Lychnuchoides Godman, 1901

Zhang, Jing, Cong, Qian, Shen, Jinhui & Grishin, Nick V., 2022, Taxonomic changes suggested by the genomic analysis of Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera), Insecta Mundi 2022 (921), pp. 1-135 : 98-99

Lychnuchoides Godman, 1901 is a junior subjective synonym of Perichares Scudder, 1872

The type species of Lychnuchoides Godman, 1901 , Hesperia saptine Godman and Salvin, 1879 , is placed within Perichares Scudder, 1872 (type species Papilio coridon Fabricius, 1775 , a homonym, considered to refer to Papilio philetes Gmelin, [1790] ) and is sister to the clade formed by Perichares chima Evans, 1955 and Perichares seneca (Latreille, [1824]) , rendering Perichares paraphyletic ( Fig. 17 ). To restore monophyly, due to close clustering of all these species in the tree, we consider Lychnuchoides to be a subjective junior synonym of Perichares .

Orphina Grishin , new subtribe

http://zoobank.org/ 3DFB5B82-69E0-4B21-BF46-AEE78715AB34

Type genus. Orphe Godman, 1901 .

Definition. Genomic phylogeny strongly supports sister relationship of Orphe Godman, 1901 (type species Hesperia gerasa Hewitson, 1867 ) and Pseudorphe A. Warren and Dolibaina, 2015 (type and the only species Telles pyrex Evans, 1955 ) and places them as distant sister to all other Pericharini Grishin, 2019 ( Fig. 17 ). Due to this prominent genetic differentiation, the clade consisting of Orphe and Pseudorphe is defined here as a new subtribe. It keys to K.27 or K. 19.2 in Evans (1955), and is diagnosed by a combination of the following characters: antennae long, nearly 2/3 of costa length; palpi quadrantic, 2 nd segment not flattened; mid-tibiae smooth; forewings produced, hindwing rounded; in males, stigma sharply defined, continuous, either straight and lanceolate, or slightly curved inwards; in females, white spots present in every forewing cell between veins R 3 and 1A+2A, including discal cell, forming an F (not Ш) on left wing; male genitalia with valva nearly rectangular, costa slightly convex, ampulla knob-like, harpe only slightly extending posteriad beyond ampulla and narrowly separated from it, terminally upturned, either rounded or ending in a tooth, aedeagus either stout and bulky or slender with coecum nearly as long as the rest of aedeagus, aedeagus with broad and long vesica opening. In DNA, a combination of the following base pairs is diagnostic: aly5007.4.1:T321C, aly 2618.5.1:G4345A, aly2096.17.2:C490A, aly 1074.4.1:G376A, and aly 2613.3.2:A1493C.

Genera included. The type genus and Pseudorphe A. Warren and Dolibaina, 2015 .

Parent taxon. Tribe Pericharini Grishin, 2019 .

Comments. Genetic differentiation of the new subtribe from the nominotypical subtribe Pericharina is quite substantial, and the branch that unties them is not particularly prominent in the genomic tree ( Fig. 17 ). Therefore, it is conceivable to treat them both as distinct tribes. This view is not adopted here, because Orphina , new subtribe, includes a small number of species (only three) and they resemble Pericharina in general appearance.

Carystoidina Grishin , new subtribe

http://zoobank.org/ A99BE530-AD8F-4711-8AF4-D58F4C08FCF4

Type genus. Carystoides Godman, 1901 .

Definition. Genomic phylogeny reveals that Carystoides Godman, 1901 is not monophyletic with Calpodina Clark, 1948 (type genus Calpodes Hübner, [1819] ), where it was placed by Warren et al. (2009) (as Calpodini) ( Fig. 17 ). Furthermore, Carystoides is not monophyletic with Carystina Mabille, 1878 (type genus Carystus Hübner, [1819] ) either. Instead, the subtribe here defined is a strongly supported sister to the rest of Megathymini ( Fig. 17 ), but is morphologically distinct from it. The subtribe keys to K. 28 in Evans (1955) and is diagnosed by a combination of the following characters: antennae longer than half of the forewing costal margin, club gradually bent into apiculus at about its half, with a white patch in males; palpi broad and quadrantic with short and stout last segment; atypical forewing venation in males: vein CuA 1 originates in the middle between veins CuA 2 and M 3, but in females vein CuA 1 originates near vein M 3, causing sexual dimorphism in mutual arrangement of forewing white spots. In DNA, a combination of the following base pairs is diagnostic: aly113.11.4:G356A, aly86.8.16:G563C, aly1146.46.2:G569A, aly1146.46.2:A571C, and aly 1200.3.1:G3549A.

Genera included. Only the type genus.

Parent taxon. Tribe Megathymini J. Comstock and A. Comstock, 1895 .

Comments. The placement of Carystoides into Megathymini was rather unexpected, and at last we apparently found the closest living relative of Giant-Skippers. Even morphological similarities link these groups, for example, Carystoides balza Evans, 1955 valva is similar to some Agathymus Freeman, 1959 species: harpe distally upturned and with a directed caudad process by ampulla. All other Megathymini except Carystoides are kept in a single subtribe Megathymina .

Figures

Figure 17. Genomic tree of Carystina, Pericharini, Megathymini and relatives. Clades corresponding to new subtribes described in this work are highlighted in green. See Fig. 1 legend for other notations.