Hadroca ramosa ( Naude ) Theron, 1974

Stiller, Michael, 2023, Revision of the South African leafhopper genus Hadroca Theron (Hemiptera, Auchenorrhyncha, Cicadellidae, Bonaspeiini), Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 70 (1), pp. 13-54 : 13

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scientific name	Hadroca ramosa ( Naude ) Theron, 1974
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Hadroca ramosa ( Naude) Theron, 1974 View in CoL View at ENA

Euscelis ramosa Naudé, 1926: 65-66.

Redescription of Hadroca .

Diagnosis.

Small (2.2 mm) to moderate (6.5 mm) size.

Male and female similar size, color and shape.

Ochraceous or light green, dark brown spotted, speckled, reticulate, or unmarked.

Tegmina rarely brachypterous or macropterous, commonly submacropterous. Hind wing reduced in brachypter and submacropter, fully developed in macropter. Two species with tegmina with narrow, elongated extension at posterior margin, other species with margin rounded or truncate.

Aedeagus C-shaped, uniformly sclerotized, shaft uniformly curved, tapered or subparallel in lateral and posterior or anterior views, dorsal apodeme relatively short, transverse, preatrium reduced or weakly developed, shaft edentate or rarely submacropter of H. ramosa with single, subapical, anterior process.

Style slightly longer than greatest width, apophysis in dorsal view linear to sublinear, rarely curvate laterad, in lateral view curved ventrad, preapical lobe usually ventrad.

Connective Y-shaped, either longer than wide (length greatest/width greatest 1.72-2.52) in four species, or wider than long in H. hapsistylis sp. nov. (length greatest/width greatest 0.66-0.90). In anterior view with apices of arms angled or curved dorsad. Narrow in lateral view.

Valve obtusely triangular.

Pygofer lobe rounded, edentate, scattered macrosetae distally, anal tube incised half way, anterior apodemes absent.

Subgenital plate triangular, commonly with uniseriate macrosetae, rarely absent.

Etymology.

Hadros, Greek, well-developed, bulky, stout, large ( Brown 1954) for the stout body and pronotum, scutellum and tegmina arched in lateral view, gender feminine.

Color.

Male and female, and nymph.

Four broad patterns recognized:

Ochraceous to stramineous with weak or distinct brown reticulations on tegmina and regular to irregular stipples or spotting on the head and pronotum ( H. ramosa submacropter (Fig. 1A-M View Figure 1. A–O ) and macropter (Fig. 4A-D View Figure 4. A–I ), H. hapsistylis sp. nov. (Figs 10A-L View Figure 10. A–L , 11C, D View Figure 11. A–L ), H. bualacauda sp. nov. (Fig. 15A-C View Figure 15. A–H ) and H. alacaudella sp. nov. (Fig. 22A-D View Figure 22. A–L ). Nymphs as in Figs 2I-K View Figure 2. A–M , 15D View Figure 15. A–H , 22E View Figure 22. A–L .

Light green to yellowish green with feint, brown reticulation sometimes in posterior margin of tegmina or without markings in tegmina. ( H. ramosa (Fig. 1N, O View Figure 1. A–O ), H. hapsistylis sp. nov. (Figs 10K View Figure 10. A–L , 11A, B View Figure 11. A–L ). Nymph similar color to adult, abdomen marked as in Fig. 2K View Figure 2. A–M .

Head and pronotum ochraceous to stramineous with head with three pairs of light brown regular to amorphous markings, tegmina with brown reticulations and dark brown, oblique band ( H. alavittata sp. nov., Figs 19A-F, H View Figure 19. A–J , 20A View Figure 20. A–J ).

Head and pronotum ochraceous to stramineous, tegmina with light brown, dark brown and white color pattern ( H. treichroa sp.n, Fig. 24A-D, G View Figure 24. A–J ).

Face. Brown horizontal arcs on clypeus (Figs 2C View Figure 2. A–M , 3K, L, O View Figure 3. A–O , 4E, F View Figure 4. A–I , 22F View Figure 22. A–L ), sometimes dark brown with thick arcs and few pale spots (Fig. 2A View Figure 2. A–M ) or clypeus and clypellus embrowned (Fig. 12B View Figure 12. A–F ) or half of clypeus with arcs (Figs 19J View Figure 19. A–J , 20C View Figure 20. A–J ) or weakly marked or unmarked (Figs 2B View Figure 2. A–M , 12C View Figure 12. A–F , 15E View Figure 15. A–H , 22G View Figure 22. A–L , 24E, F View Figure 24. A–J ). Arcs sometimes extended dorsally into crown.

Morphology.

Head. Angle at crown in both sexes 100-113°, broadly rounded to face, disc smooth, anterior margin of head shagreened, H. ramosa brachypter with fine or coarsely shagreened margin or finely rugose in H. ramosa macropter, H. alacaudella sp. nov. and H. bualacauda sp. nov.

Ocellus and interocular distance. Ocellus small, distance to eye more than three times its diameter (ocellus diameter/interocular distance 0.16-0.41), ocellus diameter 23-38 µm, interocular distance 77-159 µm.

Pronotum. Lateral margin carinate. Narrower or as wide as head.

Scutellum. Suture obtusely V-shaped to arcuate in H. ramosa macropter, sublinear in H. alacaudella sp. nov., H. bualacauda sp. nov.; absent in H. ramosa submacropter and brachypter, represented by few, fine superficial rugae.

Tegmina. Submacropter, 3-4 abdominal segments exposed, brachypter, 4-5 abdominal segments exposed. In brachypter and submacropter with posterior margin broadly rounded, sometimes truncate, appendix absent. Macropter in H. ramosa with appendix, four apical cells, three anteapical cells (Fig. 4H View Figure 4. A–I ). Macropters of H. bualacauda sp. nov. (Fig. 15A-C View Figure 15. A–H ) and H. alacaudella sp. nov. (Fig. 22A-D View Figure 22. A–L ) with acuminate posterior extension, with apex extended well beyond posterior margin of abdomen. Tegmina length/tegmina width in brachypters 1.1-1.3; submacropter 1.5-2.0, macropters with wing extension 2.9-4.3, macropter in H. ramosa 3.2-3.5.

Hind wing. Reduced in brachypter and submacropter, and macropterous H. bualacauda sp. nov. and H. alacaudella sp. nov. About half as wide and long as tegmina or much smaller. In macropter of H. ramosa well developed with large, folded jugal lobe. In submacropter variable, smaller than tegmina, with narrow, folded jugal lobe (Fig. 3I View Figure 3. A–O ) or very small scale ( H. hapsistylis sp. nov., Fig. 11E, F View Figure 11. A–L ). Hind wing length/width in brachypters 1.4-1.7; submacropter 1.7-2.7; wing extension macropters 3.2-4.1. Macropter in H. ramosa with large, folded jugal lobe, when open, wider than tegmina (Fig. 4I View Figure 4. A–I ).

Chaetotaxy. Protibia 1+4, mesotibia 4+4, hind knee 2+2+1. Profemur intercalary (IC) row of 9-11 long, fine setae, distal anteroventral seta (AV1) sometimes slightly longer, thicker, darker than intercalary setae, anteromedial (AM1) one seta, 7-13 anteroventral (AV) setae short, narrowly triangular (profemur in H. bualacauda sp. nov. Fig. 15G, H View Figure 15. A–H ; in H. ramosa Fig. 2D View Figure 2. A–M ).

Anal tube. Male tergite X rectangular, wider than long, rarely square or longer than wide; lateral margins variable, parallel, weakly divergent or convergent, sometimes weakly sclerotized; in lateral view anterobasal margin produced anteriad, in dorsal view paired triangular or rounded profile, sometimes desclerotized, anterior process about as long as distal part, half as wide in lateral view; width in dorsal and lateral view similar. Length/width 0.74-1.10, width greatest/width distal 1.01-1.41. Tergite 11 length/width 2.11-2.86.

Measurements. Male and female.

Corresponding closely, except length from apex of crown to apex of tegmina or abdomen (370 males, 307 females) Apex of crown to apex of tegmina 1.9-4.3 mm (smallest male and female in H. hapsistylis sp. nov. 1.8 mm, in H. bualacauda sp. nov. largest male 6.3 mm, female 7.1 mm), apex of crown to apex of abdomen 2.6-4.2 mm; crown length 0.39-0.57 mm; crown length next to eye 0.28-0.38 mm; pronotum length 0.33-0.58 mm; head width 1.01-1.60 mm; pronotum width 0.97-1.57 mm; ocellus diameter 23-38 µm; interocular distance 77-159 µm; crown angle 100-113°; crown length/crown length next to eye 1.34-1.55; head width/pronotum width 1.00-1.05; ocellus diameter/interocular distance 0.16-0.41; crown length/pronotum length 0.94-1.24; pronotum length/pronotum width 0.33-0.38; crown length/head width 0.33-0.42; crown length/pronotum width 0.34-0.43; length from apex of crown to apex of tegmina/length from apex of crown to apex of abdomen 0.73-1.09.

Terminalia.

Male.

Aedeagus. C-shaped, uniformly sclerotized (Figs 5A, B, G View Figure 5. A–J , 7J-V View Figure 7. A–V , 13D-L View Figure 13. A–V , 18E-H View Figure 18. A–S , 21K View Figure 21. A–X , 23D, E View Figure 23. A–P , 25C-E View Figure 25. A–N ). Dorsal apodeme short, narrow in lateral view, transverse in anterior view, variable in length and orientation of connection with phragma. Shaft strongly (Figs 7J-N View Figure 7. A–V , 18E, F View Figure 18. A–S , 23D View Figure 23. A–P ) or weakly curvate (Figs 13D, E View Figure 13. A–V , 21K View Figure 21. A–X , 25C View Figure 25. A–N ), variable width, acuminate, subparallel, or apex slightly wider than subbase or medially (Fig. 23D, E View Figure 23. A–P ), usually edentate, sometimes with single, desclerotized, digitate, narrow, anterior, subapical process (Fig. 7N, R, S, U View Figure 7. A–V ). Preatrium rarely short or commonly reduced. Gonopore apical to subapical, anterior (Figs 9A-N View Figure 9. A–N , 18G View Figure 18. A–S , 23D, E View Figure 23. A–P , 25F View Figure 25. A–N ), rarely anterior and posterior (Figs 13I, J View Figure 13. A–V , 18I View Figure 18. A–S , 21G, H View Figure 21. A–X ). Orientation vertical in genital capsule (Figs 7B, C View Figure 7. A–V , 13A View Figure 13. A–V , 18B View Figure 18. A–S , 21C View Figure 21. A–X , 23B View Figure 23. A–P , 25A View Figure 25. A–N ). Curvature of shaft for all specimens, represented as a segment defined by chord and height 138-178°.

Most curvate: H. ramosa 160-184°, H. bualacauda sp. nov. 175-189°.

Intermediate curvature: H. hapsistylis sp. nov. 139-151°, H. alacaudella sp. nov. 140-165°.

Least curvate: H. alavittata sp. nov. 127-134°, H. treichroa sp. nov. 100-130°.

In posterior or dorsal view width of shaft at subapex/width of shaft medially 0.6-1.3, in lateral view width of shaft at subapex/width of shaft medially 0.7-1.0, two species ( H. alavittata sp. nov., H. alacaudella sp. nov.) with wider subapex than medial width, i.e., width of shaft at subapex/width of shaft medially 1.1-1.5, the other width of shaft at subapex/width of shaft medially 0.5-0.8.

Aedeagus in lateral view relation of relative size of dorsal apodeme to that of shaft, straight line distance from apex of point of attachment of connective, i.e., the atrium, to apex of dorsal apodeme/straight line distance from apex of point of attachment of connective to apex of shaft 0.3-0.5.

Area of the aedeagus in lateral view, 18-38 µm 2 in all specimens, smallest area in H. treichroa sp. nov. 12-18 µm 2, largest area in H. alacaudella sp. nov., 38-44 µm 2; perimeter in all specimens 1.21-2.35 mm,

Style. Distally with narrow, short base, preapical lobe ventral, apophysis commonly short (in H. hapsistylis sp. nov. preapical lobe absent, apophysis very long, Fig. 13M-O View Figure 13. A–V ) in dorsal view sublinear; medial arm elongate, approximately at mid-length, with base narrow or obtusely triangular; lateral arm elongate, extended anteriad beyond medial arm (Figs 8E, G, I View Figure 8. A–U , 13O View Figure 13. A–V , 18K View Figure 18. A–S , 21M View Figure 21. A–X , 23G View Figure 23. A–P , 25H View Figure 25. A–N ); apophysis orientation posteriad or lateroposteriad, commonly short or rarely slightly less than half as long as style (Fig. 13M-O View Figure 13. A–V ), always curved ventrad or lateroventrad (Figs 8F, H, I View Figure 8. A–U , 13M, N View Figure 13. A–V , 18L View Figure 18. A–S , 23H View Figure 23. A–P , 21N View Figure 21. A–X , 25I View Figure 25. A–N ). Preapical lobe rarely reduced, uniformly merged with apophysis (Figs 13M-O View Figure 13. A–V , 21M, N View Figure 21. A–X , 25H, I View Figure 25. A–N ) or commonly ventrad to lateroventrad (Figs 5E, F View Figure 5. A–J , 8E-J View Figure 8. A–U , 18K, L View Figure 18. A–S , 23G, H View Figure 23. A–P ). In anterior view with medial arm curved or angled dorsad (Fig. 18J View Figure 18. A–S ). Style positioned basally in subgenital plate (Figs 7E-G View Figure 7. A–V , 13C View Figure 13. A–V , 18C View Figure 18. A–S , 21D View Figure 21. A–X , 23C View Figure 23. A–P , 25B View Figure 25. A–N ), rarely reaching half way into subgenital plate (Figs 7F View Figure 7. A–V , 13B, C View Figure 13. A–V ). Commonly length greatest/width greatest 1.20-1.80, in H. hapsistylis sp. nov. 2.95-3.97; length apophysis/length greatest 0.12-0.19; extension of lateral arm anteriad of medial arm represented as length to apex of medial arm/length greatest 0.14-0.27, this range was the smallest in macropters of H. ramosa , i.e., 0.03-0.19.

Connective. Y-shaped, commonly longer than wide, stem generally longer than arms, width across stem slightly less than width across arms (Figs 8A-D View Figure 8. A–U , 18M, N View Figure 18. A–S , 21I, J View Figure 21. A–X , 23F View Figure 23. A–P , 25G View Figure 25. A–N ), rarely transverse (Fig. 13P View Figure 13. A–V ), articulated to aedeagus. Variable extent of desclerotized margins medially between arms. In anterior view with arms angled or curved dorsad (Fig. 18J View Figure 18. A–S ). Length stem/length greatest 0.41-0.57; length greatest/width greatest 1.15-2.48; wider than long in H. hapsistylis sp. nov. (Fig. 13P View Figure 13. A–V ), length greatest/width greatest 0.66-0.90.

Subgenital plate. Generally triangular, lateral margin concave to sinuous (Figs 7G View Figure 7. A–V , 18C, D View Figure 18. A–S , 21D View Figure 21. A–X , 23C View Figure 23. A–P , 25B View Figure 25. A–N ), rarely sublinear (Figs 7H View Figure 7. A–V , 21D View Figure 21. A–X ) or convex (Fig. 13B, C View Figure 13. A–V ), apex broadly rounded (Figs 9G, H View Figure 9. A–N , 13B View Figure 13. A–V , 21D View Figure 21. A–X ) or narrowly rounded (Figs 9G, H View Figure 9. A–N , 13C View Figure 13. A–V , 18C, D View Figure 18. A–S , 23C View Figure 23. A–P , 25B View Figure 25. A–N ), lateral margin sometimes rugulate (Figs 7I View Figure 7. A–V , 18C, D View Figure 18. A–S ), or desclerotized (Fig. 13C View Figure 13. A–V ). Macrosetae commonly uniseriate, submarginal, basally and apically shorter than medially, length 89-223 µm, basal width 8-11 µm; absent in H. alavittata sp.n, fine short setae present near apex and distal margin, apex dorsally with long, fine setae (Fig. 21C, D View Figure 21. A–X ). Length/width 1.08-1.69, distal angle by trigonometry 31-43°.

Valve. Right to obtusely angled (81-148°), triangular (Figs 7E, F View Figure 7. A–V , 18C, D View Figure 18. A–S , 21D View Figure 21. A–X , 23C View Figure 23. A–P , 25B View Figure 25. A–N ) (length/width 0.36-0.49), H. hapsistylis sp. nov. most obtuse (136-159°) and narrowest (Fig. 13B, C View Figure 13. A–V ) (length/width 0.20-0.29).

Pygofer. Length/width 0.88-1.30; anterior apodeme absent; ventrobasal suture sublinear; pygofer lobe rounded, wide, edentate; male tergite X of anal tube incised about half way into pygofer (Figs 7B-D View Figure 7. A–V , 13A View Figure 13. A–V , 18A, B View Figure 18. A–S , 21A, B View Figure 21. A–X , 23A, B View Figure 23. A–P , 25A View Figure 25. A–N ). Pygofer length/width <1 commonly in H. ramosa brachypters and submacropters and H. alavittata sp. nov., length/width>1 in H. hapsistylis sp. nov., H. bualacauda sp. nov., and most elongate in H. alacaudella sp. nov., length/width 1.44-1.70.

Connective lobe. Edentate, in lateral view with posterior margin broadly rounded, broadly merged with pygofer, scattered long 134-244 µm and short 56-88 µm macrosetae.

Female.

Sternite VII. Commonly wider than long, rectangular to trapezoid, or almost longer than wide in H. treichroa sp. nov. (Fig. 25J, K View Figure 25. A–N ), posterior margin varied, either sublinear (Figs 8T View Figure 8. A–U , 23I View Figure 23. A–P ), or with wide, deep (Figs 8S View Figure 8. A–U , 13Q-S View Figure 13. A–V ) or wide, shallow excavation (Fig. 21Q, R View Figure 21. A–X ), or with short, median ligula, either wider than long (Figs 8O View Figure 8. A–U , 18O, P View Figure 18. A–S , 25J, K View Figure 25. A–N ) or longer than wide (Fig. 8N, P, Q, R View Figure 8. A–U ), or without ligula (Figs 8S View Figure 8. A–U , 13Q-S View Figure 13. A–V , 21Q, R View Figure 21. A–X ). Length/width 0.36-0.54, H. treichroa sp. nov. length/width 0.58-0.65, width across apex/width across base 0.52-0.71, ligula (when present) length/width 0.37-1.11.

Valvula 3. Slight protrusion beyond posterior margin of pygofer. Ventral margin with 5-11, short macrosetae, length 17-34 µm.

Valvula 2. Distal third to half, forked, dorsally serrate, teeth rounded, small teeth in trough (Figs 6D, E View Figure 6. A–J , 14E, F View Figure 14. A–J , 16F View Figure 16. A–K , 20H, I View Figure 20. A–J ), rarely uniformly rectangular teeth (Fig. 24J View Figure 24. A–J ), rarely edentate (Fig. 6F-H View Figure 6. A–J ).

Valvula 1. Lanceolate. Sculpture marginal, at apex imbricate, at base striate, at mid-section intermediate, rarely granulose (Figs 6A-C View Figure 6. A–J , 14A-C View Figure 14. A–J , 16A, B View Figure 16. A–K , 17E, F, L View Figure 17. A–L , 20E-G View Figure 20. A–J ).

Valvifer 2. Elongate, length/width 2.50-3.02, sculpture ventrobasally with numerous microtrichia, absent in H. treichroa sp. nov. and 4-11 pore-like structures, with H. treichroa sp. nov. with 1-2 setae in three out of five specimens (Fig. 25M View Figure 25. A–N ), one seta in seven specimens of H. alavittata sp. nov., setae absent in other species of Hadroca . Microtrichia commonly triangular with short point, rarely small, or short lines. Sculpture was most varied in H. ramosa , i.e., microtrichia many, few, or short lines, or absent (Fig. 6I, J View Figure 6. A–J ), most uniform in H. hapsistylis sp. nov. (Figs 13U, V View Figure 13. A–V , 14I View Figure 14. A–J ).

Valvifer 1. In dorsal view, margins free; in lateral view anterior margin broadly rounded, posterior margin narrowly rounded, apices acute (Figs 8K-M View Figure 8. A–U , 25L View Figure 25. A–N ) or blunt (Fig. 17H View Figure 17. A–L ), or both states, i.e., H. hapsistylis sp. nov., blunt in Fig. 13T View Figure 13. A–V , acute in Fig. 14G View Figure 14. A–J , H. alavittata sp.n, blunt in Fig. 21T View Figure 21. A–X , acute in Fig. 20D View Figure 20. A–J . Length/width 1.59-2.30.

Remarks.

The five new species of Hadroca and especially H. ramosa display a wide range of sizes, wing shapes and forms and color patterns. Hadroca ramosa displays brachyptery, submacroptery and macroptery, with three shapes of the posterior margin of the sternite VII in females with associated males. Two species have tegmina extended well beyond the abdomen, thus considered macropters, but with reduced, narrower and shorter hind wings, albeit with jugal lobes, i.e., H. bualacauda sp. nov. and H. alacaudella sp. nov. Brachypters have 3-5 exposed abdominal segments and 1-3 in submacropters.

However, two important internal features of male terminalia define the genus.

The generic feature of the aedeagus is the strict combination of the C-shape, uniform sclerotization, short dorsal apodeme and reduced preatrium. Additionally, the aedeagus is considered edentate or rarely with single, desclerotized, subapical, anterior tooth (Figs 5A, G View Figure 5. A–J ; 7K, N, O, R, S, U View Figure 7. A–V ; 9C, E, F, G, I-M View Figure 9. A–N ). The exact dimensions of the dorsal apodeme are subjective due to the nature of the transition and orientation between the union of the phragma and the dorsal apodeme. An approximation of the relation between the length of the dorsal apodeme and the length of the aedeagus, by the use of a straight line distance from the point of attachment of the connective to the apex of the dorsal apodeme divided by the straight line distance from the former point to the apex of the shaft. This relation in Hadroca species is 0.35-0.45, and in other Bonaspeiini genera as follows:

Basutoia brachyptera Linnavuori, 1961, 0.51-0.58; Bonaspeia Linnavuori, 1961, species 0.63-0.79; Curvostylus Davies, 1987, species 0.81-0.87; Flavorubivolatus Stiller, 2021, species 0.41-0.53, F. curtiverpus Stiller, 2021, 0.49-0.60, F. tensus Stiller, 2021, 0.45-0.51, F. glabrus Stiller, 2021, 0.37-0.49; select species of Geelus Stiller, 2020, 0.43-0.64; Retevolatus Stiller, 2021, species 0.31-0.54, R. flexiverpus Stiller, 2021, 0.41-0.57, R. semicurvierpus Stiller, 2021, 0.20-0.25, R. subspiniverpus Stiller, 2021, 0.38-0.47; Tzitzikamaia Linnavuori, 1961, species 0.55-0.64.

Style metrics vary considerably, not fully resolved and require retrospective evaluation in other members of Bonaspeiini . The generic feature is the ventrad curvature of the apophysis usually visible in situ in the cleared pygofer or whole specimens (Fig. 12A View Figure 12. A–F ), but sometimes obscured by other structures. The most striking style apophysis is in H. hapsistylis sp. nov. with the very long and strongly arched apophysis, and least typical is in H. alavittata sp. nov. with the apophysis curvate laterad in dorsal view and its apex with minimal ventrad curvature. The medial arm is curved or angled dorsad, when observed anteriorly.

Theron (1974) stated the connective with elongated stem was diagnostic for the genus, but now found to be longer or shorter than the arms, in approximate equal proportions. Even the width of the stem showed varied degrees of lateral sclerotization. This genus has two types of connective, i.e., longer than wide in four species and wider than long in H. hapsistylis sp. nov. and both with medial part of the arms angled dorsad.

The ocellus diameter and interocellar distance in many specimens is poorly defined. Theron (1974) noted the arched pronotum, scutellum and tegmina in lateral view in the submacropterous H. ramosa (Figs 1D, L View Figure 1. A–O , 3N View Figure 3. A–O ), that is similar in H. bualacauda sp. nov. (Fig. 15C View Figure 15. A–H ), H. alavittata sp. nov. (Fig. 19F View Figure 19. A–J ) but less distinct in H. hapsistylis sp. nov. (Fig. 11C, D View Figure 11. A–L ), H. alacaudella sp. nov. (Fig. 22C, D View Figure 22. A–L ) and H. treichroa sp. nov. (Fig. 24C, G View Figure 24. A–J ) and additional specimens of H. ramosa (Figs 1I View Figure 1. A–O , 3B, H View Figure 3. A–O , 4B, D View Figure 4. A–I ).

Bloemia hieroglyphica ( Naudé, 1926) is similar to Hadroca in color, shape and size (Fig. 28A-F View Figure 28. A–F ), and similar curvature of the aedeagal shaft, but not uniformly sclerotized, i.e., with lateral margins weakly sclerotized, base strongly sclerotized, apex anteriorly, posteriorly and apex and subapex medially desclerotized (Fig. 5I-L View Figure 5. A–J ). Additionally, in Bloemia the dorsal apodeme is reduced, preatrium short, in dorsal/ventral or anterior/posterior view with the aedeagus at its widest medially, base narrower and apex narrowest. The style in Bloemia in dorsal view is curved laterad, in lateral view linear.

Basutoia brachyptera Linnavuori, 1961, bears some resemblance to the brachypterous form of H. ramosa , but with length from apex of crown to apex of abdomen larger, i.e., males 4.0-4.6 mm. All examined specimens in SANC holdings are brachypterous and have three color forms (Fig. 27A-E View Figure 27. A–M ). The aedeagus is C-shaped, with a much longer dorsal apodeme, about half as long as the shaft, similar width to the shaft in lateral view, and about three times wider than the shaft in anterior or posterior view. Linnavuori (1961) illustrated a part of the aedeagus in lateral view (Fig. 29L View Figure 29. A–N ), supplemented with own observations of terminalia in numerous specimens. Basutoia is probably grass-feeding and associated with the Grassland Biome of South Africa (Fig. 30A View Figure 30. A–D ).

Tzitzikamaia Linnavuori, 1961 is brachypterous (Fig. 27I-L View Figure 27. A–M ), similar in some aspects of size (length from apex of crown to apex of tegmina 2.3-2.8 mm, in Hadroca 2.8-3.3 mm, length from apex of crown to apex of abdomen 3.5-4.5 mm, in Hadroca 3.4-4.2 mm) but head width and pronotum width in Tzitzikamaia 1.5-1.8 mm and Hadroca 1.3-1.5 mm, and notably with the aedeagus with apical, paired processes. The aedeagus of four species has apical, paired processes, as in Fig. 29G-K View Figure 29. A–N . The female sternite VII based on own observations and of two species as in Fig. 29M, N View Figure 29. A–N , differs considerably, except in some specimens of Tzitzikamaia resembling the narrow incision as in Figs 3J View Figure 3. A–O , 8S View Figure 8. A–U . Differentiation between Basutoia brachyptera , Tzitzikamaia species and brachypters of H. ramosa in Table 1 View Table 1 .

Goniagnathus brachypterus Linnavuori, 1978, (Fig. 27M View Figure 27. A–M ) (in Goniagnathini ( Zahniser and Dietrich 2013)) resembles Hadroca ramosa in color, shape and size, but has the aedeagus thick and tapered apicad with large, semicircular gonopore, the style apophysis wide and serrate and based on SANC holdings distributed in the northern parts of South Africa, and Linnavuori (1978) described the species from Zaire, now the Democratic Republic of Congo.

Johanus cypraeus ( Naudé, 1926) bears some resemblance in shape and size, but has a distinct asymmetric aedeagus.

Teinopterus microphallus Stiller, 2011, is a grass-feeding leafhopper in Paralimnini , with a narrow tail-like wing extension (Fig. 27F, G View Figure 27. A–M ) which resembles that of H. bualacauda sp. nov. and H. alacaudella sp. nov.