Amphidraus Simon, 1900

Ruiz, Gustavo R. S., 2017, Ten new species of Amphidraus Simon, 1900 (Araneae: Salticidae: Euophryini) and three new combinations, Zootaxa 4312 (3), pp. 401-437 : 402-404

Amphidraus Simon, 1900

Amphidraus Simon, 1900: 60 (type species: Amphidraus auriga Simon, 1900 , original designation).

Nebridia Simon, 1902: 373 (type species: Nebridia semicana Simon, 1902 ); synonymized by ZHang & Maddison 2015: 22.

Relationships. Species of the Amphidraus-Marma clade sensu Zhang & Maddison (2015) are small to mediumsized jumping spiders with two promarginal teeth and one fissident retromarginal tooth with two or more cusps in the chelicerae ( Figs 1 E, 1F); the male palp in these two genera has an embolic disc with projections independent from the embolus ( Figs 4 C, 6C, 8C) ( Zhang & Maddison 2015). The clade includes Amphidraus , Marma and possibly Yacuitella , which shares a similar male palp.

Revised diagnosis. Amphidraus can be distinguished from Marma and Yacuitella by the lobe on the proximal region of the tegulum ( Figs 4 C, 6C; absent in Marma and Yacuitella ), and by the bifid tip of the embolus, forming a spiraled tube that varies in length ( Fig. 3 B; embolus simple in the other two genera). Amphidraus also differs from Marma by the complex arrangements of the tibial apophyses (RTA, RvTA and ITA; simple RTA in Marma ), and by a membranous distal retroventral expansion of the cymbium, in which part of the embolus rests (treated herein as “cymbial conductor”, Figs 3 A, 3B, 4C; similar in Yacultella, but a narrow and not membranous structure in Marma , see Zhang & Maddison 2015: fig. 217).

Common features. Small-sized (2–3 mm) jumping spiders; thoracic area brown or black, cephalic area black, covered with sparse white and brown scales, mostly around the eyes; some species, such as A. mysticetus sp. nov. and A. caxiuanan sp. nov., have a longitudinal stripe of white scales on the carapace ( Figs 1 A–D, 2A, 2C, 5A); others, such as A. sie Galvis, 2017, have a pair of longitudinal black stripes in this area (see Galvis 2017, fig. 17g); legs yellow or brown; sometimes front legs darker in males; abdomen dorsally brown and variegated; some species, such as A. sie Galvis, 2017, have a median, longitudinal white stripe (see Galvis 2017, fig. 17g); female with unmodified palp. Male palp: femur of some species (such as A. belzonte sp. nov., A. caxiuanan sp. nov., A. loxodontillus sp. nov. and A. simplex sp. nov.) with a ventral distal depression, in which the proximal tegular lobe fits when palp is flexed ( Figs 6 A, 10A, 14D); some species have a subproximal ventral projection, such as in A. auriga , A. duckei , A. nigrigenu sp. nov. ( Fig. 12 D), A. santanae ( Fig. 15 B) and A. simplex sp. nov. ( Fig. 14 D); patella short, with dorsal tuft of white scales ( Fig. 3 C); a retrolateral patellar apophysis is present in A. sotairensis Galvis, 2017 (see Galvis 2017, fig. 11b); tibia as long as patella, with varied and complex arrangements of tibial apophyses, ranging from a single RvTA, such as in A. simplex sp. nov. ( Figs 14 C, 14D), to a combination of RTA, ITA and RvTA, such as in A. belzonte sp. nov. ( Figs 10 C, 10D) and A. pulvinus sp. nov. ( Fig. 8 D); cymbium oval ( Figs 4 B, 8B); tegulum usually without retrolateral sperm duct loop (present in most Euophryini ); if present, poorly developed, such as in A. complexus Zhang & Maddison, 2012 and A. pulvinus sp. nov. ( Fig. 8 C); tegulum with rounded distal retrodorsal projection ( Figs 10 C, 14C) and with a small membranous region on the prolateral border ( Figs 4 A, 6A, 10A); embolus emerging from proximal portion of the embolic disc, projected towards the apex of the palp along the retrolateral side of the disc, and with a well sclerotized, straight portion and a poorly sclerotized, subapical or apical embolic filament, curling around the straight portion and resting on the cymbial conductor ( Figs 4 C, 6C, 8C). Epigyne: epigynal plate with single ( Fig. 14 E) or a pair of close, small semicircular copulatory openings ( Figs 4 E, 16I); coupling pocket narrow or large, dorsal, at the posterior border of the epigynal plate ( Figs 16 I, 21E, 24F) or large and ventral, at the median portion of the epigynal plate ( Figs 14 E); some species, such as A. mysticetus sp. nov. ( Fig. 4 F) and A. draconicaudatus sp. nov., have glands in the copulatory ducts near the copulatory openings ( Fig. 24 F); secondary spermatheca, when present, is semicircular and located near the copulatory opening ( Figs 14 F, 21F); copulatory ducts short as in A. complexus Zhang & Maddison, 2012 (see Zhang & Maddison 2012, fig. 6) or long and convoluted in many species ( Figs 14 F, 16J, 21F; see also Galvis 2017, figs 24e, 25b, 25e); primary spermatheca kidney-shaped ( Figs 4 F, 14F); fertilization duct laterally projected ( Figs 4 F, 21F).

Composition. Thirty-five species (alphabetical order): Amphidraus argentinensis Galiano, 1997 , A. auriga Simon, 1900 , A. belzonte sp. nov., A. bifidus sp. nov., A. bochica Galvis, 2017 , A. caxiuanan sp. nov., A. chie Galvis, 2017 , A. colombianus Galvis, 2017 , A. complexus Zhang & Maddison, 2012 , A. duckei Galiano, 1967 , A. draconicaudatus sp. nov., A. guaitipan Galvis, 2017 , A. guatavita Galvis, 2017 , A. janauari sp. nov., A. loxodontillus sp. nov., A. mae Galvis, 2017 , A. mysticetus sp. nov., A. nigrigenu sp. nov., A. pae Galvis, 2017 , A. pulvinus sp. nov., A. quimbaya Galvis, 2017 , A. quinini Galvis, 2017 , A. santanae Galiano, 1967 , A. semicanus ( Simon, 1902) , A. sie Galvis, 2017, A. sikuani Galvis, 2017 , A. simplex sp. nov., A. somondoco Galvis, 2017 , A. sotairensis Galvis, 2017 , A. sua Galvis, 2017, A. tanimuca Galvis, 2017 , A. tisquesusa Galvis, 2017 , A. tundama Galvis, 2017 , A. zaque Galvis, 2017 , and A. zipa Galvis, 2017 .

Notes. The species described by Simon ( A. auriga and A. semicanus ) were already redescribed by Galiano (1962, 1963). These and the species described by her ( A. duckei , A. santanae and A. argentinensis ) have goodquality diagnostic illustrations and descriptions and do not need redescriptions. The same can be said about A. complexus . The species recently described from Colombia can be recognized with the aid of Galvis (2017).

Figures

FIGURE 1. Amphidraus mysticetus sp. nov. A carapace; B cepHalic area (different types of scales); C wHite scales; D brown scales; E left cHelicera, retrodistal view (unnamed arrows sHow promarginal teetH); F rigHt cHelicera, distal view. ALE, anterior lateral eyes; AME, anterior median eyes; PLE, posterior lateral eyes; PME, posterior median eyes.

FIGURE 3. Amphidraus mysticetus sp. nov. A left male palp, vental view; B same, embolic disc, ventral view; C same, retrolateral view; D same, RTA and RvTA, retrolateral view. CC, cymbial conductor; dPED, distal process on embolic disc; ED, embolic disc; RTA, retrolateral tibial apopHysis; RvTA: retroventral tibial apopHysis; vPED, ventral process on embolic disc.

FIGURE 4. Amphidraus mysticetus sp. nov. A left male palp, prolateral view; B same, dorsal view; C same, ventral view; D same, retrolateral view; E epigyne, ventral view; F same, cleared, ventral view. CC, cymbial conductor; CO, copulatory opening; dPED, distal process on embolic disc; E, embolus; ED, embolic disc; FD, fertilization duct; PS, primary spermatHeca; RTA, retrolateral tibial apopHysis; RvTA, retroventral tibial apopHysis; SD, sperm duct; TL, tegular lobe; vPED, ventral process on embolic disc.

FIGURE 6. Amphidraus caxiuanan sp. nov. A left male palp, prolateral view; B same, dorsal view; C same, ventral view; D same, retrolateral view. CC, cymbial conductor; dPED, distal process on embolic disc; E, embolus; ED, embolic disc; RTA, retrolateral tibial apopHysis; RvTA, retroventral tibial apopHysis; SD, sperm duct; TL, tegular lobe; vPED, ventral process on embolic disc.

FIGURE 8. Amphidraus pulvinus sp. nov. A left male palp, prolateral view; B same, dorsal view; C same, ventral view; D same, retrolateral view. CC, cymbial conductor; dPED, distal process on embolic disc; E, embolus; ED, embolic disc; ITA, intermediate tibial apopHysis; RSDL, retrolateral sperm duct loop; RTA, retrolateral tibial apopHysis; RvTA, retroventral tibial apopHysis; TL, tegular lobe; vPED, ventral process on embolic disc. Black arrows indicate pillow-like membrane.

FIGURE 10. Amphidraus belzonte sp. nov. A left male palp, prolateral view; B same, dorsal view; C same, ventral view; D same, retrolateral view. CC, cymbial conductor; dPED, distal process on embolic disc; E, embolus; ED, embolic disc; ITA, intermediate tibial apopHysis; RTA, retrolateral tibial apopHysis; RvTA, retroventral tibial apopHysis; SD, sperm duct; TL, tegular lobe; vPED, ventral process on embolic disc. WHite arrow in C sHows tegular distal projection.

FIGURE 12. Amphidraus nigrigenu sp. nov. A left male palp, prolateral view; B same, dorsal view; C same, ventral view; D same, retrolateral view. CC, cymbial conductor; dPED, distal process on embolic disc; E, embolus; ED, embolic disc; RTA, retrolateral tibial apopHysis; RvTA, retroventral tibial apopHysis; SD, sperm duct; TL, tegular lobe; vPED, ventral process on embolic disc.

FIGURE 14. Amphidraus simplex sp. nov. A left male palp, prolateral view; B same, dorsal view; C same, ventral view; D same, retrolateral view; E epigyne, ventral view; F same, cleared, ventral view. CC, cymbial conductor; CO, copulatory opening; dPED, distal process on embolic disc; E, embolus; ED, embolic disc; FD, fertilization duct; po, coupling pocket; PS, primary spermatHeca; RvTA, retroventral tibial apopHysis; SD, sperm duct; SS, secondary spermatHeca; TL, tegular lobe; vPED, ventral process on embolic disc.

FIGURE 15. MorpHological variations in copulatory structures of Amphidraus santanae. A – C, E – G, I – K, M – O: left male palp; A – C Holotype from Santana, Amapá; E – G specimen from Vitória do Xingu, Pará; I – K specimen from São Félix do Xingu, Pará; M – O specimen from Canaã do Carajás, Pará; A, E, I, M: ventral views; B, F, J, N: retrolateral views; C: proventral view; G, K, O: retroventral views. D, H, L, P: epigyne, ventral view; D allotype from Santana, Amapá; H female from Vitória do Xingu, Pará; L female from São Félix do Xingu, Pará; P female from Canaã dos Carajás, Pará. dPED, distal process on embolic disc; E, embolus; RvTA, retroventral tibial apopHysis; TL, tegular lobe; vPED, ventral process on embolic disc.

FIGURE 16. MorpHological variations in copulatory structures of Amphidraus santanae. A, C, E, G, left male palp, ventral view. B, D, F, H, same, tibia, retrolateral view; A – B specimen from Vitória do Xingu, Pará; C – D specimen from São Félix do Xingu, Pará; E – F specimen from Canaã do Carajás, Pará; G – H specimen from Tailândia, Pará; I – L epigyne, cleared, ventral view; I female from Vitória do Xingu, Pará; J female from São Félix do Xingu, Pará; K female from Canaã do Carajás, Pará; L female from Tailândia, Pará. CD, copulatory duct; CO, copulatory opening; dPED, distal process on embolic disc; po, coupling pocket; PS, primary spermatHeca; RTA, retrolateral tibial apopHysis; RvTA, retroventral tibial apopHysis; SS, secondary spermatHeca; vPED, ventral process on embolic disc.

FIGURE 24. Amphidraus draconicaudatus sp. nov. A left male palp, prolateral view; B same, dorsal view; C same, ventral view; D same, retrolateral view; E epigyne, ventral view; F same, cleared, ventral view. CC, cymbial conductor; CO, copulatory opening; dPED, distal process on embolic disc; E, embolus; ED, embolic disc; FD, fertilization duct; po, coupling pocket; PS, primary spermatHeca; RTA, retrolateral tibial apopHysis; RvTA, retroventral tibial apopHysis; SD, sperm duct; SS, secondary spermatHeca; TL, tegular lobe; vPED, ventral process on embolic disc.