Perilampus pilosus Yoo & Darling, 2024

Yoo, Jeong Jae & Darling, D. Christopher, 2024, Integrative taxonomic revision of the Nearctic Perilampus hyalinus species complex (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea, Perilampidae) resolves 100 years of confusion about the host associations of P. hyalinus Say, Journal of Hymenoptera Research 97, pp. 1301-1383 : 1301-1383

Perilampus pilosus Yoo & Darling sp. nov.

Figs 14 , 15

Type locality.

USA, Texas, 3.5 mi SE La Sauceda.

Type material.

Holotype. “ USA, Texas, Presidio Co. Big Bend Ranch SNA McGuirks Tanks on desert willows 12. V. 1990, R Wharton ”. The holotype is point-mounted (Female ROME 182765 , TAMU). BOLD: AEF 0151 / ITS 2 . ROM Online Collection.

Paratypes. USA: 3 females, 3 males. Arizona: 2 females. Graham Co., Pinaleno Mountains, Ash Creek near Cluff Ranch Wildlife Area , 14 km SW Pima, 32°47.69'N, 109°51.42'W: (1 female: ROME 152679 - CNC; ITS 2 ) . Pinaleno Mountains, Gilespie Wash , 10 km W Jct. 191 on hwy 266, 32 ° 33 ' 91 " N, 109°45'59"W: (1 female: ROME 182819 - USNM; BOLD: AEF 0151 ) . California: 1 female, 1 male. San Bernardino Co., Joshua Tree N. P., 29 Palms, JTNP, Oasis of Mara , 34°07'42"N, 116°02'19"W: (1 female: ROME 189067 - UCRC; COI; ITS 2 . 1 male: ROME 189068 - UCRC; BOLD: AEF 0151 ; ITS 2 ) . Texas: 2 males. Presidio Co., Big Bend Ranch SNA, McGuirks Tanks : (1 male: ROME 182761 - TAMU; BOLD: AEF 0151 ; ITS 2 ) . Big Bend Ranch SNA, McGuirks Tanks , 29°28'34"N, 103°49'12"W: (1 male: ROME 182757 - TAMU; BOLD: AEF 0151 ; ITS 2 ) .

Material examined.

Mexico: 5 females. USA: 19 females, 29 males. (Suppl. materials).

Additional material examined.

Mexico: 1 female. Sonora: 1 female. (1 female: ROME 189096 - UCDC).

Etymology.

The specific epithet is the Latin adjective pilosus (hairy), in reference to the densely setose face.

Description.

Female (Figs 14 , 15 A ). Length: 3.0– 4.4 mm. Color: head, mesosoma, and metasoma iridescent greenish blue or violet with or without weak cupreous mesonotum (Fig. 14 B ), or iridescent green with strong cupreous mesonotum (Fig. 15 A ); clypeus ventral margin black (Fig. 14 I ); antenna with scape and pedicel weakly iridescent greenish blue or violet, flagellum brown or black, lighter ventrad and distad.

Head (Fig. 14 G – J ): in dorsal view transverse, width slightly greater than twice length, HW / HL 2.1–2.2. Frontal carina: in anterior view straight to weakly sinuate below midlevel of eye; in dorsal view gradually narrowed V shape around median ocellus, FC / MOD 1.5–1.9; distance from lateral ocellus short to long FCLO / LOD 0.6–1.0. Scrobal cavity (Fig. 14 H ): in anterior view wide, SW / HW about 0.5. Ocelli (Fig. 14 G ): a line between anterior margin of lateral ocelli nearly bisecting median ocellus or reaching posterior margin of median ocellus. POL / OOL 1.8–2.0. Ocellar ratios LOD: POL: OOL: LOL 1, 2.9–3.5, 1.6–1.8, 1.1–1.4. Vertex: with strong to weak transverse striations, without large piliferous punctures. Parascrobal area: in lateral view gradually narrowed towards lower eye margin; width narrow, PSW / EL 0.2–0.3; sculpture strongly to weakly striate, without large piliferous punctures. Gena (Fig. 14 J ): entirely striate along outer eye margin, striate posterad. Malar space: MSL / EH about 0.2. Lower face (Fig. 14 H, I ): with setae dense and widely distributed laterad torulus, and dense below. Clypeus (Fig. 14 I ): CW / CH 1.4–1.5; ventral margin concave; setae evenly distributed, or with small bare area without setae medially.

Mesosoma (Fig. 14 B – F, K, L ): Lateral panel of pronotum: about as wide as prepectus, LPP / PPT 0.8–0.9; without flange below level of mesothoracic spiracle in posterior oblique view (Fig. 14 D ). Mesofemoral depression: smooth or weakly imbricate (Fig. 14 L ). Mesoscutum: punctures angulate, with narrow or slightly wide and weakly coriarious interspaces (Fig. 14 B ); lateral lobe smooth or weakly coriarious along notaulus (Fig. 14 C ); parascutal carina broadly curved, acuminate (Fig. 14 E ). Mesoscutellum: apex with inner margins gradually diverging (Fig. 14 K ); punctures angulate, with narrow or slightly wide and weakly coriarious interspaces. Axilla (Fig. 14 F ): in lateral view imbricate dorsad and rugose-areolate or carinate ventrad. Axillula: smooth dorsad. Fore wing: stigma small, 2.0–2.5 × as wide as postmarginal vein.

Male (Fig. 15 B – G ). Length: usually smaller, 2.3–3.1 mm. As in female, except: Color: mesonotum with strong or weak cupreous iridescence. Frontal carina: distance from lateral ocellus as wide or shorter, FCLO / LOD 0.5–0.6. Scape: pits sparse, covering 0.3–0.4 × scape length.

Diagnosis.

Perilampus pilosus can be distinguished by the combination of an advanced median ocellus (Figs 14 G , 15 D cf. Figs 8 G , 9 D ), dense and widely distributed setae on the face (Figs 14 H , 15 C cf. Figs 8 H , 9 C ), lateral panel of the pronotum without a flange (Fig. 14 D cf. Fig. 16 D ), and the sparsely pitted male scape (Fig. 15 F, G cf. Fig. 17 G, H ). Perilampus pilosus specimens with cupreous mesonota are superficially similar to P. sonora (Fig. 15 A cf. Fig. 22 B ) but differ in having dense setae laterad of the torulus (Figs 14 I , 15 E cf. Figs 22 I , 23 E ).

Distribution

(Fig. 25 F ). Southwestern and central USA, and western and southern Mexico: USA (California, New Mexico, Texas), Mexico (Baja California Sur, Morelos, Sonora).

Host association.

Perilampus pilosus is a hyperparasitoid, parasitizing dipteran parasitoids of Lepidoptera . Hosts: Tachinidae ( Diptera ). Chaetogena sp. from Hemileuca juno Packard ( Saturniidae ).

Variation.

A female from Sonora, Mexico ( ROME 189096) has the frontal carina close to the lateral ocellus (FCLO / OD about 0.5) and iridescent olivaceous head.

Remarks.

This species is supported by both genes (Fig. 1 , Suppl. material 5), and there are five BINed specimens on BOLD ( AEF 0151) from the western and central USA. All specimens except ( ROME 189067) are grouped as a monophyletic clade in COI (Suppl. material 2). The low COI sequence quality in ROME 189067 likely caused its exclusion from the monophyletic clade as evidenced by poor peak shapes in a chromatogram. All specimens including ROME 189067 are grouped as monophyletic with both ITS 2 and concatenated datasets (Fig. 1 , Suppl. material 2).

Figures

Figure 1. Maximum likelihood tree of Perilampus hyalinus species group retrieved from the combined analysis of COI and ITS 2 (modified from Yoo 2023). Bootstrap support values are shown on the left side of the nodes. The roman numerals and black dots adjacent to the nodes indicate the major morphological clades recovered as monophyletic (I = P. hyalinus species group; II = P. carolinensis species complex; IIa = “ pseudocarolinensis ” clade; IIb = P. carolinensis clade; III = P. hyalinus species complex; IIIa = P. hyalinus clade 1; IIIb = P. hyalinus clade 2; IIIc = P. hyalinus clade 3; IIId = “ regalishyalinus ” clade. The morphospecies designation for the sequences is marked by vertical bars, colored according to their placements within their respective morphological subgroups. The names of the species described herein are indicated in white boxes.

Figure 8. Perilampus neodiprioni Female A habitus, lateral view B habitus, dorsal view C lateral lobe of mesoscutum along notaulus D lateral panel of pronotum, posterior oblique view E axillula F axilla G head, dorsal view H head, anterior view I clypeus J parascutal carina K mesoscutellum apex L, M mesofemoral depression. [A – E, G, H, J, L Paratype, ROME 162273; F, M Paratype, ROME 198146; I ROME 181757; K ROME 189061]. Scale bar: 1 mm (A).

Figure 9. Perilampus neodiprioni Male A habitus, lateral view B lateral panel of pronotum, parascutal carina, and axilla C head, anterior view D head, dorsal view E lower face F lateral lobe of mesoscutum along notaulus G, H scape. [A – D, F Paratype, ROME 162274; E ROME 185922; G ROME 152634; H Paratype, ROME 97556]. Scale bars: 1 mm (A); 100 μm (G, H).

Figure 14. Perilampus pilosus Female A habitus, lateral view B habitus, dorsal view C lateral lobe of mesoscutum along notaulus D lateral panel of pronotum, posterior oblique view E parascutal carina F axilla G head, dorsal view H head, anterior view I lower face J head, lateral view K mesoscutellum apex L mesofemoral depression. [A, H Holotype, ROME 182765; B, C, E – G, L Paratype, ROME 182819; I, J Paratype, ROME 189067; K ROME 189129; L Paratype, ROME 152679]. Scale bar: 1 mm (A).

Figure 15. Perilampus pilosus Female A habitus, dorsal view. Male B habitus, lateral view C head, anterior view D head, dorsal view E lower face F, G scape. [A Paratype, ROME 189067; B Paratype, ROME 152727; C, D, F Paratype, ROME 182757; E Paratype, ROME 152714; G Paratype, ROME 152725]. Scale bars: 1 mm (B); 100 μm (F, G).

Figure 16. Perilampus seneca Female A habitus, lateral view B habitus, dorsal view C lateral lobe of mesoscutum along notaulus D lateral panel of pronotum, posterior oblique view E parascutal carina F axilla G head, dorsal view H head, anterior view I lower face J head, lateral view K mesoscutellum apex L mesofemoral depression. [A, H, I, J, L Paratype, ROME 199563; B, F, G Paratype, ROME 182769; C Paratype, ROME 158541; D Paratype, ROME 199544; E Holotype, ROME 183977; K Paratype, ROME 198142]. Scale bar: 1 mm (A).

Figure 17. Perilampus seneca Male A habitus, lateral view B lateral panel of pronotum, parascutal carina, and axilla, posterior oblique view C head, anterior view D head, dorsal view E habitus, dorsal view F lateral lobe of mesoscutum along notaulus G, H scape. [A – C, F, G Paratype, ROME 183976; D Paratype, ROME 199551; E Paratype, ROME 162263; H Paratype, ROME 199552]. Scale bars: 1 mm (A); 100 μm (G, H).

Figure 22. Perilampus sonora Female A habitus, lateral view B habitus, dorsal view C lateral lobe of mesoscutum along notaulus D lateral panel of pronotum, posterior oblique view E parascutal carina F axilla G head, dorsal view H head, anterior view I lower face J head, lateral view K mesoscutellum apex L mesofemoral depression. [A, B, D, G, H, J, K Holotype, ROME 152670; C, E, I Paratype, ROME 186060; L Paratype, ROME 189110]. Scale bar: 1 mm (A).

Figure 23. Perilampus sonora Male A habitus, lateral view B lateral panel of pronotum, parascutal carina, and axilla, posterior oblique view C head, anterior view D head, dorsal view E lower face F lateral lobe of mesoscutum along notaulus G, H scape. [A – F, G Paratype, ROME 182754; H Paratype, ROME 198215]. Scale bars: 1 mm (A); 100 μm (G, H).

Figure 25. Distribution of the Nearctic species of the Perilampus hyalinus species complex A P. hyalinus (green circles) and P. crassus (red squares) B P. neodiprioni (cyan circles) P. monocteni (red stars) C P. sirsiris D P. seneca E P. arcus F P. pilosus (yellow stars) P. ute (blue triangles) P. sonora (red circles).