Phalloceros tupinamba, Lucinda, 2008

Lucinda, Paulo Henrique Franco, 2008, Systematics and biogeography of the genus Phalloceros Eigenmann, 1907 (Cyprinodontiformes: Poeciliidae: Poeciliinae), with the description of twenty-one new species, Neotropical Ichthyology 6 (2), pp. 113-158 : 125-126

Phalloceros tupinamba , new species

Figs. 13 , 14

Phalloceros sp. n. E Lucinda & Reis (2005).

Holotype. MCP 30408, rio Macacu, ca. 1.5 km SE from Macacu, near road RJ 116. Cachoeiras de Macacu, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 22 º 29’9"S 42 º 39’34"W, 19 Jan 1997, J. F. P. Silva et al .

Paratypes. BRAZIL. Rio de Janeiro. MCP 20585, 2*/26, collected with the holotype. São Paulo. MCP 31135, 30, Ubatuba, cachoeira Ipiranguinha 2.4 km from road SP 125 (affluent to rio Grande), 23 º 25’40"S 45 º 7’43"W, 17 Oct 2002, V. A. Bertaco et al. MCP 31346, 150, Ubatuba, Cachoeira dos Macacos on road SP 125 towards Taubaté ca. 4.6 km from road BR 101 (affluent to rio Grande), 23 º 2’52"S 45 º 6’49"W, 17 Oct 2002, V.A. Bertaco et al. MCP 31347, 39, Ubatuba, stream near SABESP, ca. 1.2 km from road BR 101, 23 º 26’43"S 45 º 05’24"W, 17 Oct 2002, V. A. Bertaco et al. MCP 31624, 428, São Paulo. Ubatuba, creek on road SP 125 towards Taubaté (affluent to rio Grande), 23 º 24’44"S 45 º 6’51"W, 17 Oct 2002, V.A. Bertaco et al. MZUSP 39993, 2, Ubatuba, rio Indaiá, J. Sabino. USNM 257032, 27, rio Itamambuca, upstream of road BR 101, 23 º 23’40"S 45 º 00’45"W, 29 Oct 1982, N. A. Menezes & L. Pini Netto.

Diagnosis. Phalloceros tupinamba is readily distinguished from its congeners, except P. leptokeras and P. aspilos by (1) the presence a lateral ramus of the female urogenital papilla; (2) female urogenital papilla left turned; (3) large sickle like hook on the gonopodial appendix located in its inner surface and close to its base; and (4) absence of inconspicuous vertical bars along body sides. Phalloceros tupinamba can be distinguished from P. aspilos by the presence of lateral spot and by the predorsal length of males (57.5-59.8 vs. 54.8-56.3 % SL, respectively). Phalloceros tupinamba can be distinguished from P. leptokeras by the lateral spot normally pigmented, vertically elongated, and horizontally covering the length corresponding to one scale length and located on the 16 th, 17 th, 18 th or 19 th scale of longitudinal line (vs. densely pigmented, rectangle like, horizontally covering the length corresponding to two or three scales length located on the 14 th or 15 th (very rarely 16 th) scale of longitudinal line.

Description. Morphometric data in Tables 7 and 8 . Range of SL: 22.9 to 44.0 mm (females), 17.0 to 27.4 mm (males). Dorsal-fin rays: 7 [1], 8* [34]. Branched pectoral-fin rays: 6 [3], 7* [29]. Pelvic-fin rays: 5* [6] (males), 5 [30] (females). Anal-fin rays of females: 10 [1], 11 [26]. Anal-fin rays of males: 9 [6], 10* [1]. Branched caudal-fin rays: 10 [1], 11 [2], 12* [26], 13 [3]. Predorsal scales: 13 [4], 14* [18]. Longitudinal series of scales: 27* [11], 28 [5], 29 [19]. Series of scales around caudal peduncle: 14 [1], 16* [35]. Transverse series of scales: 7* [36]. Serrae on R4p: 11 [3], 12 [1], 13 [2], 14* [1]. Epipleural ribs: 13 [2]. Pleural ribs: 14 [2] Vertebrae:31 [1], 32 [1]. Female urogenital papilla slightly left turned and with lateral ramus. Female urogenital papilla lobed or little flattened. Hooks of gonopodial appendix large and sickle like ( Fig. 14 ).

Color in alcohol. Eye grey iridescent with greenish brown pupil. Ground color pale brown, darker in upper half. Border of scales and subjacent skin replete with brown chromatophores, more concentrated at short distance from scale border, forming v-band conferring reticulate pattern to body sides, mainly on upper half. Brown chromatophores scattered through whole body, more concentrated on dorsal portion, mainly on head, snout, opercle, and ventral surface of mandible. Lateral spot narrow vertically elongated, covering approximately one scale on both horizontal and vertical directions. Faint band of chromatophores on distal border of dorsal fin. Faint band of chromatophores near dorsal-fin base. Fins hyaline. Faint patch of dark chromatophores along R3. Anal fin of females hyaline; few chromatophores scattered through first three rays but not forming defined patch of pigmentation.

Etymology. From the Tupi tupinamba alluding to the indigenous tribe that inhabited the region in Pre-Cabralian times. A noun in apposition.

Distribution. Phalloceros tupinamba is known from the rio Itamambuca and rio Macacu drainages, small coastal drainages of São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro States of Brazil ( Fig. 12 ).

Remarks. The distribution of Phalloceros tupinamba is not continuous. The comparison between specimens from rio Macacu and rio Itamambuca has revealed no significant difference that could justify their recognition as distinct species. Until new evidence is available it is plausible to consider the distribution gap is probably due to the lack of collecting samples. Maybe new collecting efforts may reveal that the species also inhabits the coastal drainages between rio Macacu and rio Itamambuca.

Figures

Fig. 13. Phalloceros tupinamba. (A) Holotype, male, 22.4 mm SL, MCP 30408, rio Macacu, Cachoeiras de Macacu, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; (B) paratype, female, MCP 20585, collected with the holotype.

Fig. 14. Gonopodium tip of Phalloceros tupinamba, MCP 20585. R3, R4a, R4p, R5a, R5p indicate gonopodial rays.Scale bar 1 mm.

Fig. 12. Collection localities of Phalloceros ocellatus (circle, 1), P. tupinamba (triangle, 2), P. lucenorum (five-pointed star, 3), P. buckupi (eight-pointed star, 4), P. titthos (inverted triangle, 5), and P. caudimaculatus (square, 6). Some symbols represent more than one lot or locality. Numbers represent type localities. The inset is the range of the genus.

Tables

Table 8. Descriptive morphometrics of male specimens of Phalloceros tupinamba and P. uai. Measurements 1-10 are percents of standard length and measurements 11-13 are percents of head length. H = holotype.

	Phalloceros tupinamba				Phalloceros uai
Character		n = 9			n = 4
	H	Range	Mean	H	Range	Mean
Standard length (mm)	22.4	17.0-27.4	21.9	16.6	15.3-16.6	16.0
1-Head length	20.7	18.6-21.7	20.6	22.4	20.9-23.2	22.3
2-Snout-occipital distance	22.4	20.2-22.4	21.4	17.7	17.7-22.5	20.2
3-Predorsal distance	57.7	57.5-59.8	58.4	56.6	55.5-58.1	57.1
4-Dorsal-fin base length	12.7	8.4-12.7	11.2	9.6	9.6-13.9	11.9
5-Anal-fin base length	8.9	7.2-9.8	8.1	5.1	5.1-9.1	7.5
6-Body depth	34.0	30.3-35.0	33.2	31.3	29.3-31.3	30.4
7-Pre-pelvic length	28.9	25.7-29.0	28.0	28.6	28.6-33.2	30.4
8-Preanal length	39.1	37.4-40.9	38.4	37.8	37.8-41.4	39.8
9-Postanal length	57.1	56.0-59.5	57.5	62.0	55.2-62.0	57.5
10-Caudal peduncle depth	15.8	13.3-16.3	15.3	16.2	14.5-16.2	15.6
11-Snout length	22.7	20.9-27.2	22.5	26.9	23.3-28.4	26.3
12-Orbital diameter	40.5	37.8-48.5	42.4	41.4	39.2-41.7	40.8
13-Postorbital length	44.6	36.0-47.2	42.7	36.6	35.3-38.2	37.0