Spalangiinae, Haliday, 1833

Gibson, Gary A. P., 2009, 2259, Zootaxa 2259, pp. 1-159 : 11-17

Key to genera and species of New World Spalangiinae

1 Petiole pentagonal, only about as long as maximum width, and smooth or only very finely coriaceous dorsally (Fig. 18); body with head (Fig. 10), dorsum of thorax (Fig. 16), and propodeum (Fig. 17) finely coriaceous with setae not originating from punctures; wings sometimes reduced (cf. Figs 15, 16) ....................................... ......................................................................................................................... Playaspalangia rothi Yoshimoto

– Petiole distinctly longer than wide, tubular, and mostly longitudinally carinate to reticulate-rugulose dorsally; body usually with some distinct setiferous punctures; wings always extending to apex of metasoma................. ......................................................................................................................................... Spalangia Latreille. ..2

2(1) Male only: legs conspicuously modified, the femora robustly enlarged (Figs 110, 111) and mesotibia strongly compressed with slightly concave, mostly bare anterior surface (Fig. 113) and long setae projecting from edges (Fig. 112); head with face, including scrobal depression, densely and conspicuously setose but without distinct punctures or sculpture (Fig. 99).................................................................................... Spalangia dozieri Burks

– Both sexes: legs not unusually modified, the femora not conspicuously enlarged and mesotibia slender and uniformly setose; head with face variably distinctly setose, but at least scrobal depression bare and usually with distinct punctures or other sculpture when conspicuously setose ............................................................... 3

3(2) Pronotal collar with median sulcus and well separated circular setiferous punctures, but without distinctly differentiated cross-line posteriorly (Fig. 102); propodeum with posteriorly narrowed, more or less heart-shaped, reticulate-rugose median band of sculpture (Fig. 104)................................................. Spalangia dozieri Burks

– Pronotal collar variably sculptured but at least without distinct median sulcus; propodeum with median carina or if with median lanceolate band then band usually flat and shiny (e.g. Figs 57, 244, 264) ............................. 4

4(3) Mesosoma with complete crenulate frenal line on scutellum, the punctures of similar size and depth so as to form quite a uniform transverse line across scutellum (e.g. Figs 5, 26, 68, 334, 412), and pronotal collar with distinct crenulate cross-line and/or with distinct setiferous punctures (e.g. Figs 4, 67, 134, 287, 332, 412) or rarely so coarsely sculptured that separate punctures obscure (e.g. Fig. 320)..................................................... 5

– Mesosoma with frenal line on scutellum either separated medially (e.g. Figs 53, 186, 255, 391) or obviously shallowed and tapered toward midline (e.g. Fig. 442) or, if complete as described above (e.g. Figs 153–155), then pronotal collar smooth and shiny (e.g. Figs 119, 153, 439) or at most micropunctate-reticulate (Figs 41, 42) or finely wrinkled to longitudinally strigose posteriorly (e.g. Fig. 154) ..................................................... 24

5(4) Pronotal collar, excluding bump-like setal origins, smooth and shiny anterior to crenulate cross-line (Figs 411, 412) and mesoscutal median lobe with single median puncture posterior to transverse row of setiferous punctures (Figs 412, 413); male scape with conspicuously long setae ventrally (Figs 421, 423) ................................ .................................................................................................................................. Spalangia simplex Perkins

– Pronotal collar usually extensively punctate to rugose anterior to crenulate cross-line or at least distinctly roughened or wrinkled anteriorly, but if rarely smooth and shiny except for setae then mesoscutal median lobe with different sculpture pattern (e.g. Fig. 69); male scape with ventral setae not conspicuously longer than dorsal setae (e.g. Figs 77, 316).................................................................................................................................. 6

6(5) Petiole extensively setose laterally, with several long setae projecting from either side over at least anterior half (e.g. Figs 28, 90, 291, 311, 355)..............................................................................[ nigra -group species]...7

– Petiole bare or with only 1 or 2 setae projecting dorsally or from either side .................................................. 17

7(6) Female: flagellum with fu 1 usually shorter but at most as long as pedicel (e.g. Figs 29, 312) ........................... 8

– Male: flagellum with fu 1 much longer than pedicel (e.g. Figs 30, 315) ........................................................... 13

8(7) Mesopleuron with sculpture of subalar scrobe extending broadly along transepisternal line as posteroventrally tapered triangular region (Figs 310, 370); fore wing with at least a few setae on mediocubital fold; pronotal collar rounded to neck anteriorly (Figs 306, 367) ............................................................................................... 9

– Mesopleuron with subalar scrobe usually widest medially and narrowed ventrally such that posterior margin abruptly angled relative to transepisternal line, though sometimes posterior margin more or less vertical (Figs 27, 87, 290, 354); fore wing without setae on mediocubital fold and/ or pronotal collar with transverse, often undulating, anterior ridge or margin (Figs 83–85, 350–352) differentiating vertical surface of collar above neck (Figs 84, 351) ........................................................................................................................................... 10

9(8) Scutellum low convex and more or less uniformly covered with distinct setiferous punctures lateral to median smooth band (Fig. 308); pronotal collar in dorsal view with crowded punctures mostly separated by less than own width and sometimes punctures multisided or punctate-rugose (Figs 306, 308); internotaular region completely punctate-rugose (Fig. 308); head in lateral view ovoid with vertex convexly rounded (Fig. 300) and in dorsal view less than 2x as wide as long (Fig. 304); scape at least 8x as long as greatest width (Figs 312–314) .................................................................................................................................... Spalangia nigra Latreille

– Scutellum flat and mostly smooth with a few shallow or pinprick-like setiferous punctures (Fig. 369); pronotal collar in dorsal view with circular punctures mostly separated by distance about equal to own width except laterally (Fig. 369); internotaular region punctate-rugose medially but laterally with small punctures separated by smooth interstices (Fig. 369); head in lateral view comparatively flat with vertex almost acutely angled (Fig. 367) and in dorsal view more transverse (Fig. 368), about 2.0–2.1x wider than long; scape less than 7x as long as wide (Figs 371–373).............................................................................................. Spalangia nigroides n. sp.

10(8) Pronotal collar anterolaterally with carina or ridge extending vertically from circumpronotal furrow and more or less conspicuously across collar as transverse or undulating margin separating dorsal surface from vertical surface above neck (Figs 84, 351, 352) ............................................................................................................. 11

– Pronotal collar usually without distinct vertical carina anterolaterally, but at least not margined anteriorly the dorsal surface smoothly rounded to neck (Figs 24, 25, 287, 288)..................................................................... 12

11(10) Fore wing with mediocubital fold bare and basal cell with at most a few inconspicuous setae distally; petiole smooth and shiny or transversely carinate to reticulate-rugose between longitudinal carinae (Fig. 355); scape with setiferous punctures on outer surface (Fig. 362) and inner surface with bare, smooth and shiny band over at least basal half (Fig. 361).................................................................................. Spalangia nigroaenea Curtis

– Fore wing with at least a few setae on mediocubital fold and often conspicuously setose behind submarginal vein; petiole with minute pore-like punctures between longitudinal carinae (Fig. 89); scape with outer and inner surfaces longitudinally strigose-punctate (Figs 92, 93)........................... Spalangia chontalensis Bou č ek

12(10) Head with lower face projecting as acutely angled lobe lateral to torulus (Figs 22, 23); alar shelf punctate-rugulose similar to propodeum (Fig. 27); pronotal collar rugulose anteromedially and punctate laterally, but extensively smooth dorsally anterior to cross-line (Figs 24, 25) ............................................ Spalangia alyxia n. sp.

– Head with lower face not projecting beyond torulus, in lateral view torulus originating from variably conspicuous tube-like extension of lower face (Fig. 286); alar shelf longitudinally carinate in contrast to punctate-rug- ulose propodeum (Fig. 290); pronotal collar more or less uniformly covered with circular punctures anterior to cross-line and often with distinct median smooth band extending between neck and cross-line (Figs 287, 288) ..................................................................................................................................... Spalangia masneri n. sp.

13(7) Pronotal collar anterolaterally with at least fine carina extending vertically from circumpronotal furrow and more or less conspicuously across collar as ∧-like or undulating margin or carinate ridge (Figs 84, 351, 352); mesopleuron usually with subalar and episternal scrobes separated by smooth cuticle or only very fine sulcus (Figs 88, 354)..................................................................................................................................................... 14

– Pronotal collar anterolaterally without vertical carina and anteriorly collar smoothly merged with or rounded to neck (Figs 31, 289); mesopleuron with subalar and episternal scrobes connected by distinct crenulate furrow or line (Figs 34, 35, 290, 310) .......................................................................................................................... 15

14(13) Mesopleuron with episternal scrobe a lunate furrow, the furrow usually subdivided into slender anterior and posterior depressions (Fig. 354); petiole reticulate-rugulose between longitudinal carinae (Fig. 356); propodeum with paramedian crenulate furrows more or less parallel and uniformly tapered posteriorly, the anterior cell not conspicuously differentiated from more posterior cells (Fig. 356); pronotal collar in dorsal view with uniform, low, ∧-like margin or ridge anteriorly (Fig. 350) ................................. Spalangia nigroaenea Curtis

– Mesopleuron with episternal scrobe a single subcircular to oval or triangular depression (Fig. 88); petiole with minute pore-like punctures between longitudinal carinae (Fig. 90); propodeum with paramedian crenulate furrows usually conspicuously widened anteriorly, the anterior cell usually obviously larger and wider than more posterior cells (Fig. 90); pronotal collar usually with higher, undulating, sometimes paramedially crest-like ridge anteriorly (Fig. 83) .................................................................................. Spalangia chontalensis Bou č ek

15(13) Anterior convex region of mesoscutal median lobe completely coriaceous-strigose (Figs 31–33)...................... ........................................................................................................................................ Spalangia alyxia n. sp.

– Anterior convex region of mesoscutal median lobe smooth and shiny except sometimes narrowly coriaceous adjacent to internotaular region (Figs 289, 309) .............................................................................................. 16

16(15) Fore wing with at least a few setae along mediocubital fold; pronotal collar variably coarsely sculptured, but at least completely sculptured anteriorly and often more or less rugose anteriorly and/or laterally (Figs 306, 307); mesopleuron with sculpture of subalar scrobe usually extending obviously along transepisternal line as a more or less triangular region (Fig. 310) ............................................................................ Spalangia nigra Latreille

– Fore wing with mediocubital fold bare; pronotal collar with smooth median band extending from neck to cross-line and otherwise quite uniformly covered with circular, though sometimes crowded punctures (Figs 287–289); mesopleuron with posterior margin of subalar scrobe directed anteroventrally and abruptly angled relative to transepisternal line (Fig. 290) .................................................................... Spalangia masneri n. sp.

17(6) Pronotal collar with or without differentiated cross-line but more or less uniformly covered by circular punctures even if crowded anteriorly and laterally (Figs 134, 135, 332, 334); propodeum with paramedian crenulate furrows either parallel-sided or only slightly widened anteriorly with the anterior-most cell of similar width to other cells (Figs 136, 137, 336, 337); head with scrobes coriaceous (Fig. 132, 327) and fore wing of male with line of setae on mediocubital fold and setae distally in basal cell ............................. [ endius -group species]...18

– Pronotal collar with differentiated cross-line but without well separated circular punctures, varying from almost smooth to roughened or rugose or with crowded, mostly irregular punctures separated by ridges (Figs 67, 198, 275); propodeum with paramedian crenulate furrows usually distinctly widened anteriorly, broadly V- or Y- like, the anterior-most cell(s) obviously larger than others and usually tapered posteriorly (Figs 70, 202); head with scrobes punctate-crenulate (Figs 63, 196) and fore wing of male bare behind submarginal vein (except for S. longepetiolata ) .............................................................................. [ cameroni -group species] ... 19

18(17) Pronotal collar with distinctly differentiated crenulate cross-line posterior to circular punctures (Figs 134, 135); mesopleuron with anterior margin of pectal region crenulate (Figs 138, 139); fore wing of female often bare behind submarginal fold but at most with 3 setae on mediocubital fold ........... Spalangia endius Walker

– Pronotal collar without distinctly differentiated cross-line, more or less uniformly covered with separate circular punctures (Figs 332, 334); mesopleuron with pectal region uniformly smooth and shiny (Fig. 335); fore wing of female with several setae on mediocubital fold and in distal half of basal cell ...................................... ................................................................................................ Spalangia nigripes Curtis [part, see couplet 43]

19(17) Female: flagellum clavate and with fu 1 at most about as long as pedicel (Figs 73, 205, 279) ........................ 20

– Male: flagellum filiform and with fu 1 much longer than pedicel (Figs 76, 204, 282)...................................... 22

20(19) Gena with tiny setiferous punctures separated by flat interstices and with linear malar sulcus except near oral margin (Fig. 273); propodeal callus completely punctate-rugose (Fig. 278); mesopleuron with subalar and episternal scrobes connected by distinct punctate-crenulate line (Fig. 277). Spalangia longepetiolata Bou č ek

– Gena usually coarsely sculptured with deep setiferous punctures separated by ridges (Figs 65, 195), but at least without linear malar sulcus; propodeal callus with elongate smooth and shiny region adjacent to postspiracular sulcus over about anterior half (Figs 70, 202); mesopleuron with subalar and episternal lobes separated by smooth cuticle (Figs 72, 203) .......................................................................................................................... 21

21(20) Head with parascrobal region and inclined lateral surface of scrobal depression uniformly coarsely reticulaterugose (Fig. 196) and more finely reticulate-rugose behind outer orbit (Fig. 199); mesopleuron with longitudinal carinae extending from subalar area ventrally over almost all of upper mesepimeron, subalar scrobe extending posteroventrally along transepisternal line, and episternal scrobe at most only obscurely connected to precoxal scrobe (Fig. 203); eye comparatively large, malar space only about 0.8x eye height and at most equal to eye width (Fig. 195) ................................................................................... Spalangia gemina Bou č ek

– Head with at least inclined lateral surface of scrobal depression and behind outer orbit with distinct circular punctures (Figs 63, 65); mesopleuron with longitudinal carinae of subalar area extending onto upper mesepimeron only dorsally, subalar scrobe usually angled anteroventrally, and episternal scrobe and precoxal scrobes connected by distinct punctate line so as to form anteriorly directed V- like groove (Fig. 72); eye comparatively small, malar space at least slightly longer than eye and at least 1.5x eye width (Fig. 65) .................................... ............................................................................................................................... Spalangia cameroni Perkins

22(19) Fore wing at least with several setae distally in basal cell toward parastigma and sometimes more extensively setose; gena comparatively smooth and shiny with tiny setiferous punctures and distinct malar sulcus (Fig. 274); mesopleuron with subalar and episternal scrobes connected by punctate-crenulate line (Fig. 277); petiole in dorsal view minimally 3x as long as medial width (Fig. 278) .................. Spalangia longepetiolata Bou č ek

– Fore wing completely bare behind submarginal vein, even adjacent to parastigma; gena variably coarsely sculptured but without linear malar sulcus (Figs 66, 197); mesopleuron with subalar and episternal scrobes separated by smooth cuticle (Figs 72, 203); petiole in dorsal view at most only slightly more than 2x as long as medial width (Figs 71, 201).............................................................................................................................. 23

23(22) Head with parascrobal region, inclined lateral surface of scrobal depression, and behind outer orbit reticulaterugose (Figs 196, 199); malar space at most 0.6x eye height and 0.8x eye width (Fig. 197); mesopleuron with upper mesepimeron at least finely longitudinally carinate to episternal scrobe (Fig. 203)................................... .................................................................................................................................. Spalangia gemina Bou č ek

– Head with parascrobal region or at least inclined lateral surface of scrobal depression and behind outer orbit with circular punctures (Figs 64, 66); malar space minimally about 0.7x eye height and as long as eye width (Fig. 66); mesopleuron with upper mesepimeron longitudinally carinate only dorsally, largely smooth between subalar and episternal scrobes (Fig. 72) ............................................................... Spalangia cameroni Perkins

24(4) Head with at least parascrobal region, gena and temple densely micropunctate-reticulate (Figs 39, 40, 423, 424, 429, 430) or reticulate-rugose (Figs 400, 401) [only females known, but males likely with similar sculpture] ........................................................................................................................... [ attae -group species] ... 25

– Head smooth and shiny with setae originating from tiny bumps or from variably crowded circular punctures, the punctures sometimes separated only by linear ridges ................................................................................ 28

25(24) Head partly micropunctate-reticulate but upper face coriaceous with setae originating from tiny pinprick-like depressions and temple with comparatively smooth region posterior to outer orbit (Figs 429, 430) .................. ................................................................................................................................... Spalangia stictocyla n. sp.

– Head completely, uniformly micropunctate-reticulate (Figs 423, 424) or reticulate-rugose (Figs 400, 401) ... 26

26(25) Head reticulate-rugose with each seta originating from minute bump within irregularly shaped cell (Figs 400, 401) ....................................................................................................................... Spalangia rugosifrons n. sp.

– Head micropunctate-reticulate, the reticulations so small that origin of setae not obvious (Figs 39, 423) ..... 27

27(26) Pronotal collar finely, uniformly coriaceous (Fig. 425); interantennal region strongly coriaceous-granular, but not distinctly smoother or shinier compared to micropunctate-reticulate face; scutellum very finely coriaceous (Fig. 426) ............................................................................................................ Spalangia stictocephala n. sp.

– Pronotal collar micropunctate-reticulate (Figs 41, 42); interantennal region finely coriaceous at least medially and obviously smoother and shinier than face (Fig. 39); scutellum smooth and shiny anterior to frenum (Fig. 43) ................................................................................................................................... Spalangia attae Burks

28(24) Propodeal plical region smooth and shiny or at most with only very faint longitudinal striae indicating effaced median band (Fig. 381); head in anterior view elongate-rectangular with subparallel sides and smooth, shiny, and only inconspicuously setose (Fig. 374); head in lateral view with malar space, eye and temple above eye all about same height (Fig. 379); pronotum without circumpronotal furrow differentiating collar from neck, in dorsal view combined neck and collar ∩-shaped with neck evident only as transverse coriaceous region anterior to smooth and shiny collar (Figs 378, 379) ....................................................... [ noyesi -group species]... 29

– Propodeal plical region with distinct paramedian crenulate furrows; head in anterior view more or less ovoid with gena converging below eyes and usually obviously sculptured and/or setose, but at least in lateral view malar space and/or height of eye distinctly greater than height of temple above eye; pronotum with distinct circumpronotal furrow differentiating anteriorly narrowed neck from variably sculptured collar ....................... 30

29(28) Antenna uniformly dark; head with parascrobal region finely, obliquely strigose-alutaceous (Figs 374, 376) ... ........................................................................................................................................ Spalangia noyesi n. sp.

– Antenna with scape and pedicel bright yellow, contrasting with dark flagellum; head with parascrobal region smooth and shiny except for sparse, pinprick-like setiferous punctures (Fig. 377) ............................................. ............................................................................................................................. Spalangia xanthoscapa n. sp.

30(28) Pronotal collar with obvious crenulate cross-line and distinct though shallow circular setiferous punctures dorsally (Figs 255, 256); mesopleuron with pectal region smooth and shiny and with only 1 posteroventral seta, upper mesepisternum obliquely strigose, and mesepimeron strongly alutaceous (Fig. 257); frenal line interrupted over about medial third (Fig. 255); upper face, parascrobal region and gena with distinct setiferous punctures (Fig. 253) ...................................................................................................... Spalangia innuba n. sp.

– Pronotal collar usually without evident cross-line, but if with shallow furrow then lacking distinct setiferous depressions anterior to cross-line (Figs 391, 392), the setae often originating from tiny bumps (Fig. 393), and pectal region uniformly sculptured and with at least a few though often inconspicuous setae (Figs 54, 395); other features variable but sometimes upper mesepisternum and mesepimeron quite shiny, only finely coriaceous-alutaceous, frenal line sometimes complete, and head capsule sometimes without distinct punctures, at least on gena ..................................................................................................................................................... 31

31(30) Propodeum with variably wide and obvious, posteriorly tapered, lanceolate to somewhat heart-shaped median band differentiated between Y- to broadly V- shaped paramedian crenulate furrows (Figs 56, 57, 118, 120, 243, 244, 263–265), the median band usually smooth and shiny but sometimes sculptured ....................................... ......................................................................................................................... [ drosophilae -group species]... 32

– Propodeum with a median carina differentiated between subparallel or only narrowly V- like paramedian crenulate furrows (Figs 157–159, 186, 214, 215, 227, 228, 443) ............................................................................ 42

32(31, 44) Female ............................................................................................................................................................... 33

– Male.................................................................................................................................................................. 38

33(32) Propodeum often without distinct postspiracular sulcus (Fig. 243), but at least callus with shiny longitudinal band extending posteriorly from anterior margin lateral to spiracle (Figs 243, 244)............................................ ........................................................................................................................... Spalangia impunctata Howard

– Propodeum with crenulate postspiracular sulcus and with callus either completely punctate-reticulate or quite smooth only posterior to level of spiracle (Figs 53, 120, 394) ......................................................................... 34

34(33) Gena with quite crowded, flat-bottomed setiferous punctures (Figs 177, 388, 390); mesopleuron either with pectal region uniformly setose and sculptured (Fig. 395) or legs yellowish beyond coxae.............................. 35

– Gena variably conspicuously rugulose-roughened near oral margin but otherwise smooth and shiny except for malar sulcus and setae originating from pinprick-like pores or tiny bumps (Figs 48, 115, 260); mesopleuron with at least dorsal half of pectal region [not to be confused with longitudinally sculptured acropleuron] bare (Figs 54, 122, 266) and usually smooth (Figs 54, 122), and legs dark except for tarsi .................................... 36

35(34) Pronotal collar with variably distinct furrow paralleling posterior margin (Figs 391–393); legs dark except basal tarsal segments usually yellowish; mesopleuron with pectal region uniformly sculptured and setose (Fig. 395) ........................................................................................................................ Spalangia plaumanni n. sp.

– Pronotal collar without furrow paralleling posterior margin (Fig. 178); legs yellowish beyond coxae; mesopleuron with dorsal half of pectal region smooth, shiny and bare (Fig. 179) .... Spalangia flavicrus n. sp.

36(34) Upper mesepisternum obliquely strigose and distinguished from smooth lower mesepisternum by finely carinate transepisternal line (Fig. 54); fore wing with line of at least 6 setae on mediocubital fold and line of setae in basal cell [not known north of Mexico] ......................................................... Spalangia bethyloides Bou č ek

– Upper mesepisternum mostly smooth and shiny (Fig. 122) to coriaceous-granular (Fig. 266) but smoothly merged with lower mesepisternum except sometimes below subalar scrobe; fore wing often bare or almost bare behind submarginal fold, the mediocubital fold with at most 4 setae ...................................................... 37

37(36) Clava slender, at least 3x as long as wide (Fig. 269); scrobal depression with smooth, setose, inclined surface lateral to elongate-slender coriaceous scrobes (Fig. 261); acropleuron very finely striate, the longitudinal sculpture ventrally merging with smoother, though often finely coriaceous pectal region (Fig. 266); mesoscutal median lobe with transverse region of coriaceous-alutaceous sculpture near middle (Fig. 263); flagellum with fu 2 at most slightly transverse and subsequent funicular segments subquadrate to slightly longer than wide (Fig. 269) .................................................................................................................. Spalangia leiopleura n. sp.

– Clava quite stubby, at most 2.7x as long as wide (Fig. 124); scrobal depression more broadly coriaceous, the sculpture more or less obviously extending over inclined lateral surface onto inner half of parascrobal region above torulus (Fig. 114); acropleuron usually more distinctly longitudinally striate-carinate, but at least with ventral, usually curved stria/carina obliquely angled toward base of tegula abruptly differentiating acropleuron from smooth and shiny pectal region (Fig. 122); mesoscutal median lobe usually with puncture or small region of punctures posterior to transverse coriaceous-alutaceous region (Figs 118, 119); flagellum often with fu 2 and sometimes subsequent funicular segments conspicuously transverse (Fig. 124) ................................................. ........................................................................................................................ Spalangia drosophilae Ashmead

38(32) Flagellum with fu 1 subquadrate, shorter than triangular pedicel and at most only slightly longer than fu 2, and subsequent funicular segments distinctly transverse (Fig. 247) ........................ Spalangia impunctata Howard

– Flagellum with fu 1 several times longer than either subglobular pedicel or fu 2 and subsequent funicular segments oblong to elongate (Figs 60, 125, 268, 398) ........................................................................................... 39

39(38) Flagellum with setae usually much shorter than width of respective segment and fu 1 comparatively compact and robust, at most about 3x as long as wide (Figs 398, 399); mesopleuron with pectal region sparsely setose and uniformly sculptured (Fig. 396); gena usually with flat-bottomed setiferous punctures (Fig. 390) though sometimes punctures sparse and very shallow ....................................................... Spalangia plaumanni n. sp.

– Flagellum with conspicuous setae about as long as width of segment and fu 1 usually elongate-tubular, at least 3.5x as long as wide (Figs 60, 125, 126, 268); mesopleuron with at least dorsal half of pectal region [not to be confused with longitudinally sculptured acropleuron] bare and usually smooth (Figs 55, 123, 267); gena usually smooth and shiny except for malar sulcus and setae originating from pinprick-like punctures or tiny bumps (Figs 50, 117, 262) ................................................................................................................................. 40

40(39) Pronotal collar posteriorly with variably distinct, sometimes medially incomplete, transverse furrow or band of coriaceous sculpture (Fig. 51); upper mesepisternum obliquely strigose and distinguished from lower mesepisternum by finely carinate transepisternal line (Fig. 55); fore wing conspicuously setose behind submarginal vein, with line(s) of setae in basal cell and on mediocubital fold....................... Spalangia bethyloides Bou č ek

– Pronotal collar uniformly smooth and shiny or very finely coriaceous (Figs 119, 263); upper mesepisternum smooth and shiny (Fig. 123) or coriaceous (Fig. 267) but smoothly merged into lower mesepisternum; fore wing sometimes bare or almost bare behind submarginal vein ........................................................................ 41

41(40) Mesonotal median lobe at most finely coriaceous-alutaceous near middle (Fig.263); acropleuron finely, longitudinally striate, the sculpture not differentiated ventrally and merging with smoother, though often finely coriaceous pectal region (Fig. 267); fore wing bare behind submarginal vein............... Spalangia leiopleura n. sp.

– Mesonotal median lobe usually with at least a couple of punctures posterior to coriaceous-alutaceous region (Figs 118, 119); acropleuron usually more or less distinctly longitudinally striate-carinate, but at least with ventral stria/carina obliquely angled or anteriorly recurved toward base of tegula and abruptly differentiating acropleuron from smooth and shiny pectal region (Fig. 123); fore wing sometimes with 1 or more setae on mediocubital fold and/or basal cell extensively setose................................... Spalangia drosophilae Ashmead

42(31) Scutellum with frenal line a complete, strongly transverse ∩-like, subequally slender crenulate sulcus consisting of transverse portion across scutellum and abruptly recurved, obliquely angled lateral portion (Figs 153– 155) ................................................................................................................................................................... 43

– Scutellum with frenal line usually obviously separated medially (Figs 184, 214, 224), but if more or less complete then punctures broadest laterally and progressively smaller toward middle so sulcus tapered and usually shallowed (effaced) toward midline (Fig. 442) ................................................................................................ 44

43(42) Male only: head, including gena, with distinct setiferous punctures, and extensively coriaceous over scrobes and inner half of parascrobal region (Fig. 331); antenna with inner and ventral surface of scape coriaceousgranular and fu 1 at least 3.5x as long as wide (Figs 343, 344); tarsi uniformly dark ............................................ ................................................................................................ Spalangia nigripes Curtis [part, see couplet 18]

– Female or, if male: head sometimes with distinct punctures on upper face but not on gena (Fig. 152), and at most finely coriaceous within scrobes; antenna with inner and ventral surface of scape smooth and shiny to finely alutaceous (Fig. 163); tarsi often distinctly yellowish ........................... Spalangia erythromera Förster 44(42) Mesopleuron at least with upper and lower mesepimeron quite conspicuously sculptured, strongly, obliquely alutaceous to striate-strigose (Figs 122, 123), and often upper mesepisternum also strongly, obliquely strigose (Figs 54, 55, 179, 257, 395, 396); pronotal collar sometimes with variably distinct transverse furrow posteriorly (Figs 51, 256, 391, 392); gena sometimes with setae originating from distinct, flat-bottomed punctures (Figs 177, 388, 390); callus micropunctate-reticulate to reticulate-rugose (Figs 56, 57, 394); petiole without seta laterally ....................................................................................................................................... return to 32

– Mesopleuron with at least upper and lower mesepimeron quite shiny, finely alutaceous to alutaceous-striate, and upper mesepisternum often distinctly strigose at most only anteriorly (Figs 185, 212, 213, 225, 226, 440, 441); pronotal collar smooth without furrow posteriorly (Figs 184, 211, 224, 439); gena with setae originating from only tiny pinprick-like punctures or bumps (Figs 208–210, 436, 437); callus sometimes smooth and shiny at least posterior to level of spiracle toward postspiracular sulcus (Figs 214, 215, 227, 228); petiole sometimes with at least one seta laterally (Figs 186, 188) .................................................[ subpunctata -group species]... 45

45(44) Female: flagellum clavate and fu 1 shorter than pedicel (Figs 216, 231, 444, 445) ........................................... 46

– Male: flagellum filiform and fu 1 distinctly longer than pedicel (Figs 217, 232, 448)...................................... 49

46(45) Mesopleuron with subalar scrobe a narrow, vertical or anteroventrally angled crenulate-rugose furrow, and upper mesepisternum smooth and shiny (Fig. 225); Nearctic specimens with callus smooth and shiny except along extreme anterior margin (Fig. 227) ................................................................... Spalangia imitator n. sp.

– Mesopleuron with subalar scrobe broadened ventrally, the posteroventral margin not distinct so coarse sculpture extends over upper mesepisternum anteriorly, and upper mesepisternum more or less obliquely strigoserugose anteriorly to obliquely alutaceous or coriaceous posteriorly (Figs 185, 212, 440); callus usually more extensively reticulate-rugulose, at least anterior to level of posterior margin of spiracle (Figs 186, 442) ....... 47

47(46) Scutellum with frenal line broadly interrupted medially, with only 1–3 distinct punctures laterally (Figs 211, 214); fore wing without setae on mediocubital fold; pronotal collar smooth and shiny, at least mediolongitudinally in bare region (Fig. 211); callus usually smooth posterior to level of spiracle over at least posterior half (Fig. 214); upper mesepisternum obliquely strigose to rugose-strigose anteriorly and alutaceous-coriaceous posteriorly (Fig. 214) .................................................................................... Spalangia haematobiae Ashmead

– Scutellum with frenal line usually consisting of several increasingly shallower and smaller punctures forming tapered though variably extensive sulcus (Fig. 439, 442), and almost always with at least 1 setae on mediocubital fold (Figs 191, 193), but if frenal line as described above and mediocubital fold bare then pronotal collar completely coriaceous (Fig. 438), callus more or less completely rugose (Fig. 442), and upper mesepisternum quite uniformly, finely coriaceous except near subalar scrobe (Fig. 441)........................................................ 48

48(47) Fore wing with up to 7 setae on mediocubital fold and with setae in basal cell extending proximally at most to level of most distal seta on mediocubital fold (Fig. 193); funicle usually with at least fu 2 and sometimes all except apical segments quadrate to oblong (Fig. 444); petiole with at most 1 seta ............................................. ........................................................................................................................... Spalangia subpunctata Förster

– Fore wing with at least 7 setae on mediocubital fold and with setae in basal cell extending proximally obviously beyond level of most distal seta of mediocubital fold (Fig. 191); funicle with fu 2 and all subsequent segments obviously transverse (Figs 187, 189); petiole with 2 or more setae, though setae sometimes difficult to see (Fig. 186) ................................................................................................................ Spalangia fuscipes Nees

49(45) Mesopleuron with narrow, vertical subalar scrobe, and upper mesepisternum, pectal region and mesepimeron similarly, finely, mesh-like coriaceous (Fig. 226); upper face, scutellum and propodeal panels (Fig. 228) very finely mesh-like coriaceous ........................................................................................ Spalangia imitator n. sp.

– Mesopleuron with subalar scrobe not as distinctly differentiated and upper mesepisternum obliquely strigose to reticulate-roughened relative to pectal region (Figs 185, 213, 441); upper face, scutellum and propodeal panels smooth and shiny ................................................................................................................................... 50

50(49) Scutellum with frenal line consisting of only 1 or 2 coalesced punctures forming obliquely angled depression at extreme lateral margin (Figs 211, 214); fore wing with at most 2 setae on mediocubital fold ......................... ...................................................................................................................... Spalangia haematobiae Ashmead

– Scutellum sometimes with frenal line complete, but at least consisting of several punctures narrowed and shallowed toward middle (Figs 184, 439, 442); fore wing with at least 4 setae on mediocubital fold .................. 51

51(50) Fore wing with numerous setae behind submarginal vein on mediocubital fold and basal cell, the setae of basal cell extending in 2 rows conspicuously beyond level of most distal seta on mediocubital fold (Fig. 192); petiole with 2 or more setae, though setae sometimes difficult to observe (Fig. 188) [no specimens yet known from New World]................................................................................................................... Spalangia fuscipes Nees