Senotainia (s. str.) tricuspis (Meigen, 1838)

Verves, Yuriy G. & Khrokalo, Liudmyla, 2021, Review of the genus Senotainia Macquart, 1846 (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) of the Middle East, Journal of Natural History 54 (37 - 38), pp. 2489-2512 : 2504-2506

Senotainia (s. str.) tricuspis (Meigen, 1838) (Figure 8 (a-o))

Miltogramma tricuspis Meigen, 1838: 7 .

Senotainia tricuspis: Al-Ghzawi et al., 2009: 305 ; Al-Shammakhi 2011: 1 (habits, faunistics); Astolfi 2001: 1 (habits); Bailey and Ball 2013: 106 (habits); Becker 2010: 35 (habits); Ben Hamida 1999: 157 (habits), Bermejo et al. 1996: 467 (habits); Boiko 1939: 304 (habits); 1949: 115 (habits); 1963: 278 (habits); Colin 2012: 1 (habits); Dobre 2014: 18 (habits); Draber-Mońko 2007: 232 (faunistics); Eshbah et al. 2016: 673 (habits, faunistics); Fan 1992: 588 (key); Fan and Pape 1996: 243 (faunistics); Felicioli 2008: 53 (habits); Felicioli et al. 2008: 34 (habits); Fiasson and Simintzis 1951: 45 (habits, faunistics); Gatt and Ebejer 2014: 106 (faunistics); Giordani 1956: 61 (habits); Haddad et al. 2015 (habits, faunistics); Hatoom 1996 (habits), Ibrahim 1984: 124 (habits); Kara and Pape 2002: 292 (faunistics); Kerimaliew 2006: 204 (habits, faunistics); KoÇak 2014: 347 (faunistics); KoÇak and Kemal 2009: 53 (faunistics); 2013: 140 (faunistics); 2015: 351 (faunistics); Leka 1986: 39 (habits); Longo 2006: 12 (habits); Mathis 1957: 107 (habits); 1975: 287 (habits); Nour 1993: 2456 (habits); Orantes et al. 1996: 467 (habits); Palmeri et al. 1997: 183 (habits); Pape 1987: 45 (review); 1996: 141 (catalogue); Piazza and Marinelli 2000: 111 (habits); Piazza et al. 2001: 255 (habits); Pinzauti et al. 1998: 131 (habits); 2006: 9 (habits); Pires 2011: 2 (habits); Piwczyński et al. 2017: 53, 57 (in cladograms); Povolný and Verves 1997: 61 (in key), 62 (redescription and review); Rocha and Delgado 1986: 69 (habits, faunistics); Rohdendorf 1935: 88 (redescription); 1970: 633 (in key); Rohdendorf and Verves 1980: 450 (faunistics); Rousseau 1953: 149 (habits); Santini 1995a: 4 (habits); 1995b: 179 (habits); Sarwar 2016: 19 (habits); Schmid-Hempel 1998: 317 (habits); 2001: 149 (habits); Séguy 1941: 284 (review); Simintzis 1949: 13 (habits); 1958: 919 (habits); Simintzis and Fiasson 1949: 514 (habits); 1950: 863 (habits); 1951: 351 (habits); 1959: 539 (habits); Smirnov and Luhanskiy 1987: 43 (habits); Sukhoruka 1975: 18 (habits); Szpila 2010: 60 (morphology of 1st instar larva); Venturi 1960: 71 (morphology, faunistics); Verves 1980: 922 (faunistics); 1986: 65 (catalogue); 1990: 527 (in key); 1998: 50 (faunistics); Verves and Barták 2017b: 132 (faunistics); Verves et al. 2018: 98 (in list); Verves and Khrokalo 2006: 81 (in key); 2014: 7 (habits, faunistics); 2018 (Suppl): 19 (faunistics); Xue et al. 2015: 451 (in list); Zerova et al. 2006: 94 (in key).

Sphexapata tricuspis: Enslin 1921: 1 (habits).

Distribution

Middle East: Egypt, Iran, Israel *, Jordan, Syria, Turkey. Palaearctric: Widely distributed in Europe (up to south Sweden and Leningrad region northwards; absent on British Is.), Azores (SÃo Miguel I.), Malta, North Africa, North Caucasus, Transcaucasus, South Siberia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia and North China (Neimenggu).

Habits

Imagoes prefer sandy areas, but often present at flowers and in bee-gardens. Larvae are known as internal parasites of adult honeybees Apis mellilera Linnaeus, 1758 and other bees – Bombus lapidarius (Linnaeus, 1758) , B. muscorum (Linnaeus, 1758) , B. terrestris (Linnaeus, 1758) , Halictus Latreille, 1804 sp. , or are developed as kleptoparasites in nests of sphecid wasps Ectemnius rubicola (Dufour and Perris, 1840) , Philanthus Fabricius, 1790 sp. , Sceliphron destillatorium (Illiger, 1807) . One female can produce to 800 first stage larvae. A female may take up a position, usually during the hottest times of the day, on the roof of a hive directly exposed to the sun. From there, it dives for the bees just as they take off, and deposits on it one or two 1st instar larvae, which penetrate the thin membrane of the neck and enter the thorax. After the larva position itself among the thoracic muscles, it moults into the 2nd instar, which primary feeds on haemolymph. When the host bee dies (2 to 4 days after parasitisation), the larva feeds on the muscle tissues and moults into 3rd instar. When mature, it abandons the dead host, buries itself underground to pupate and hatch as an adult within 7–16 days. The larvae infects from 0.1% up to about 90% of the adult bees in a hive.

Key to species

1. Prementum short, 3–4× longer than wide (subgenus Arrenopus Brauer et Bergenstamm, 1891 ). Arista thickened in proximal 0.3–0.4; palpi yellow; vi situated distinctly above level of lower eye-margin ( Figure 1 (a-b)). S. (A.)................................ ........................................................................................................... albifrons ( Rondani, 1859)

– Prementum longer, 6–10× longer as wide (subgenus Senotainia s. str.) (Figure 8 (a))............................................................................................................................. 2.

2. cell r4+5 petiolate ( Figure 5 (a)) ....................................................................................................... 3.

– cell r4+5 open or closed at wing margin ( Figures 3 (a), 6 (f), 8 (f))................................... 7.

3. Legs entirely black................................................................................................................................ 4.

– Legs partly yellow................................................................................................................................ 5.

4. First flagellomere entrirely yellow. 3.5–4.5 mm. S. (s. str.)................................................ ............................................................................................................ richteri ( Rohdendorf, 1961)

– Outer surface of the first flagellomere black. 5.5 mm. S. (s. str.)............................................. .......................................................................................................... schaeuffelei ( Rohdendorf, 1961)

5. All f and t entirely yellow.................................................................................................................. 6.

– f1 and f3 entirely black. fr 6. 4.0–5.0 mm. S. (s. str.).... .... efflatouni ( Rohdendorf, 1935)

6. Frons at vertex equals almost 0.5× head width; orb 1 + 1; fr 4, very fine ( Figure 5 (c-e)). 4.0 mm. S. (s. str.)................................. ................................. flava Verves and Khrokalo , sp. n.

– Frons at vertex not more than 0.33× head width; orb 1 + 4; fr 9–10, strong. 5.5 mm. S. (s. str.)....................................... ....................................... laetans Verves and Khrokalo , sp. n.

7. Palpi blackish brown ( Figure 3 (b-c)). ♂: postabdomen very large, distinctly protruding ( Figure 3 (a)). 3.0– 6.5 mm. S. (s. str.)........................................................ conica (Fallén, 1810)

– Palpi yellow (Figure 2 (a-b)). ♂: postabdomen smaller, not protruding ...................... 8.

8. orb 1 + 0–1(Figure 2 (a-c, f-g)). Antennae black to brown (♂♂) or entirely yellow (♀♀). 4.5–7.0 mm. S. (s. str.).................................... .................................... caspica Rohdendorf, 1935

– orb 1 + 2 (Figures 6 (c-e); 7(c-e); 8(c-e)) ...................................................................................... 9.

9. First flagellomere entirely yellow (Figures 6 (c); 7 (c))......................................................... 10.

– First flagellomere black or brown (Figures 4 (b,h); 8(c,k)......................... ......................... 12.

10. Abdomen of ♂ ♀ with brownish lateral yellow plates (Figure 6 (a-b)), of ♀ with longitudinal dark median stripe, without lateral spots. 6.5 mm. S. (s. str.)......................... ......................................................................................... paradeserta Verves and Khrokalo , sp. n.

– Abdomen of ♂ ♀ without lateral yellow plates ( Figures 7 (a-b,f); 8 (a-b,g)), of ♀ with lateral dark spots (Figures 8 (h, o)) ............................................................................................ 11.

11. Frons at vertex about 0.4× head-width ( Figure 7 (c,e)). 7.0 mm. S. (s. str.)......................... .................................................................................................... similis Verves and Khrokalo , sp. n.

– Frons at vertex about 0.25× head-width. 5.0 mm. S. (s. str.)........................................... ............................................................................................................... iranica Rohdendorf, 1961

12. All hind spots of each of 3rd and 4th abdominal tergites almost united. 3.5 mm. S. (s. str.)............................................................................ beludzhistanica Rohdendorf, 1961

– Middle and paired lateral spots of each of 3rd and 4th abdominal tergites distinctly separated ( Figure 7 (f), 8 (g))......................................................................................................... 13.

13. Lateral spots of 3rd and 4th abdominal tergites triangular and placed in the posterior half of each tergite in ♂ ♀ ( Figure 7 (f)). 4.5–8.5 mm. S. (s. str.).......................................... ............................................................................................................... deserta Rohdendorf, 1935

– Lateral spots of 3rd and 4th abdominal tergites conic and reaching to anterior margin of tergites in ♂ (Figure 8 (g)), unclear or absent in ♀ (Figure 8 (o)). 6.0– 9.5 mm. S. (s. str.)........................................................................ tricuspis (Meigen, 1838)

Figures

Figure 1. Senotainia (Arrenopus) albifrons (Rd.). ♂, Israel: Ein Avdat N[ational] P[arc], Nahal Zin, 17. v.2006 (K. Szpila): (a) ‒ total view laterally; (b) ‒ head anteriorly; (c) ‒ head dorsally; (d) ‒ fore left tarsus dorsally; (e) ‒ abdomen dorsally. Figure 2. Senotainia (s. str.) caspica Rohd. ♂, Israel: Hallia, 25.iii.1975 (K. Szpila): (a) ‒ head anteriorly; (b) ‒ head laterally; (c) ‒ head dorsally; (d) ‒ abdomen dorsally; ♀, Israel: Ein Mur, 31. iii.1981: (e) ‒ total view laterally; (f) ‒ head laterally; (g) ‒ head dorsally; (h) ‒ wing; (i) ‒ abdomen dorsally.

Figure 3. Senotainia (s. str.) conica (Fll.). ♂, Poland: Torun-lotnisko, 26.vii.2001 (K. Szpila): (a) ‒ total view laterally; (b) ‒ head anteriorly; (c) ‒ head laterally; (d) ‒ abdomen dorsally. Figure 4. Senotainia (s. str.) deserta Rohd. ♂, Israel: Ma’agan Mikha’el Beach, 7 m, 32°34.6ʹ N/34°54.9ʹ E, 30.vi.2010 (K. Szpila): (a) ‒ total view laterally; (b) ‒ head anteriorly; (c) ‒ head laterally; (d) ‒ head dorsally; (e) ‒ wing; (f) ‒ abdomen dorsally; ♀, Israel: Ma’agan Mikha’el, 21.ix.2010: (g) ‒ total view laterally; (h) ‒ head anteriorly; (i) ‒ head laterally; (k) ‒ head dorsally; (l) ‒ wing; (m) ‒ abdomen dorsally.

Figure 5. Senotainia (s. str.) flava Verves & Khrokalo, n. sp. ♀, Israel: Holotype: (a) ‒ total view laterally; (b) ‒ total view dorsally; (c) ‒ head anteriorly; (d) ‒ head laterally; (e) ‒ head dorsally; (f) ‒ abdomen dorsally. Figure 6. Senotainia (s. str.) paradeserta Verves & Khrokalo, n. sp. ♂, Holotype:(a) ‒ total view laterally; (b) ‒ total view dorsally; (c) ‒ head anteriorly; (d) ‒ head laterally; (e) ‒ head dorsally; (f) ‒ wing; (g) ‒ postabdomen; ♀, Paratype: (h) ‒ head anteriorly; ‒ (i) head laterally; (k) ‒ wing.

Figure 7. Senotainia (s. str.) similis Verves & Khrokalo, n. sp. ♂, Holotype: (a) ‒ total view laterally; (b) ‒ total view dorsally; (c) ‒ head anteriorly; (d) ‒ head laterally; (e) ‒ head dorsally; (f) – abdomen posteriorly. Figure 8. Senotainia (s. str.) tricuspis (Mg.). ♂, Spain: Valencia, Pinet, dunes, 23.v.2011 (K. Szpila): (a) ‒ total view laterally; (b) ‒ total view dorsally; (c) ‒ head anteriorly; (d) ‒ head laterally; (e) – head dorsally; (f) ‒ wing; (g) ‒ abdomen dorsally; ♀, Spain:Valencia,Pinet, dunes, 23.v.2011: (h) ‒ total view laterally; (i) ‒ total view dorsally; (k) ‒ head anteriorly; (l) ‒ head dorsally; (m) ‒ head laterally; (n) ‒ wing; (o) ‒ abdomen dorsally.