1860 ( Nitidula ); New Caledonia (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 21 ( Leperina ). Leschen, R. A. B. & Lackner, T. 2013: 300 (comb. from Leperina ). Reitter, E. 1876: 35 ( Phanodesta )

Phanodesta iohowi Germain, 1898; Chile: Juan Fernandez Island (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 21 ( Phanodesta johowi ). Leschen, R. A. B. & Lackner, T. 2013: 300

Phanodesta manawatawhi Leschen & Lackner, 2013; New Zealand (AD)

Leschen, R. A. B. & Lackner, T. 2013: 293

Phanodesta oculata Leschen & Lackner, 2013; New Zealand (AD)

Leschen, R. A. B. & Lackner, T. 2013: 295

Phanodesta nigrosparsa White, 1846 ( Gymnocheila ); New Zealand (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 22 ( Leperina ). Klimaszewski, J. & Watt, J. C. 1997: 43 ( Lepidopteryx ). Leschen, R. A. B. & Lackner, T. 2013: 294 (comb. from Leperina ). Reitter, E. 1876: 35 ( Phanodesta )

Phanodesta pubescens Germain, 1898; Chile: Juan Fernandez Island (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 21. Leschen, R. A. B. & Lackner, T. 2013: 300

Phanodesta pudica Olliff, 1889 ( Ostoma ); Lord Howe Island (varA)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 32 ( Ostoma incertae sedis). Leschen, R. A. B. & Lackner, T. 2013: 299 (comb. from Ostoma )

Phanodesta robusta Pic, 1924; Chile: Juan Fernandez Island (varA)

Pic, M. 1924: 378

Phanodesta shandi Broun, 1909; New Zealand (varA)

Broun, 1909: 307 ( Leperina ). Leschen, R. A. B. & Lackner, T. 2013: 296 (comb. from Leperina )

Phanodesta signoreti Montrouzier, 1860 ( Leperina ); New Caledonia (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 22 ( Leperina ). Leschen, R. A. B. & Lackner, T. 2013: 300 (comb. from Leperina )

Phanodesta sobrina White, 1846 ( Gymnocheila ); New Zealand (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 22 ( Leperina ). Brookes, A. 1932: 28 ( Leperina interrupta ; syn. by Leschen, R. A. B. & Lackner, T. 2013: 296). Léveillé, A. 1910: 22 (syn. Leperina fasciolata Blanchard, 1853). Léveillé, A. 1910: 22 (syn. Leperina nigro-sparsa Blanchard, 1853; homonym with Leperina nigrosparsa White, 1846). Leschen, R. A. B. & Lackner, T. 2013: 296 (comb. from Leperina ). Reitter, 1876: 35 ( Phanodesta ). Sharp, 1877: 266 ( Leperina farinosa ; syn. by Leschen, R. A. B. & Lackner, T. 2013: 296)

Phanodesta tepaki Leschen & Lackner, 2013; New Zealand (AD)

Leschen, R. A. B. & Lackner, T. 2013: 297

Phanodesta variegata Germain, 1855; Chile: Juan Fernandez Island (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 21. Léveillé, A. 1910: 21. (syn. Phanodesta costipennis Reitter, 1876). Leschen, R. A. B. & Lackner, T. 2013: 300. Reitter, E. 1876: 34 ( Phanodesta costipennis )

Phanodesta wakefieldi Sharp, 1877 ( Leperina ); New Zealand (AL)

Léveillé, A. 1910: 22 ( Leperina ). Leschen, R. A. B. & Lackner, T. 2013: 298 (comb. from Leperina )

Figures

Map 4. A distribution of the tribe Gymnochilini.

Figure 5. A Xenoglena sp. 1, Vietnam B Xenoglena sp. 2, Vietnam C Xenoglena quadrisignata (cf. yunnanensis) D Leperina (syn. Onyschomorpha) marmorata E Leperina decorata F Narcisa decidua G Narcisa sp., Seram H Phanodesta cribraria, " Chili " I Phanodesta sp., Juan Fernandez Isl. J Seidlitzella procera.