Cycloseris boschmai, Hoeksema, Bert W., 2014

Hoeksema, Bert W., 2014, The " Fungia patella group " (Scleractinia, Fungiidae) revisited with a description of the mini mushroom coral Cycloseris boschmai sp. n., ZooKeys 371, pp. 57-84 : 62-69

Cycloseris boschmai sp. n. Figures 3-13

Fungia marginata (partim) Boschma 1923: 141-142; 1925: 199-202.

Fungia (Cycloseris) costulata (partim) - Hoeksema 1989: 64-69.

Fungia (Cycloseris) spec. - Hoeksema et al. 2004: 15; Hoeksema 2008: 11-12; 2010: 24-25.

Cycloseris sp. 1 - Gittenberger et al. 2011: 117; Hoeksema 2012a: 188.

Cycloseris sp. - Hoeksema et al. 2012: 652.

Cycloseris spec. - Waheed and Hoeksema 2013: 41.

Type material.

Type specimens of Cycloseris boschmai from Banda, Moluccas, Indonesia (Danish Exp. to the Kei Islands, 1922), previously identified as Fungia marginata by Boschma 1925). Holotype: RMNH Coel. 8333 (1 dry specimen: 28 mm; Figure 3), Banda, 1922. Paratypes: RMNH Coel. 8334 (1 dry specimen: 29 mm), Banda, Lontor, 12.vi.1922; RMNH Coel. 8335 (5 dry specimens: 20-30 mm), Banda, off Lontor, 10-20 m depth, 4°33'S, 129°52'E, 1922.

Other material: Indonesia.

Bali: RMNH Coel. 40146 (2 dry specimens: 25, 31 mm), NE Bali, Tulamben, 3-5m, 08°16'36"S, 115°35'37"E, Bali Lombok Strait Exp. Sta. BAL.20, 09.iv.2001, coll. BWH; RMNH Coel. 40147 (1 dry specimen: 18 mm), NE Bali, Tulamben, 5m depth, 08°16'26"S, 115°35'28"E, Bali Lombok Strait Exp. Sta. BAL.21, 11.iv.2001, coll. BWH. Nusa Tenggara Timur (Lesser Sunda Islands): RMNH Coel. 21471 (1 dry specimen: 38 mm), NE Komodo, S Gili Lawa Laut, 08°27'00"S, 119°34'24"E, Snellius-II Exp. Sta. 4.253, 27.x.1984, coll. BWH; RMNH Coel. 40145 (4 dry specimens: 24-32 mm), SE Komodo, N side bay S of Tanjung Lohnamu, 08°38'19"S, 119°28'45 ’’ E, TNC Komodo Rapid Ecological Assessment Sta. KOM.16, coll. BWH; RMNH Coel. 31190 (1 dry specimens: 32 mm), N Sumbawa, Bay of Sanggar, 08°19'36"S, 118°15'12"E, Snellius-II Exp. Sta. 4.132, 30.x.1984, coll. BWH. South Sulawesi. RMNH Coel. 31188 (1 dry specimen: 31 mm), Spermonde Archipelago, N Bone Tambung Island, 05°01'50"S, 119°16'25"E, 13.vi.1986, coll. BWH; RMNH Coel. 31189 (5 dry specimens: 29-50 mm), Spermonde Archipelago, W Kudingareng Keke I., 9-18 m depth, 05°06'30"S, 119°17'04"E, 6.xii.1984, coll. BWH; RMNH Coel. 31192 (5 dry specimens: 17-31 mm), SW Selayer I., NW Bahuluang I., 06°28'00"S, 120°25'30"E, Snellius-II Exp. Sta. 4.202, 10.x.1984, coll. BWH; RMNH Coel. 31191 (3 dry specimens: 35-37 mm), NE Taka Bone Rate, E Tarupa Besar, 06°28'S, 121°08'E, Snellius-II Exp. Sta. 4.140, 25.ix.1984, coll. BWH. Central Sulawesi, Tomini Bay, Togian Islands: RMNH Coel. 24278 (2 dry specimens: 34, 39 mm), S Talatakoh I., 00°26'34"S, 122°06'07"E, Tethyana Exp. Sta. 10, 21.ix.1999, coll. BWH; RMNH Coel. 24291 (1 dry specimen: 48 mm), S Togian I., 00°20'10"S, 121°59'00"E, Tethyana Exp. Sta. 14, 23/24.ix.1999, coll. BWH; RMNH Coel. 24706 (5 dry specimens: 30-42 mm), S Batudaka I., 00°35'25"S, 121°41'38"E, Tethyana Exp. Sta. 15, 24.ix.1999, coll. BWH; RMNH Coel. 31193 (7 dry specimens: 29-50 mm), S Waleabahi I., 00°26'16"S, 122°15'16"E, Tethyana Exp. Sta. 8, 19.ix.1999, coll. BWH. North Sulawesi: RMNH Coel. 40156 (4 dry specimens; 36-40 mm), Lembeh Strait, Tanjung Mawali, 14 m depth, 01°26'36"N, 125°13'46"E, Lembeh Strait Exp. Sta. LEM.04, 31.i.2012, coll. BWH. SE Sulawesi, Tukang Besi Islands (Wakatobi): RMNH Coel. 40143 (1 dry specimen: 12 mm), NW Tomia, 05°43'59"S, 123°53'35"E, TNC-WWF Wakatobi Rapid Ecological Assessment Sta. WAK.25, 13.v.2003, coll. BWH; RMNH Coel. 40144 (1 dry specimen: 40 mm), SW Karang Kaledupa, lagoon, 05°51'46"S, 123°43'17"E, TNC-WWF Wakatobi Rapid Ecological Assessment Sta. WAK.28, 14.v.2003, coll. BWH. Moluccas: RMNH Coel. 33586 (2 dry specimens: 47, 58 mm), Ambon, N coast near Morela, 03°33'S, 128°12'E, Fauna Malesiana Maluku Exp. Sta. MAL.12, 13.xi.2002, coll. BWH; Northern Moluccas: RMNH Coel. 8286 (10 dry specimens, some with buds, 32-50 mm, previously identified as Fungia marginata ), Banda, off Lontor, to 13 m depth, 4°33'S, 129°52'E, Danish Exp. to the Kei Islands, 15.vi.1922; UZMK (5 specimens in ethanol, 13-40 mm, previously identified as Fungia marginata ), Gunung Api, 20-25 m depth, Danish Exp. to the Kei Islands,13.vi.1922; UZMK (9 specimens in ethanol, 26-50 mm, previously identified as Fungia marginata ), Lontor, 13 m depth, Danish Exp. to the Kei Islands, 15.vi.1922; RMNH Coel. 40096 (1 dry specimen: 29 mm), Halmahera, East coast Teluk Dodinga, Karang Galiasa, 00°50'46"N, 127°35'07"E, Ternate Exp. Sta. TER.38, 14.xi.2009, coll. BWH; RMNH Coel. 40102 (1 dry specimen: 34 mm), Hiri I., Tanjung Ngafauda, 00°54'38"N, 127°19'03"E, Ternate Exp. Sta. TER.14, 16 m depth, 31.x.2009, coll. BWH; RMNH Coel. 40103 (1 dry specimen: 30 mm), Ternate, Sulamadaha I., 00°52'04"N, 127°19'33"E, Ternate Exp. Sta. TER.22, 18 m depth, 6.xi.2009, coll. BWH; RMNH Coel. 40104 (1 dry specimen: 19 mm), Ternate, Dufadufa, Benteng Toloko, 00°48'49"N, 127°23'22"E, Ternate Exp. Sta. TER.24, 8 m depth, 7.xi.2009, coll. BWH; RMNH Coel. 40105 (1 dry specimen: 31 mm), Halmahera, W Pasir Lamo, 00°53'21"N, 127°27'34"E, Ternate Exp. Sta. TER.26, 8.xi.2009, coll. BWH; RMNH Coel. 40106 (1 dry specimen: 48 mm), Tidore, north Pilongga, 00°42'50"N, 127°28'45"E, Ternate Exp. Sta. TER.34, 12 m depth, 12.xi.2009, coll. BWH; RMNH Coel. 40173 (1 dry specimen: 29 mm), Ternate, Tanjung Tabam, 00°50'05"N, 127°23'10"E, Ternate Exp. Sta. TER.12, 11 m depth, 30.x.2009, coll. BWH; RMNH Coel. 40174 (1 dry specimen: 17 mm), Ternate, outside harbor to the east, 00°46'55"N, 127°30'20"E, Ternate Exp. Sta. TER.25, 8 m depth, 7.xi.2009, coll. BWH. East Kalimantan, Berau Islands: RMNH Coel. 31922 (1 dry specimen: 19 mm), W Derawan I., 7 m depth, 02°16'53"N, 118°13'39"E, East Kalimantan Berau Exp. Sta. BER.02, 4.x.2003, coll. BWH; RMNH Coel. 31923 (1 dry specimen: 15 mm), Berau Delta, Lighthouse-2 Reef, 6 m depth, 02°09'34"N, 118°10'11"E, East Kalimantan Berau Exp. Sta. BER.05, 5.x.2003, coll. BWH; RMNH Coel. 31924 (2 dry specimen: 22, 31 mm), Samama I., 8 m depth, 02°07'32"N, 118°20'10"E, East Kalimantan Berau Exp. Sta. BER.10, 7.x.2003, coll. BWH; RMNH Coel. 31925 (1 dry specimen: 42 mm), NE Kakaban I., 14 m depth, 02°08'53 ’’ 118°32'32"E, East Kalimantan Berau Exp. Sta. BER.49, 28.x.2003, coll. BWH; RMNH Coel. 40149 (1 dry specimen: 14 mm), S of Samama I., NE Buliulin I., 14 m depth, 02°07'07"N, 118°20'32"E, East Kalimantan Berau Exp. Sta. BER.26, 15.x.2003, coll. BWH; RMNH Coel. 40153 (1 dry specimen: 46 mm), N Maratua I., near entrance lagoon, 9 m depth, 02°14'53"N, 118°37'36"E, East Kalimantan Berau Exp. Sta. BER.29, 17.x.2003, coll. BWH; RMNH Coel. 40154 (1 dry specimen: 21 mm), S Derawan I., 13 m, 02°15'04"N, 118°15'04"E, East Kalimantan Berau Exp. Sta. BER.04a, 18.x.2003, coll. BWH; RMNH Coel. 40155 (1 dry specimen: 50 mm), E Sangalaki I., Lighthouse, 12 m depth, 02°04'54"N, 118°24'30"E, East Kalimantan Berau Exp. Sta. BER.22, 14.x.2003, coll. BWH. West Papua, Raja Ampat Islands: RMNH Coel. 40140 (1 dry specimen: 30 mm), S. Mansuar (Sawandarik village), 00°35'26"S, 130°36'12"E, Raja Ampat Exp. Sta. RAJ.06, 20.xi.2007, coll. BWH; RMNH Coel. 40141 (1 dry specimen: 33 mm), Yeffam I., E Penemu I., 8 m depth, 00°35'20"S, 130°17'06"E, Raja Ampat Exp. Sta. RAJ.66, 13.xii.2007, coll. BWH. Malaysia, Sabah, northern Borneo: RMNH Coel. 33545 (1 dry specimen: 20 mm), W Sabah, Gaya Islands off Kota Kinabalu, W Sapi I., 06°00'26"N, 116°00'13"E, 28.vii.2005, coll. BWH. Layang-Layang: RMNH Coel. 40095 (2 dry specimens: 18 mm attached, 37 mm free-living), Easternmost point, Sta. LAC.14, 15-25 m depth, 07°22'34"N, 113°51'15"E, 28.iii.2013, coll. BWH. Philippines: RMNH Coel. 24908 (2 dry specimens: 20, 32 mm), Cebu Strait, West of Bohol, NW Cabilao I., 09°53'20"N, 123°45'53"E, 2.x.1999, coll. BWH. Palau: RMNH Coel. 40225 (1 dry specimen), SE off Garreru I., S Goraklbad Passage, 07°19'15"N, 134°35'50"E, 29.vii.2002, coll BWH.

Characters.

(Figures 3-13) The diameter of the examined specimens ranges between 12 and 50 mm. Corals mostly flat, moderately thick and robust. Adult animals unattached and monostomatous with septa-costae extending outside the circular to slightly oval corallum outline. Juvenile specimens vary from round to slightly hexagonal. Wedge-shaped, regenerating fragments not known. The length of the fossa, measured at its bottom, is 1/9 to 1/6 of the corallum length. The columella is formed by a mingled mass of tightly to loosely packed trabeculae. Septa densely packed and straight, unequal in thickness and height. The relatively thick and high septa of lower orders are solid; they are flanked by perforated septa of higher orders. Tentacular lobes absent. Septal margins are finely ornamented with sharp and granular dentations. Their number varies from 20 to 70 per cm. Septal sides are densely covered by fine granulations, which are irregularly dispersed or arranged in rows perpendicular to the septal margin. Compound synapticulae (fulturae) connecting the septa laterally cannot easily be distinguished because of tight septal arrangement. The solid corallum wall is granulated and may show a detachment scar. The lower side varies from flat to slightly convex. Costae unequal in size, straight and prominent near the corallum margin but less distinct at the centre. Corallum margin may be slightly undulating because of enlarged lower order costae. Costae ornamented with fine granular or acute spines. Their number varies from 15 to 80 per cm. Some individuals have small buds over their surface, especially in the proximity of the corallum margin (Figure 10). Attached juveniles (anthocaulus stage) are rare (Figure 11). The color of the living animal is variable with hues of red or green (Figures 11-13). Tentacles small and transparent with white acrospheres at their tips (Figure 13).

Geographical distribution

(Figure 14). The distribution range is limited to the Coral Triangle ( Hoeksema 2007): eastern Malaysia (Sabah and Layang Layang), east ern Indonesia (from Bali to West Papua), central Philippines (Cebu Strait), Papua New Guinea (Madang Lagoon), and Palau.

Etymology.

The species is named after the late Prof. Hilbrand Boschma, former director of the Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie (now Naturalis Biodiversity Center), who devoted much of his research time to the study of mushroom corals, including specimens of the new species.

Diagnosis.

Adult corals small (<50 mm) with uneven circular corallum margin owing to enlarged costae. Live specimens with variable, patchy colouration.