Entoloma dragonosporum (Singer)

Karstedt, Fernanda, Bergemann, Sarah E., Gates, Genevieve, Ratkowsky, David, Cunha, Kelmer Martins & Capelari, Marina, 2024, Species of Entoloma (Entolomataceae) with cuboidal basidiospores from Brazil, Phytotaxa 654 (1), pp. 1-76 : 33-36

Entoloma dragonosporum (Singer) E. Horak, Sydowia 29: 292. 1976.

[≡ Rhodophyllus dragonosporus Singer, Atas Inst. Micol. 2: 46. 1965; ≡ Inocephalus dragonosporus (Singer) T.J. Baroni & Largent, Mycotaxon 105: 187. 2008.]

Figs. 12–13 , 38c–e

Description:— Pileus 5–20 mm diam., 8–17 mm tall, conical-hemispherical or conical, brown with center slightly pale relative to the margin, translucent-striate, hygrophanous, surface glabrous, slightly adpressed-fibrillose; margin of the pileus toothed; papilla pronounced, 1–3 mm long, translucent. Pileus context thin, <3 mm in the center, translucent brown. Lamellae adnexed, faces smooth, ventricose (<3 mm), pinkish grey-white, pale brown, pinkish or pinkish white, close with two tiers of lamellulae, margin entire or irregular, concolorous with faces. Stipe 54–180 × 1–3 mm, cylindrical or attenuated upwards, centrally attached, white, translucent white, slightly yellowish white or pale translucent brown, sometimes with a beige base, silky, glabrous, slightly striate and twisted, with a few adpressed fibrils, hollow, with white basal tomentum, sometimes with rhizoids. Stipe context translucent brown or translucent. Odor indistinct. Taste not observed. Spore print not observed.

Basidiospores cuboidal with elongated angles, sometimes resembling a star with 4–7 projections, 4-angled when in profile view, excluding the projections, 12.5–16(–17) µm [xm = 13.7 (± 1) × 14.4 (± 1) µm, Q = 1–1.22, Qm = 1.06 (± 0.06), n = 163/18], including the projections 18–26(–32) µm [xm = 22.2 (± 2.5) × 24 (± 2.4) µm, Q = 1–1.39, Qm = 1.09 (± 0.08), n = 163/18] and diagonally 26–31(–38) µm [xm = 27.3 (± 2.3) × 28.8 (± 2) µm, Q = 1–1.37, Qm = 1.06 (± 0.06), n = 163/18], thin-walled. Basidia broadly cylindrical or broadly clavate, 31–55(–64) × (15–)17– 29(–35) µm (n = 108/15), hyaline, thin-walled, 4-sterigmate, rarely 2-sterigmate. Cheilocystidia abundant, along the entire lamellar margin, cylindrical, cylindro-clavate, clavate, napiform, ventricose or branched, (31–)40–125(–150) × (11.2–)19–32(–47) µm (n = 126/13), hyaline, thin-walled. Pleurocystidia and pseudocystidia absent. Lamellar trama of parallel, cylindrical or sometimes inflated hyphae, 5–25(–40) µm diam. (n = 107/11), hyaline, thin-walled, septate (septa about 200 µm apart), sub-hymenium branched. Pileitrama composed of radially-arranged hyphae, 6.2–31 µm diam. (n = 135/11), cylindrical, broadly cylindrical or irregular, hyaline or, sometimes, with a small amount of brown intracellular pigment, thin-walled, septate. Pileipellis a cutis of slightly entangled and prostrate hyphae, usually formed by a layer of 1–4 cylindrical hyphae, (3.7–)5–6.2(–12.5) µm diam. (n = 160/14), usually with brown, straw yellow or hyaline intracellular pigment, thin-walled, septate. Stipitipellis a cutis, hyphae cylindrical, 3.7–7.5 µm diam. (n = 68/6), hyaline or straw yellow, thin-walled, septate. Caulocystidia absent. Clamp connections present. Refractive hyphae present, rare to abundant.

Habitat:—Solitary or gregarious, in litter with sandy soil, in the Amazon and Atlantic Forest biomes.

Distribution:— Entoloma dragonosporum has previously been reported from Belize (Largent et al. 2008), Bolivia (Singer 1965), Guyana ( Horak & Cheype 2008, Largent et al. 2008), Puerto Rico and Trinidad (Largent et al. 2008). In Brazil, it has been recorded from the states of Amazonas (Singer 1965), Paraná (Meijer 2006, Horak & Cheype 2008) and Pernambuco (Wartchow 2006) and is now reported for the first time from the states of Bahia, Pará, Rio Grande do Norte and Santa Catarina.

Additional material examined:— BOLIVIA. Beni: Vaca Diez, Guayaramerín , 17 March 1956, R. Singer B 2106 (Holotype, BAFC; ZTMyc 4343, formerly ZT 77/226) . BRAZIL. Amazonas: Manaus, Tarumãzinho , 16 March 1980, R. Singer et al. B12082 ( INPA); Adolpho Ducke Forest Reserve , 6 October 1978, R. Singer & E.M.L. Freire B11401, on the envelope 81195 (ZTMyc 4368, formerly ZT 80/153); 28 June 2011, F. Karstedt et al. FK2070 ( INPA); Bahia: Camacan, Complexo RPPN Serra Bonita, Bapeba Trail, 25 March 2011, F. Karstedt FK2019 (SP); Maria Augusta, Divisa Trail, 27 March 2011, F. Karstedt FK2042 (SP); Pará: Caxiuanã, Caxiuanã National Forest , Plot PPBio, Trail 2, 17 July 2007, R. Maziero TBGAG 269 ( MG); Plot PPBio, Trail G, 12 February 2011, F. Karstedt FK1840 (SP); Belém, Reserva do Mocambo , 22 February 2011, F. Karstedt & E. Castro FK1894 (SP); Paraná: Paranaguá, Ilha do Mel , 6 May 1989, A.A. R. Meijer 1229 (ZTMyc 4376); Pernambuco: Cabo de Santo Agostinho , Gurjaú Complex, 22 June 2004, F. Wartchow 09/2004 ( URM); Moreno, RPPN Carnijó, 8 July 2008, V. R. M. Coimbra et al. s.n. ( URM 82261 ); Recife, Horto de Dois Irmãos , 13 August 2008, V. R. M. Coimbra et al. s.n. ( URM 82260 ); Rio Grande Do Norte: Parnamirin, EMPARN, Mata do Jiqui , 4 July 2008, E.P. Fazolino s.n. ( UFRN 845 ); Natal, Dunas de Natal State Park , 6 July 2011, M. Capelari 4600 (SP); Geology Trail, 22 July 2011, F. Karstedt et al. FK2095 ( UFRN); Santa Catarina: Itapoá, Volta Velha Private Natural Heritage Reserve , Casa de Vidro Trail , 10 December 2012, F. Karstedt et al. FK2100 ( FLOR) . FRENCH GUIANA. Mont du Grand Matoury , 1 March 2001, J.L. Cheype 080301-09 (ZT 12811) .

Comments:—The holotype of Entoloma dragonosporum is composed of three, 1 cm long stipe fragments and 9 additional stipe fragments <5 mm long, without a pileus or lamellae. The fragments are cylindrical, fibrous and very fragile. A scraping of the paper surrounding the holotype was performed to collect five basidiospores measuring 13.7–15 µm excluding the projections, 22–24 µm including the projections and 27–30 µm diagonally.

The isotype is formed by six fragments of lamellae. The basidiospores measure 11.2–15 µm excluding the projections, 16–28 µm including the projections and 25–31 µm diagonally, corroborating the measurements mentioned in the protologue of 27.5–31.5 × 18– 29.5 (± 14) µm. The basidia are highly inflated, hyaline with 31–41 × 23–35 µm and the hyphae of the lamellar trama measure 2.5–12.5 µm in diameter. The presence and shape of the cheilocystidia were not verified, because, in addition to the material being scarce, they had already been recorded by Horak & Cheype (2007).

Entoloma dragonosporum is a common species and can easily be recognized by the slender basidiome with a long stipe, the brown, usually translucent-striate pileus with a long translucent papilla and large cuboidal basidiospores with elongated angles that resemble a star in some views. Entoloma dragonosporum and E. tenue are similar macroscopically ( Figs. 38c–e, g–h ); however, E. tenue does not have a long papilla or if present, it is much reduced. Microscopically, they differ in the size of the basidiospores, which in E. tenue are smaller and measure 10–14 µm excluding the projections and 12.5–16 × 14–17 µm including the projections ( Karstedt & Capelari 2013).

Entoloma dragonosporum is closely related to other species with mycenoid basidiomes, generally umbonate pilei and cuboidal basidiospores with elongated angles. Entoloma dragonosporum differs by its prominent papilla, very long slender stipe, to 180 mm in length, and the basidiospores with very elongated angles.

Figures

FIGURE 12. Entoloma dragonosporum: a–e. basidiospores: a. R. Singer B2106; b. ZT 77/226; c. FK1840; d. FK2019; e. FK1894; f–j. basidia: f. FK2095; g. R. Singer & E.M.L. Freire B11401 (envelope 81195); h. R. Singer B2106; i. MC4600; j. FK2019; k. pileipellis (URM82260). Scales: a–j: 10 µm, k: 20 µm.

FIGURE 13. Entoloma dragonosporum: cheilocystidia: a. FK2042; b. FK1840; c. FK2095; d. FK1894; e. FK2070. Scale:10 µm.

FIGURE 38. Basidiomas: a–b. Entoloma cervinum: a. FK0940; b. FK1770; c–e. E. dragonosporum: c. FK2100; d. FK2019; e. FK2095; f. E. mocamboense (FK1899); g–h. E. tenue: g. FK1039; h. FK1922. Photos: a–f, h: F. Karstedt, g: C. Puccinelli. Scale: 1 cm.