Kochosa, Framenau & Castanheira & Yoo, 2023
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publication ID |
https://doi.org/ 10.11646/zootaxa.5239.3.1 |
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publication LSID |
lsid:zoobank.org:pub:BF1FF837-56D5-4829-8D46-E821D9D31AB3 |
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DOI |
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7634801 |
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persistent identifier |
https://treatment.plazi.org/id/193AC81C-0004-FFF0-FF3C-FA471DAC648E |
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treatment provided by |
Plazi |
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scientific name |
Kochosa |
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gen. nov. |
Genus Kochosa gen. nov.
Type species. Kochosa australia sp. nov. (designated here).
Gender. Feminine.
Etymology. The generic name honours both the German arachnologist Carl Ludwig Koch (1778–1857) and his son Ludwig Koch (1825–1908) for their contribution to Australian Arachnology. Carl Ludwig Koch described the first Australian wolf spider species, Venatrix funesta (C. L. Koch, 1847) (C. L. Koch 1846 –47). Ludwig Koch’s Die Arachniden Australiens. Nach der Natur abgebildet und beschrieben (1871–1881), continued by Graf. E. von Keyserling (1881 –1890), remains the benchmark in Australian arachnological research.
Diagnosis. The presence of a basoembolic apophysis identifies Kochosa gen. nov. as a member of the Artoriinae (Framenau 2007) . It differs from all other genera within this subfamily by a combination of somatic and genitalic characters. We propose as synapomorphy for the genus a distinct off-white or yellowish-white abdominal cardiac mark, which is surrounded posteriorly by thick black setae which accentuate its shape (e.g., Figs 8A View FIGURE 8 , 9A View FIGURE 9 , 14A View FIGURE 14 , 15A View FIGURE 15 ). The cardiac mark can be dissolved to form a separate posterior spot (e.g., Figs 1G View FIGURE 1 , 2H View FIGURE 2 , 5A View FIGURE 5 , 10A View FIGURE 10 ). The dorsum of the abdomen is otherwise uniformly dark olive-brown in most species. The cephalic region of the carapace is slightly elevated in lateral view, often with a sharp edge towards the thoracic region. Some salt-lake dwelling Tetralycosa also have a raised cephalic region (e.g., T. eyrei ( Hickman, 1944) and T. alteripa ( McKay1976)) , but these spiders are much larger and have a very different colouration and genitalic structure (see McKay 1976, Framenau et al. 2006; Framenau & Hudson 2017). The basoembolic apophysis is very variable in shape (e.g., reduced to a simple edge, heavily extended retrolaterally, Figs 4F View FIGURE 4 , 8E View FIGURE 8 , 10E View FIGURE 10 , 14E View FIGURE 14 , 18E View FIGURE 18 ), in contrast to most other artoriine genera in which it may have a species-specific form (e.g., inverted L-shaped in Anoteropsis and subquadrate in Artoriopsis ; Framenau 2007). The tegular apophysis is reduced in comparison to other artoriine genera and generally consists of a subcircular, often semi-transparent lobe (e.g., Figs 4D View FIGURE 4 , 8C View FIGURE 8 , 10C View FIGURE 10 , 14C View FIGURE 14 ). In contrast to other genera within the Artoriinae , the tip of cymbium appears very pointy, as the apicolateral sides of the cymbium are concave in most species.
Description. Small to medium-sized lycosids (TL 3.3–5.9, males; 3.4–11.3, females). Carapace: dark brown, with pale median band occupying generally about one third of carapace width, and with continuous light lateral bands of variable width; lateral borders of median band parallel or converging posteriorly, median and lateral bands covered with white short and stout setae; additional white setae in some species result in species specific light colour patterns (e.g., Fig. 30A View FIGURE 30 ); cephalic part elevated in lateral view, often with a sharp edge towards the thoracic part; eye area dark, covered with sparse white setae; clypeus 1–2 times higher than the diameter of AME. Eyes: row of AE procurved; row of AE <row of PME <row of PLE ( Fig. 4C View FIGURE 4 ). Chelicerae: of same colour as carapace, sometimes slightly darker or lighter; outer tubercle present in Kochosa tasmaniensis sp. nov. ( Fig. 25F View FIGURE 25 ); three promarginal teeth, the middle one largest, and three retromarginal teeth of about equal size (rarely two retromarginal teeth in single specimens within some species). Maxillae: brown; basally lighter than apically. Labium: basally darker than apically; anteriorly bordered off-whitish. Sternum: longer than wide; brown or dark brown with obliquely erect, long and sparse setae, denser towards margins. Abdomen: ovoid, somewhat tapering posteriorly; dark greyish to olive-brown with off-white or yellowish-white cardiac mark; this mark surrounded by thick black setae which accentuate its shape, and which are particularly dense posteriorly, cardiac mark sometimes divided to form two separate spots. Legs: brown or dark brown with light or dark annulations or dorsal patches; leg formula: male 4123, 41=23, or 4213, female 4123 or 42=31; spination of leg I: femur 3 dorsal (apical one small), 0 or 1 apicoprolateral; tibia 3 ventral pairs (sometimes 4 ventral pairs, in this case apical pair small and closer to each other), 1 or 2 prolateral, 0 or 1 retrolateral; metatarsus 3 ventral pairs, 1 apicoventral, 0–2 prolateral; 0 or 1 apicoprolateral, 0 or 1 apicoretrolateral.
Male pedipalps: Patella lighter than other segments, sometimes covered with white setae dorsally; cymbium tip pointed, as the apicolateral sides of the cymbium are concave in most species; 2–4 macrosetae on cymbium apex; embolus thin and long (e.g., Figs 4F View FIGURE 4 , 10E View FIGURE 10 , 25E View FIGURE 25 ), or stout (e.g., Figs 14E View FIGURE 14 , 18E View FIGURE 18 , 23E View FIGURE 23 ), originating prolaterally; basoembolic apophysis variable between species, e.g. simple edge (e.g., Figs 4F View FIGURE 4 , 10E View FIGURE 10 , 12E View FIGURE 12 , 25E View FIGURE 25 ) to retrolaterally extended (e.g., Figs 8E View FIGURE 8 , 14E View FIGURE 14 ); tegular apophysis roundish, semi-transparent or only weakly sclerotised, (e.g., Figs 4D View FIGURE 4 , 8C View FIGURE 8 , 10C View FIGURE 10 ,); subtegulum generally inconspicuous, situated basoprolaterally (e.g., Fig. 10C View FIGURE 10 ).
Female epigyne: ventral view: very variable in shape; form simple flat plate without distinct median septum (e.g., Figs 5C, E View FIGURE 5 , 16C View FIGURE 16 ) to distinct median septum present in some species (e.g., Figs 24C View FIGURE 24 , 29C View FIGURE 29 , 32C View FIGURE 32 ); dorsal view: spermathecal head ovoid with or without short and blunt spermathecal branch; spermathecal stalks of variable length and shape; vulval chambers of variable shape present in some species (e.g., Figs 5D View FIGURE 5 , 9D View FIGURE 9 , 11D View FIGURE 11 ).
Included species. 16 species, see Table 2 View TABLE 2 .
Distribution. Currently known from mesic areas in eastern, south-eastern and south-western Australia, including Tasmania ( Figs 6 View FIGURE 6 , 13 View FIGURE 13 , 20 View FIGURE20 , 27 View FIGURE 27 ).
Key to the species of Kochosa gen. nov.
(Currently known state distribution is given for each species to aid identification—abbreviations as in Table 1 View TABLE 1 and 2 View TABLE 2 .)
1. Males (males of K. aero sp. nov. and K. nigra sp. nov. are unknown)............................................ 2
- Females (females of K. erratum sp. nov., K. fleurae sp. nov., K. queenslandica sp. nov., K. sharae sp. nov. and K. tongiorgii sp. nov. are unknown)................................................................................ 15
2. Base of embolus exposed, highly arched and/or extending beyond the cymbium cavity ( Figs 4D View FIGURE 4 , 10C View FIGURE 10 , 12C View FIGURE 12 , 15C View FIGURE 15 , 28C View FIGURE 28 , 31C View FIGURE 31 ).....................................................................................................3
- Base of embolus not highly arched (e.g., Figs 21C View FIGURE 21 , 25E View FIGURE 25 )...................................................... 8
3. Embolus long, thin and curved ( Figs 4F View FIGURE 4 , 10E View FIGURE 10 , 12E View FIGURE 12 , 15E View FIGURE 15 )...................................................... 4
- Embolus heavily sclerotised, stout ( Figs 28E View FIGURE 28 , 31E View FIGURE 31 ).......................................................... 7
4. Sperm duct visible through tegulum forms a closed loop ( Figs 10C View FIGURE 10 , 12C View FIGURE 12 ).........................................5
- Loop of sperm duct visible through tegulum basally open..................................................... 6
5. Embolic division retrolaterally pointed, as wide as embolus reaches ( Fig. 10E View FIGURE 10 ) (Qld)................. K. confusa sp. nov.
- Embolic division retrolaterally with a sclerotised sinuous edge, much wider than embolus reaches ( Fig. 12E View FIGURE 12 ) (Qld)............................................................................................. K. erratum sp. nov.
6. Embolic division centrally with elongate triangular, pointed apophysis that accompanies the tip of the embolus ( Fig. 4F View FIGURE 4 ) (ACT, NSW, Qld, SA, Vic, WA).............................................................. .. K. australia sp. nov.
- Embolic division centrally without elongate triangular, pointed apophysis ( Fig. 15E View FIGURE 15 ) (ACT, NSW, Qld)................................................................................................... .. K. mendum sp. nov.
7. Bulb of pedipalp does not exceed cymbium cavity retrolaterally, embolus straight ( Fig. 28C, E View FIGURE 28 ) (WA)..................................................................................................... K. timwintoni sp. nov.
- Bulb of pedipalp exceeds cymbium cavity retrolaterally, embolus slightly sinuous ( Fig. 31 C, E View FIGURE 31 ) (WA)....................................................................................................... K. westralia sp. nov.
8. Cymbium retrolaterally with conspicuous short, stout setae ( Fig. 21D View FIGURE 21 ) (Qld)................. K. queenslandica sp. nov.
- Cymbium retrolaterally without conspicuous stout setae....................................................... 9
9. Median light band of carapace extends laterally into the cephalic area, so that the area lateral of eyes is light ( Figs 18A View FIGURE 18 , 22A View FIGURE 22 , 25A View FIGURE 25 ).............................................................................................. 10
- Median light band of carapace does not extend laterally into the cephalic area, so that the area lateral of eyes is dark brown ( Fig. 8A View FIGURE 8 , 14A View FIGURE 14 , 23A View FIGURE 23 , 30A View FIGURE 30 )................................................................................. 12
10. Outer edge of cheliceral fangs with tubercle ( Fig. 25F View FIGURE 25 ) (Tas)................................ K. tasmaniensis sp. nov.
- Outer edge of cheliceral fangs without tubercle............................................................. 11
11. Embolus stout, reaching only halfway along embolic division ( Fig. 18E View FIGURE 18 ) (WA)...................... K. obelix sp. nov.
- Embolus thin, reaching almost to the retrolateral edge of the embolic division ( Fig. 22E View FIGURE 22 ) (SA).......... K. sharae sp. nov.
12. Basoembolic apophysis retrolaterally extended and conspicuous in ventral view of pedipalp ( Figs 8C, E View FIGURE 8 , 14C, E View FIGURE 14 )........ 13
- Basoembolic apophysis not retrolaterally extended ( Figs 23E View FIGURE 23 , 30E View FIGURE 30 )............................................ 14
13. Embolus long and thin with terminal kink ( Fig. 8E View FIGURE 8 ) (NSW, Qld, Tas, Vic).......................... K. asterix sp. nov.
- Embolus broad and stout ( Fig. 14E View FIGURE 14 ) (Vic)................................................... K. fleurae sp. nov.
14. Embolus long, stout ( Fig. 30E View FIGURE 30 ) (Qld)..................................................... K. tongiorgii sp. nov.
- Embolus thin, pointing apically ( Fig. 23E View FIGURE 23 ) (NSW, Qld)........................................ K. tanakai sp. nov.
15. Epigyne without distinct median septum or other raised median structure ( Figs 5C, E View FIGURE 5 , 9C View FIGURE 9 , 16C View FIGURE 16 )...................... 16
- Epigyne with distinct median septum or other raised median structure ( Fig. 7C View FIGURE 7 , 11C View FIGURE 11 , 17C View FIGURE 17 , 19C View FIGURE 19 , 24C View FIGURE 24 , 26C View FIGURE 26 , 29C View FIGURE 29 , 32C View FIGURE 32 ).... 18
16. Epigyne incised posteriorly ( Fig. 9C View FIGURE 9 ) (NSW, Qld, Tas, Vic)..................................... K. asterix sp. nov.
- Epigyne not incised posteriorly ( Figs 5C, E View FIGURE 5 , 6C View FIGURE 6 )........................................................... 17
17. Epigyne with distinct anterior edge ( Fig. 16C View FIGURE 16 ) (ACT, NSW, Qld)............................... K. mendum sp. nov.
- Epigyne without anterior edge ( Fig. 5C, E View FIGURE 5 ) (ACT, NSW, Qld, SA, Vic, WA)...................... K. australia sp. nov.
18. Epigyne with sinuous raised edges and central cavity ( Fig. 7C View FIGURE 7 ) (WA)................................ K. aero sp. nov.
- Epigyne without sinuous raised edges and central cavity (e.g., Figs 11C View FIGURE 11 , 17C View FIGURE 17 , 19C View FIGURE 19 , 24C View FIGURE 24 )........................... 19
19. Median septum with central ridge and widening posteriorly ( Figs 19C View FIGURE 19 , 24C View FIGURE 24 , 29C View FIGURE 29 , 32C View FIGURE 32 )............................ 20
- Median septum without central ridge that widens posteriorly ( Figs 11C View FIGURE 11 , 17C View FIGURE 17 , 26C View FIGURE 26 )................................ 23
20. Median septum distinctly inverted T-shaped ( Fig. 29C View FIGURE 29 ) (WA)................................ K. timwintoni sp. nov.
- Median septum not inverted T-shaped ( Figs 19C View FIGURE 19 , 24C View FIGURE 24 , 32C View FIGURE 32 ).................................................. 21
21. Median septum without distinct posterior edge ( Fig. 24C View FIGURE 24 ); spermathecal heads separated by more than three times their width ( Fig. 24D View FIGURE 24 ) (NSW, Qld)................................................................. K. tanakai sp. nov.
- Medium septum with distinct rounded posterior edge ( Figs 19C, D View FIGURE 19 , 32C View FIGURE 32 ); spermathecal heads separated by less than their width ( Figs 19E View FIGURE 19 , 32D View FIGURE 32 )..................................................................................... 22
22. Median septum raised centrally and somewhat bulging, posterior edge almost semicircular ( Fig. 32C View FIGURE 32 ); spermathecal ducts attached dorsally to spermathecal heads ( Fig. 32D View FIGURE 32 ) (WA)...................................... K. westralia sp. nov.
- Median septum not raised centrally, posterior edge straighter ( Fig. 19C, D View FIGURE 19 ); spermathecal ducts attached posteriorly to spermathecal heads ( Fig. 19E View FIGURE 19 ) (WA)......................................................... K. obelix sp. nov.
23. Median septum forms a posterior ridge ( Fig. 26C View FIGURE 26 ) (Tas).................................... K. tasmaniensis sp. nov.
- Median septum forms an angled edge centrally on epigyne ( Figs 11C View FIGURE 11 , 17C View FIGURE 17 )...................................... 24
24. Median septum connected medially to form an approximate right angle posteriorly ( Fig. 11C View FIGURE 11 ) (Qld)..... K. confusa sp. nov.
- Median septum not connected medially ( Fig. 17C View FIGURE 17 ) (Qld)......................................... K. nigra sp. nov.
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