Hyphessobrycon condotensis Regan, 1913

Ota, Renata R., Carvalho, Fernando R. & Pavanelli, Carla S., 2020, Taxonomic review of the Hyphessobrycon panamensis species-group (Characiformes: Characidae), Zootaxa 4751 (3), pp. 401-436 : 412-415

Hyphessobrycon condotensis Regan, 1913

(Figs. 9–10, Tab. 3)

Hyphessobrycon condotensis Regan, 1913: 465 [original description, type locality: “Rio Condoto (…) and the Rio San Juan”, Colombia]—. Eigenmann, 1922: 141 [as a synonym of H. panamensis ]—. Zarske & Géry, 2002: 26 [revalidation of H. condotensis ; key to species]—.Lima et al., 2003: 135 [listed; distribution]—. Maldonado-Ocampo et al. 2008: 168 [listed; Colombia; Pacific slope rivers; distribution]—. García-Alzate et al., 2010: 55 [comparison with H. sebastiani ; material examined]—. Maldonado-Ocampo et al., 2012: 118 [ Colombia, Chocó; photograph; short description; distribution] —. García-Alzate et al., 2013: 182 [recorded at Colombia; diagnosis of H. sebastiani ; material examined; key to species]—. García-Alzate et al., 2015: 222 [material examined: río Baudó, río Condoto and río San Juan]—. DoNascimiento et al., 2017: 49 [occurrence in Colombia].

Hyphessobrycon panamensis (not Durbin)—. Eigenmann, 1918: 186 [in part; specimens from ríos Atrato, San Juan, and Magdalena basins, Colombia]—. Eigenmann, 1920a: 17 [in part; specimens from río Atrato, río San Juan, and río Magdalena basins]—. Eigenmann, 1920b: 15 [in part; specimens from río Atrato]—. Eigenmann, 1920c: 11 [Western Colombia, río Atrato and río San Juan basins; distribution]—. Eigenmann, 1920d: 29 [ Colombia, lower río Magdalena basin; distribution]—. Eigenmann, 1922: 141 [in part; specimens from Colombia: Calamar, Calima, Certegui, Condoto, Istmina, Managru, Truando]—. Dahl, 1971: 140 [in part; specimens from ríos Atrato, San Juan and lower Magdalena, Colombia]—. Weitzman & Palmer, 1997: 228 [in part; specimens from ríos Atrato, San Juan and lower Magdalena, Colombia]—.Lima et al., 2003: 139 [in part; ríos Atrato, San Juan and lower Magdalena, Colombia].

Hyphessobrycon sebastiani García-Alzate et al., 2010: 55 [original description, type locality: “ Colombia, Pacific versant, Chocó, Istmina, San Juan River drainage, Patecucho Creek, approximately 5°9’N & 76°40’W ”]—. Maldonado-Ocampo et al., 2012: 119 [ Colombia, Chocó; photograph; short description; distribution; biological data]—. García-Alzate et al., 2013: 182 [diagnosis in key; material examined: río Condoto and río San Juan]—. DoNascimiento et al., 2017: 49 [list of species, Colombia]. NEW SYNONYM.

Diagnosis. Hyphessobrycon condotensis differs from all congeners, except from H. compressus , H. diancistrus , H. otrynus , and those belonging to the H. panamensis species-group, by the presence of one large bony hook per fin ray, antero-dorsally oriented and surrounded by a fleshy area, on last unbranched and first branched anal-fin rays of mature males (vs. absence of hooks, or presence of small and numerous hooks per fin ray). Hyphessobrycon condotensis can be distinguished from H. compressus by the absence of a black blotch on dorsal fin (vs. presence), by the presence of predorsal series (vs. absence), and by presenting 31–35 scales in longitudinal series (vs. 41–48). It can be distinguished from H. diancistrus and H. otrynus by presenting caudal fin hyaline (vs. dark blotches on caudal-fin lobes in H. diancistrus ; distal third of caudal fin darkened in H. otrynus ). It differs from H. columbianus by the absence of a silvery-blue iridescent coloration on dorsal region of flank in life (vs. presence), and by the lower body depth (34.7–46.5% SL vs. 46.0–50.3% SL). It can be distinguished from H. savagei by presenting the second humeral blotch less conspicuous than the first, extending one or two longitudinal scale rows below lateral line, with posterior margin as a concentration of melanophores concentrated along longitudinal midlateral stripe (vs. humeral blotches equally pigmented, extending two to four longitudinal scale rows below lateral line, with contours and margins always well-defined). It can be distinguished from H. panamensis by the higher number of branched anal-fin rays (23–27, rarely 22, mode = 24 vs. 19–23, modes = 21 and 22), by presenting 5–7 (mode = 6) scale rows between lateral line and dorsal-fin insertion (vs. 7–8, mode = 7), and 4½–6 (mode = 5) scale rows between lateral line and pelvic-fin insertion (vs. 6, rarely 5½, mode = 6). It can be distinguished from Hyphessobrycon bussingi by presenting 5–7 (mode = 7) gill rakers on epibranchial 1 (vs. 8–9, rarely 7, mode = 8), and lower dorsal- (27.7–29.7% SL vs. 27.8–41.2% SL) and pelvic-fin length (17.3–20.5% SL vs. 20.4–24.5% SL) in mature males. It differs from Hyphessobrycon daguae by presenting a well-defined first humeral blotch (vs. a single diffuse humeral blotch).

Description. Morphometric data in Table 3. Body compressed, greatest body depth at vertical through dorsalfin origin. Dorsal profile of body convex from upper lip to vertical through anterior nostril; straight or slightly concave from this point to distal tip of supraoccipital process, and slightly convex from latter point to dorsal-fin origin; straight or slightly convex from this point to adipose-fin origin; and straight along caudal peduncle. Ventral profile of body convex from lower lip to pelvic-fin origin; straight or slightly convex from this point to anal-fin origin; straight along anal-fin base; and straight or slightly concave along caudal peduncle.

Jaws equal, mouth terminal. Premaxillary teeth in two rows; outer row with 2(4), 3(17), 4*(22), or 5(2) tricuspid teeth; inner row with 4(2), 5*(41), or 6(2) tri- to pentacuspid teeth. Posterior margin of maxilla at vertical through anterior margin of pupil. Maxilla with 1(5), 2(29), or 3*(10) tricuspid teeth. Dentary with 3(1), 4*(25), or 5(15) large, tri- to pentacuspid teeth, gradually decreasing in size, followed by conical and abruptly smaller teeth. Central cusp longer than lateral ones.

Scales cycloid. Lateral line incompletely pored, with 6(3), 7(1), 8(5), 9(7), 10(8), 11(6), 12(6), 13(2), or 17*(1) or disrupted with total of 22(1) perforate scales. Longitudinal series, including perforate scales, with 31(2), 32(4), 33*(16), 34(10), or 35(3). Scale rows between dorsal-fin origin and lateral line 5(3), 6*(28), 6½*(1), or 7(10). Scale rows between lateral line and pelvic-fin insertion 4½(3), 5(30), 5½*(8), or 6(5). Predorsal series with 10(22), 11(14), or 12(2) scales. Single row of seven scales covering base of anteriormost anal-fin rays. Circumpeduncular scales 13(5) or 14(32).

Dorsal-fin rays ii,8,i(7) or ii,9*(32). Adipose fin present. Pectoral-fin rays i,10(3), 11*(26), or 12(7), distal tip of rays reaching pelvic-fin origin. Pelvic-fin rays i,6(1) or 7*(36), distal tip reaching anal-fin origin. Anal-fin rays iii*(4) or iv(36), 22(3), 23(10), 24(19), 25(14), 26*(4), or 27(1). Anal fin of mature males with large bony hooks. Caudal fin bifurcate, lobes approximately of same size, with i,9/8,i(1) rays.

First gill arch with 5(1), 6(9), or 7(14) rakers on epibranchial, 1(24) on intermediate cartilage, 10(3), 11(19), or 12(4) on cerato+hipobranchial. Branchiostegal rays 4.

Color in alcohol. Background coloration light brown. Dorsal region of head and middorsal region of body with dense concentration of melanophores. Region above pupil darkened. Infraorbitals and opercle beige, with few scattered melanophores, more concentrated on upper half. Guanine pigmentation present on opercle. Lower portion of maxilla and gular region with few scattered melanophores. Two dark-brown humeral blotches, vertically elongated, separated by light-beige area. First humeral blotch conspicuous, with melanophores more concentrated on central area, extending three to four longitudinal scale rows above and two to three below lateral line. Second humeral blotch usually inconspicuous, with melanophores evenly distributed, extending three to four longitudinal scale rows above and one or two below lateral line; posterior margin with concentration of melanophores concentrated along longitudinal midlateral stripe. Body sides with melanophores evenly distributed, except on antero-ventral half, with few or without melanophores. Posterior margin of scales on superior half of flanks with concentration of melanophores. Brownish to silvery longitudinal midlateral stripe, from second humeral blotch to caudal peduncle, more conspicuous on posterior region. Fins hyaline, with slight concentration of melanophores on proximal half of dorsal fin, distal third of anal fin. Abdominal region, from pectoral-fin origin to pelvic-fin end, with few scattered melanophores.

Distribution. Hyphessobrycon condotensis is known from río Atrato, río Baudó, lower río Magdalena and río San Juan basins, in Colombia (Fig. 8).

Sexual dimorphism. Mature males with one large bony hook per fin ray, anterodorsally oriented and surrounded by fleshy area, from the last unbranched (on the fifth segment) up to fourth branched (on the sixth segment) anal-fin ray of mature males. Very small hooks, difficult to discern, can be present on distal segments of most anterior anal-fin rays. Dorsal-fin length of males slightly longer than in females.

Ecology and habitat. Hyphessobrycon condotensis feeds mainly on insects, but some algae were also found in stomach contents ( García-Alzate et al., 2010, as H. sebastiani ).

Remaks. Hyphessobrycon condotensis was described from the río Condoto, a tributary to the río San Juan. In the original description, Regan (1913) cited that this species was collected in the río Condoto by H.G.F. Spurell, and in the río San Juan by G. Palmer. Recently, García-Alzate et al. (2010) described H. sebastiani , also from the río San Juan basin, but these authors did not include H. condotensis and H. panamensis in the diagnosis of the species, comparing them only in a Principal Component Analysis (PCA), in which the measurements that most influenced the ordination were body depth, anal- and pelvic-fin length. However, the examination of the holotype and topotypes of H. sebastiani , combined with the original description and the examination of the type series of H. condotensis undertook during the present study demonstrated that all these data overlap ( Table 3).

Garcia-Alzate et al. (2013) provided a key to the species of Hyphessobrycon from the Pacific coastal drainages of Colombia and mentioned among the diagnostic characters of H. condotensis the presence of only a single humeral blotch, and 11 perforate scales on the lateral line. However, the syntypes of H. condotensis present two humeral blotches (even if inconspicuous), and 10–17 perforate scales on lateral line, characters also found in the type-series of H. sebastiani . Therefore, H. sebastiani is herein proposed as a junior synonym of H. condotensis .

The type series of Hyphessobrycon condotensis is composed of three syntypes (BMNH 1913.10.1.19-21). The lectotype herein designated is the larger specimen (33.0 mm SL, Fig. 9), and the remaining syntypes become thus paralectoytpes, as ruled by the article 74 of ICZN (1999).

Material examined. 57 specimens (14.4–40.0 mm SL). Type material. BMNH 1913.10.1.19, lectotype of Hyphessobrycon condotensis , 33.0 mm SL: Colombia, Chocó, río Condoto and río San Juan; H.G.F. Spurell & G. Palmer; BMNH 1913.10.1.20-21, paralectotypes of Hyphessobrycon condotensis , 2, 14.4 – 30.0 mm SL, same data as lectotype; IUQ 1942, holotype of Hyphessobrycon sebastiani , 38.4 mm SL: Colombia, Chocó, Istmina, creek Patecucho, tributary of río San Juan, 05°09’N 76°40’W; T. Silirio, 07 Aug 2002. Non-type material. Colombia, Chocó, río Atrato basin: IAvH 6497, 3, 25.1 – 29.1 mm SL; IAvH 6499, 1, 31.9 mm SL; IAvH 6500, 6, (1, 27.7 mm SL); IAvH 6504, 6, (2, 23.0 – 28.8 mm SL); IAvH 6514, 6, (3, 28.3 – 32.0 mm SL); IAvH 6515, 3, 29.1 – 33.4 mm SL; IAvH 6516, 1, 27.2 mm SL; IAvH 6517, 3, (2, 18.4 – 30.0 mm SL), Yuto, stream Doña Josefa, 05°31’N 76°37’W; Chaverra & Cuesta, 21 Jun 2004; IAvH 6498, 5, 26.2 – 33.4 mm SL; IAvH 6501, 5, (2, 28.5 – 32.2 mm SL); IAvH 6502, 1, 35.8 mm SL; IAvH 6513, 1, 33.8 mm SL; IAvH 6526, 1, 36.0 mm SL; IAvH 11241, 3, 36.2 – 40.0 mm SL; IAvH 11246, 2, 26.3 – 28.6 mm SL; IAvH 11247, 4, 27.0 – 32.7 mm SL, río Yuto, 05°31’N 76°39’W; Toldillo & Cuesta, 26 Jun 2004; IAvH 7218, 1, 25.9 mm SL, Unguía, río Unguía, below the mouth of the aqueduct, 08°03’35,6’’N 77°07’20,8’’W; J. Maldonado-Ocampo et al., 24 Jul 2005. ICNMNH 1574, 10 (2, 20.8 – 22.3 mm SL), Quibdo, vereda Sanceno, río Atrato, tributary of río Cienaga, 05°41’N 76°39’W; C. Román-Valencia, 22 Jan 1988; ICNMHN 131, 15 (3, 20.1 – 27.8 mm SL), stream in front of Amparraidó, río Baudó, 05°42’N 77°01’W; G. Dahl, Nov 1959; ICNMHN 2220, 5 (2, 29.2 – 31.1 mm SL), stream on road Quibdo-Itsmna, 05°34’N 76°39’W; G. Galvís & M. Camargo, Mar 1994; UTCH 0104, 5 (1, 31.1 mm SL) stream Chaparraido, 05°37’N 76°38’W; J. Yair-Casas, O. Carrasca, 6 Feb 1994. Chocó, río San Juan basin: ICNMHN 205, 49 (4, 13.9 – 33.4 mm SL), stream Camperro, tributary of río San Juan, 05°04’N 76°43’W; G. Dahl, 05 Nov 1959; ICNMHN 2262, 9 (6, 28.3 – 34.7 mm SL), stream Profundo, tributary of río San Juan, 05°11’N 76°36’W; G. Galvis & M. Camargo, Mar 1994.