Ariommatidae

Pastana, Murilo N L, Johnson, G David & Datovo, Aléssio, 2022, Comprehensive phenotypic phylogenetic analysis supports the monophyly of stromateiform fishes (Teleostei: Percomorphacea), Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195 (3), pp. 841-963 : 951

Node 91 = Ariommatidae

Ariomma indicum , Ariomma bondi and Ariomma melana .

Unambiguous synapomorphies: Character 3 (17– 19> 20): number of branched pectoral-fin rays increased to 20; character 9 (33–36> 31): number of vertebrae decreased to 31; character 22 (1> 0): subocular shelf present; character 76 (1> 2): number of autogenous dorsal hypural plates decreased to one; character 78 (0> 1): ventral hypural plate fused to caudal centrum; character 117 (1> 0): adductor hyomandibulae insertion not advancing onto the anterior portion of the endopterygoid; character 125 (0> 1): retractor dorsalis vestigial; character 161 (0> 1): pharyngeal-sac papillae rakers on ventral portion of pharyngeal sac absent; character 169 (0> 1): dorsal portion of pharyngeal sac expanded anteriorly; character 170 (0> 1): accessory pharyngeal-sac muscular attachment to the cleithrum present; character 191 (1> 0): dorsal surface of the head scaled; character 194 (1> 0): dorsal-fin interradial membrane not scaled; character 197 (1> 0): anal-fin interradial membrane not scaled.

Support: Relative Bremer = 78%.

Remarks: The family Ariommatidae currently comprises the genus Ariomma , with seven valid species ( Fricke et al., 2020). Monophyly of ariommatids is strongly supported herein by 13 synapomorphies ( Fig. 70 ), including several characteristics unique to the family, such as a parhypural–hypural fusion (character 82; Fig. 46 ), pharyngeal-sac teeth absent on the ventral surface of the sac (character 161: Figs 36 , 58B ), anterodorsal expansion of the pharyngeal sac over the posteriormost gill-arch muscles and bones (character 141; Fig. 54A ), an accessory muscular attachment of the sphincter oesophagi that connects the pharyngeal sac to the cleithrum (character 142) and a reduced/vestigial retractor dorsalis (character 148; Fig. 54A ).

The monophyly of Ariommatidae has been recovered by all previous analyses, those based on both morphological ( Doiuchi et al., 2004) and molecular data ( Doiuchi & Nakabo, 2006; Miya et al., 2013; Campbell et al., 2018; Friedman et al., 2019). Haedrich (1967) grouped ariommatids based on the presence of pelvic fins, separation of the dorsal fins, absence of teeth on the basihyal and basibranchials, six branchiostegals, fusion of theparhypuralandhypurals, andossifiedscleroticossicles (our characters 56, 66, 45, 12, 78 and 23, respectively). In addition, he listed the shape and distribution of the pharyngeal-sac papillae as diagnostic for the family (our characters 161 and 164). From these characters, only the parhypural–hypural fusion and the distribution of papillae on the pharyngeal sac were confirmed herein as valid ariommatid synapomorphies. Horn (1984) also used the shape of these papillae as diagnostic, together with the head squamation (scales on the opercle and preopercle) and number of hypurals. In our analysis, only one of Horn’s characters, the number of hypurals, is optimized as a valid ariommatid synapomorphy (coded herein in two independent characters: number of autogenous dorsal hypural plates, character 76; and hypural–caudal centrum fusion, character 78). The remaining characters are either plesiomorphies present in Stromateiformes (e.g. presence of pelvic fin, ossification of the sclerotic bones) or synapomorphies for larger clades including Ariommatidae (e.g. pharyngeal-sac papillae with round bases, shared with Tetragonuridae ). The Ariommatidae clade of Doiuchi et al. (2004) was also represented as a long branch with ten autapomorphies. We have included five of the characters from Doiuchi et al. (2004) in our matrix (our characters 22, 36, 74, 117 and 192) and confirmed characters 22 and 117 as synapomorphies for Ariommatidae (presence of a subocular shelf,and adductor hyomandibulae not expanded onto the endopterygoid, respectively; Fig. 39 ). The remainder of the characters from Doiuchi et al. (2004) exhibited overlapping states when analysed over a broader taxon sampling and, consequently, were excluded from our dataset.

Figures

Figure 36. Micro-computed tomography scan of the branchial and pharyngeal-sac skeleton of the ariommatid Ariomma bondi (MZUSP 86717) in dorsal (A) and left lateral (B) view. Scale bar: 4 mm.

Figure 39. Micro-computed tomography scan of the branchial and pharyngeal-sac skeleton of the centrolophid Tubbia tasmanica (CSIRO H 6979-03), highlighting an enlarged raker associated with epi-ceratobranchial 4 joint (orange). A, dorsal view, with dorsal gill-arch elements removed. B, frontal view, slightly turned to right. C, parasagittal view, with gillarch elements of the left side removed. Scale bar: 7 mm.

Figure 46. Left lateral view of the caudal skeleton of a cleared and stained specimen of the ariommatid Ariomma bondi (MZUSP 86717). Scale bar: 2 mm.

Figure 54. Dorsal view of branchial and pharyngeal-sac musculoskeletal system of the ariommatid Ariomma melana (MZUSP 123246; A) and the centrolophid Hyperoglyphe perciformis (MZUSP 119733; B). Scale bars: 5 mm. Arrow points to the dorsal expansion of the pharyngeal sac.

Figure 58. Micro-computed tomography scans of pharyngeal-sac skeletons in left lateral view, whole (A, C) and sagittal (B, D) view. A, B, the ariommatid Ariomma bondi (MZUSP 86717). C, D, the stromateid Peprilus triacanthus (MZUSP 123240). Scale bar: 2 mm.

Figure 70. Unambiguous phenotypic synapomorphies for Stromateiformes superimposed on the reference tree of the order obtained under implied-weights parsimony (k = 13.56554).