Lychnuchoides Godman, 1901

Zhang, Jing, Cong, Qian, Shen, Jinhui & Grishin, Nick V., 2022, Taxonomic changes suggested by the genomic analysis of Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera), Insecta Mundi 2022 (921), pp. 1-135 : 98-99

Lychnuchoides Godman, 1901 is a junior subjective synonym of Perichares Scudder, 1872

The type species of Lychnuchoides Godman, 1901 , Hesperia saptine Godman and Salvin, 1879 , is placed within Perichares Scudder, 1872 (type species Papilio coridon Fabricius, 1775 , a homonym, considered to refer to Papilio philetes Gmelin, [1790] ) and is sister to the clade formed by Perichares chima Evans, 1955 and Perichares seneca (Latreille, [1824]) , rendering Perichares paraphyletic ( Fig. 17 ). To restore monophyly, due to close clustering of all these species in the tree, we consider Lychnuchoides to be a subjective junior synonym of Perichares .

Orphina Grishin , new subtribe

http://zoobank.org/ 3DFB5B82-69E0-4B21-BF46-AEE78715AB34

Type genus. Orphe Godman, 1901 .

Definition. Genomic phylogeny strongly supports sister relationship of Orphe Godman, 1901 (type species Hesperia gerasa Hewitson, 1867 ) and Pseudorphe A. Warren and Dolibaina, 2015 (type and the only species Telles pyrex Evans, 1955 ) and places them as distant sister to all other Pericharini Grishin, 2019 ( Fig. 17 ). Due to this prominent genetic differentiation, the clade consisting of Orphe and Pseudorphe is defined here as a new subtribe. It keys to K.27 or K. 19.2 in Evans (1955), and is diagnosed by a combination of the following characters: antennae long, nearly 2/3 of costa length; palpi quadrantic, 2 nd segment not flattened; mid-tibiae smooth; forewings produced, hindwing rounded; in males, stigma sharply defined, continuous, either straight and lanceolate, or slightly curved inwards; in females, white spots present in every forewing cell between veins R 3 and 1A+2A, including discal cell, forming an F (not Ш) on left wing; male genitalia with valva nearly rectangular, costa slightly convex, ampulla knob-like, harpe only slightly extending posteriad beyond ampulla and narrowly separated from it, terminally upturned, either rounded or ending in a tooth, aedeagus either stout and bulky or slender with coecum nearly as long as the rest of aedeagus, aedeagus with broad and long vesica opening. In DNA, a combination of the following base pairs is diagnostic: aly5007.4.1:T321C, aly 2618.5.1:G4345A, aly2096.17.2:C490A, aly 1074.4.1:G376A, and aly 2613.3.2:A1493C.

Genera included. The type genus and Pseudorphe A. Warren and Dolibaina, 2015 .

Parent taxon. Tribe Pericharini Grishin, 2019.

Comments. Genetic differentiation of the new subtribe from the nominotypical subtribe Pericharina is quite substantial, and the branch that unties them is not particularly prominent in the genomic tree ( Fig. 17 ). Therefore, it is conceivable to treat them both as distinct tribes. This view is not adopted here, because Orphina , new subtribe, includes a small number of species (only three) and they resemble Pericharina in general appearance.

Carystoidina Grishin , new subtribe

http://zoobank.org/ A99BE530-AD8F-4711-8AF4-D58F4C08FCF4

Type genus. Carystoides Godman, 1901 .

Definition. Genomic phylogeny reveals that Carystoides Godman, 1901 is not monophyletic with Calpodina Clark, 1948 (type genus Calpodes Hübner, [1819] ), where it was placed by Warren et al. (2009) (as Calpodini) ( Fig. 17 ). Furthermore, Carystoides is not monophyletic with Carystina Mabille, 1878 (type genus Carystus Hübner, [1819] ) either. Instead, the subtribe here defined is a strongly supported sister to the rest of Megathymini ( Fig. 17 ), but is morphologically distinct from it. The subtribe keys to K. 28 in Evans (1955) and is diagnosed by a combination of the following characters: antennae longer than half of the forewing costal margin, club gradually bent into apiculus at about its half, with a white patch in males; palpi broad and quadrantic with short and stout last segment; atypical forewing venation in males: vein CuA 1 originates in the middle between veins CuA 2 and M 3, but in females vein CuA 1 originates near vein M 3, causing sexual dimorphism in mutual arrangement of forewing white spots. In DNA, a combination of the following base pairs is diagnostic: aly113.11.4:G356A, aly86.8.16:G563C, aly1146.46.2:G569A, aly1146.46.2:A571C, and aly 1200.3.1:G3549A.

Genera included. Only the type genus.

Parent taxon. Tribe Megathymini J. Comstock and A. Comstock, 1895 .

Comments. The placement of Carystoides into Megathymini was rather unexpected, and at last we apparently found the closest living relative of Giant-Skippers. Even morphological similarities link these groups, for example, Carystoides balza Evans, 1955 valva is similar to some Agathymus Freeman, 1959 species: harpe distally upturned and with a directed caudad process by ampulla. All other Megathymini except Carystoides are kept in a single subtribe Megathymina .

Figures

Figure 17. Genomic tree of Carystina, Pericharini, Megathymini and relatives. Clades corresponding to new subtribes described in this work are highlighted in green. See Fig. 1 legend for other notations.