Rineloricaria lanceolata (Günther, 1868)

Vera-Alcaraz, Héctor S., Pavanelli, Carla S. & Zawadzki, Cláudio H., 2012, Taxonomic revision of the Rineloricaria species (Siluriformes: Loricariidae) from the Paraguay River basin, Neotropical Ichthyology 10 (2), pp. 285-311 : 297-300

Rineloricaria lanceolata (Günther, 1868) Figs. 8 , 9 , 10

Loricaria lanceolata Günther, 1868a: 477 [original description; holotype: BMNH 1867.6.13.79; type locality: affluent of the Aipena River, tributary to the Huallaga River, Marañón River basin, Jeberos, Departamento de Loreto, Peru]. - Günther, 1868b: 235, fig. 3 [expanded description of the holotype with dorsal, lateral and ventral drawings]. - Miranda Ribeiro, 1911: 128, fig. 70 [key of species; reproduction of description and figure of Günther (1868b); senior synonym of Loricaria teffeana ].

Loricaria Rhineloricaria [sic] lanceolata . - Regan, 1904: 277 [listed; upper Amazonas River; key of species; description].

Loricaria hoehnei Miranda Ribeiro, 1912: 11 [original description; holotype: MNRJ 650; type locality: drainage of the Taquari River, Paraguay River basin, Coxim, Estado de Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil]. NEW SYNONYM.

Rineloricaria lanceolata . - Fowler, 1954: 116, fig. 720 [listed; upper Amazonas River basin in Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia; drawing based on the Günther’s original figure]. - Isbrücker, 1973: 75 [redescription; sexual dimorphism; drawing of the dentition]. - Isbrücker & Nijssen, 1976: 120 [listed; measurements of the holotype; comparison with Rineloricaria heteroptera ]. -Isbrücker, 1978: 87 [listed; comments about generic status]. - Isbrücker & Nijssen, 1992: 29, figs. 34-35 [sexual dimorphism; pictures of specimens from the Pastaza River, Ecuador]. - Chernoff et al., 2001: 146 [listed; Apa and La Paz rivers, Paraguay]. - Ferraris, 2003: 342 [listed; Amazonas River basin, Peru]. - Knaack, 2003: 57 [picture of a specimen from theAquidabán River, Paraguay]. -Vera & Castillo, 2006: 56 [listed; Paraguay River, Paraguay]. - Ghazzi & Oyakawa, 2007: 90 [listed; Amazonas River basin, Brazil].

Rineloricaria hoehnei . - Isbrücker & Nijssen, 1976: 112 [listed]. -Isbrücker, 1978: 87 [listed]. - Ferraris, 2003: 342 [listed; Paraguay River basin, Brazil].

Hemiloricaria hoehnei . - Isbrücker et al., 2001: 23 [listed]. - Isbrücker, 2001: 27 [listed]. - Ferraris, 2007: 245 [listed; Paraguay River basin, Brazil].

Hemiloricaria lanceolata . - Isbrücker et al., 2001: 23 [listed]. -Isbrücker, 2001: 27 [listed]. - Rodriguez & Miquelarena, 2002: 159 [morphometry; pictures; Paraná River, Argentina]. - López et al., 2003: 45 [listed; Paraná-Paraguay River drainage]. - Menni, 2004: 79, 95 [listed; Paraná River, Argentina]. - Ferraris, 2007: 246 [listed; upper Amazonas River, Peru].

Diagnosis. Rineloricaria lanceolata is distinguished from most of its congeners by having four lateral plate series in longitudinal rows below the dorsal fin, the mid-dorsal series absent ( Fig. 4a ) [vs. five lateral plate series in longitudinal rows below the dorsal fin, the mid-dorsal series present and consisting in two to ten keeled plates situated below the dorsal series and beginning around insertion of the first dorsal-fin ray ( Fig. 4b and 4c ) in R. aequalicuspis , R. altipinnis , R. anhanguapitan , R. anitae , R. baliola , R. cacerensis , R. capitonia , R. caracasensis , R. daraha , R. eigenmanni , R. fallax , R. formosa , R. hasemani , R. heteroptera , R. isaaci , R. jaraguensis , R. jubata , R. konopickyi , R. kronei , R. latirostris , R. maacki , R. malabarbai , R. maquinensis , R. melini , R. microlepidogaster , R. morrowi , R. osvaldoi , R. pentamaculata , R. phoxocephala , R. platyura , R. reisi , R. rupestris , R. steindachneri , R. stewarti , R. teffeana , R. tropeira , and R. zaina ]; and by presenting breeding male specimens with sexually dimorphic odontodes on the dorsum of the head and predorsal region ( Fig. 8 ) [vs. sexually dimorphic odontodes absent on dorsum of the head and predorsal region ( Fig. 12 ) in R. cadeae , R. castroi , R. catamarcensis , R. langei , R. lima , R. longicauda , R. misionera , R. nigricauda , R. pareiacantha , R. parva , R. quadrensis , R. sanga , R. setepovos , R. stellata , R. strigilata , R. uracantha , and R. wolfei ]. It is distinguished from remaining members of the genus by having all fins with a broad longitudinal dark band running parallel to the first rays ( Fig. 8 ) [vs. fins irregularly spotted or with a transversal distal band in R. aurata , R. beni , R. felipponei , R. kronei , R. magdalenae , R. sneiderni , and R. thrissoceps ].

Description. Morphometric data presented in Table 4. Snout tip straight in lateral view, not raised. Dorsal profile from snout tip to nuchal plate convex, declined at dorsal-fin base, straight from dorsal-fin end to penultimate dorsal plate, elevated from last dorsal plate to end of caudal fin. Ventral profile from snout tip to anal-fin base convex, straight from that point to penultimate ventral plate, declined from last ventral plate to end of caudal fin.

Snout tip rounded in dorsal view, lateral margins of head straight. Odontodes of head and trunk small, thick, not aligned. Dorsum of head slightly rough; parieto-supraoccipital with indistinct ridges. Infraorbital series with six bones, infraorbital 1 with a sensorial pore exposed ventrally, infraorbitals 2, 3, and 4 not raised. Rostral plate with an area of naked skin without odontodes at tip of snout, narrow, horizontally elongated, very short, not reaching sensorial pore ventrally exposed of infraorbital 1. Posterior margin of parieto-supraoccipital slightly concave to straight; lateral margins truncate. Predorsal plates and first three lateral plates of dorsal series with ridges or keels moderately developed. Superior margin of orbit not raised; postorbital notch small. Eye small, rounded to slightly oval horizontally.

Lower lip narrow, ventral surface covered by short papillae with rounded tip; papillae slightly bigger at line bordering upper lip and close to dentary. Lower lip margin with long Abdominal plates of anterior complex irregular, smaller than other plates, not projected toward lip; anterior margin convex, slightly surpassing horizontal line of anterior margin of cleithrum exposed ventrally. Vertebrae 25(1), 26(9), or 27(7); ribs 4(14) or 5(4).

Dorsal fin ii,6(2), ii,7(101), or ii,8(1); dorsal-fin spinelet present, locking mechanism not functional; depressed unbranched ray reaching fifth plate posterior to its base, depressed last branched ray reaching third plate; distal margin truncate. Pectoral fin i,5(1), i,6(100), or i,7(3); depressed unbranched ray slightly surpassing pelvic-fin origin; distal margin truncate. Pelvic fin i,5(104); depressed unbranched ray slightly surpassing anal-fin origin; distal margin truncate.Anal fin i,5(103); depressed unbranched ray reaching fifth plate posterior to its base; depressed last branched ray reaching third plate; distal margin truncate. Caudal fin emarginated, i,7,i(1), i,8,i(1), or i,10,i(102); superior unbranched ray extended as long filament, inferior unbranched ray not extended as filament, only sometimes extended as very short filament.

fringes alternating some shorter; upper lip margin with short fringes. Maxillary barbel long, surpassing distal border of lower lip. Teeth bicuspid, long, mesial cusp greater and wider than lateral, dentary teeth larger than premaxillary. Premaxilla with 6(38), 7(26), or 8(7) teeth; dentary with 5(2), 6(33), 7(55), or 8(8) teeth. Sexual dimorphism on teeth present (see sexual dimorphism). Branchiostegal rays 4(17).

Body wide and short, four lateral plate series in longitudinal rows below dorsal fin: dorsal, median, mid-ventral and ventral; mid-dorsal series absent. Median and mid-ventral series with rough well-developed keels; last plate of mid-ventral series extended around end of anal fin. Median series bearing sensory canal between two proximate keels on caudal peduncle. Longitudinal lateral plates 29(3), 30(36), 31(53), 32(11), or 33(1); posterior plates of median series 13(3), 14(26), 15(36), 16(33), or 17(6). Lateral line complete. Lateral abdominal plates 5(6), 6(23), 7(49), 8(20), or 9(6), borders of plates not in contact with lateral plates of mid-ventral series. Lateral region of body posterior to pectoral-fin insertion with a broad area of naked skin, thickness similar to caudal peduncle width, situated along borders of lateral plates of mid-ventral series and of lateral abdominal plates (as shown on Fig. 4a ). Abdominal plates of posterior complex with a large well-defined preanal plate bordered by three plates and these by five plates, sometimes divided in smaller plates. Abdominal plates of median complex parallel and longitudinally arranged in three series increasing in number toward anterior complex. Color in alcohol. Dark brown or black dots over dorsal suface of body; overall ground coloration light or dark brown; ventral surface light brown. Sometimes clearer ground coloration of anterior region of body with many small dark dots, posterior region of dorsal surface totally black, and abdominal region with irregular dark brown blotches. Dorsal surface of head and predorsal region with two longitudinal dark brown to black bands, running from snout tip through eyes and second predorsal plate; narrow dark brown or black stripes running parallel and below former bands from snout tip to eyes. Lateral margins of head between infraorbital 4 and subocular cheek plate 1 with dark brown or black stripe; opercle and compound pterotic with irregular dark brown or black dots. Pores of sensorial canal of head and anterior lateral line highlighted by black pigments. Dorsal surface of upper lip with two longitudinal brown stripes, dorsal surface of lower lip with a transverse brown stripe. Dorsal surface of trunk with four to six wide, transverse, dark brown or black bands; first at dorsal-fin origin, oblique, extending toward last pectoral-fin ray; second just behind dorsal-fin base; following bands similar, equidistantly separated and lighter. All unbranched fin rays light or dark brown with narrow dark brown or black stripes. Pectoral, pelvic, dorsal, and anal fins with broad longitudinal dark brown or black band running parallel to first two or three rays; last rays with narrow, transverse, dark brown or black stripe on their middle length leaving hyaline areas on extremities. Sometimes, all fins black with narrow hyaline distal area on last rays. Caudal fin with longitudinal, dark brown or black band on first and last three branched rays; light brown area on four median rays usually with irregular dark stripes.

Sexual dimorphism. Dissected females with mature oocytes at about 77 mm SL. Males showing sexually dimorphic odontodes at about 71 mm SL. Breeding male specimens with hypertrophied odontodes arranged on lateral margins and dorsum of head, predorsal plates, and dorsal region of pectoral-fin rays ( Fig. 8 ); premaxillary and dentary teeth having its mesial cusp enlarged and rounded. Apparently, dimorphic odontodes develop first on lateral margins of head and on dorsum of pectoral fin, and later on dorsum of head and predorsal plates. Dimorphic odontodes on dorsum of head and predorsal region straight, thin, long, depressed, usually covered by skin at base, sometimes entirely covered, distributed in a large area over frontal, sphenotic, compound pterotic, parieto-supraoccipital, and predorsal plates. Dimorphic odontodes on lateral margins of head thin and long, tips hook-like curved, usually covered by skin at base, distributed in a large area below sensorial canal of infraorbital series over suprarostral plates, infraorbital 1, postrostral plates 2, 3, 4, subocular cheek plates 1, 2, and opercle. Dimorphic odontodes on dorsal region of pectoral branched rays thin, long, curved medially, covering almost entire portion of first to fifth rays and usually covered by skin at base; dimorphic odontodes over unbranched ray shorter and more densely arranged.

Distribution and habitat. Rineloricaria lanceolata is known from the Amazonas (including the rios Madeira and Purus); the Paraguay; and theAraguaia river basins ( Fig. 9 ). Specimens from the Branco River in Guyana were also reported in Isbrücker (1973). Specimens of R. lanceolata were collected together with specimens of R. aurata and Farlowella paraguayensis along of the Jejuí and the Piribebuy drainages ( Paraguay River basin in Paraguay) associated to leaves of partially submerged plants in small streams of clear and running waters.

Examined material. Type specimens: BMNH 1867.6 .13.79, holotype of Loricaria lanceolata , 82.7 mm SL, Xeberos , Peru . MNRJ 650 , holotype of Loricaria hoehnei , 46.8 mm SL, Coxim, rio Paraguay, Brazil. Non-type specimens: Brazil: Acre State : MCP 36456 , 4 + 1 c&s, (3), 29.7-84.8 mm SL, riacho Entrocamento, Epitaciolândia. Amazonas State : MCP 36453 , 6 , (2), 39.4-91.4 mm SL, igarapé São João, Humaitá . MZUSP 23379 , 3 of 5, 2 + 1 c&s, (3), 82.4-91.4 mm SL, igarapé Manduaçu, Fonte Boa. Goiás State : MZUSP 89345 , 18 + 2 c&s of 79, (7), 58.8-98.7 mm SL, riacho Taboca, Crixás. Mato Grosso State : CPUFMT 300 , 1 , 64.0 mm SL, córrego Salobinho, Nobres . CPUFMT 307 , 1 , 52.7 mm SL (plus 3 ex. of R. aurata ), córrego Estorda, Diamantino . CPUFMT 308 , 3 , 46.7-56.4 mm SL (plus 5 ex. of R. aurata ), córrego Estorda, Diamantino . CPUFMT 309 , 2 , 47.4-60.5 mm SL (plus 4 ex. of R. aurata ), córrego Estorda, Diamantino . CPUFMT 316 , 1 , 57.4 mm SL, córrego Quebra-canela, Diamantino . CPUFMT 317 , 6 , 48.3-81.4 mm SL, córrego Quebra-Canela, Diamantino . CPUFMT 318 , 1 , 53.6 mm SL, córrego Estorda, Diamantino. DZSJRP 1567, 4, 38.6-70.9 mm SL, riacho do Mato, Alto Taquari . MCP 15685 , 1 , 76.8 mm SL (estimated, caudal fin regenerated), stream at Barra do Bugres / Cáceres Road (rio Paraguay basin), Barra do Bugres . MCP 15795 , 2 , 46.1-61.2 mm SL, stream at Barra do Bugres / Cáceres road (about 99 km South of Barra do Bugres, Paraguay River basin), Cáceres . MCP 26076 , 1 , 51.8 mm SL, riacho Curupira ( Paraguay River basin), Barra do Bugres . MCP 36454 , 7 of 12, 5 + 2 c&s, (7), 70.6-91.2 mm SL, riacho Retiro (tributary of the rio Guaporé ) . MCP 36480 , 2 , 43.9-49.5 mm SL, rio Pari , Várzea Grande . MCP 36486 , 2 + 1 c&s, (3), 70.2-91.2 mm SL, rio Pindaituba (tributary of the rio Guaporé ), Pontes e Lacerda . MCP 36491 , 1 , (1), 78.4 mm SL, rio Sangradouro , Cáceres . MNRJ 20561 , 5 , rio Arica- Mirim, Santo Antônio do Leverger . MNRJ 23146 , 1 , (1), 74.3 mm SL, rio Serragem II, Nobres . MNRJ 25254 , 3 , 26.4-47.8 mm SL, riacho Cachoeira ou João Baiano, Água Boa . MZUEL 3824 , 21 + 1 c&s, (10), 51.3-93.3 mm SL, riacho Salobro, Porto Estrela . MZUSP 44331 , 4 , (2), 55.6-67.7 mm SL, stream at Tangará da Serra / Barra do Bugres road (about 13 km South of Nova Olímpia, Paraguay River basin), Nova Olímpia . MZUSP 37643 , 5 + 1 c&s of 11, (2), 35.9- 87.7 mm SL, stream at Cuiabá / Porto Velho road (about 7 km after Pontes e Lacerda entrance, tributary of the rio Guaporé ), Pontes e Lacerda . MZUSP 37817 , 1 , 70.1 mm SL, riacho Ingazeiro, Aripuanã . MZUSP 44478 , 1 , 46.7 mm SL, riacho das Flechas, Cáceres . MZUSP 78812 , 3 , (1), 16.5-84.5 mm SL, riacho Lagoinha, Araputanga . NUP 2951 , 1 c&s, 89.4 mm SL, rio Cuiabá , Rosário Oeste . NUP 5643 , 1 , (affluent of the rio Coxim , Paraguay River basin), São Gabriel do Oeste. Rondônia State : MNRJ 15604 , 4 , 50.6-66.4 mm SL, rio Boa Vista, Ouro Preto do Oeste . MNRJ 15667 , 2 , 44.3-55.6 mm SL (one estimated, caudal fin regenerated), rio Paineiras , Ouro Preto do Oeste. Tocantins State : MZUSP 52115 , 18 + 2 c&s of 52, (3), 40.0- 83.4 mm SL, rio Água Fria , Araguaçu. Paraguay: Departamento de Amambay : MNHNP 376 , 2 , 43.0-48.0 mm SL, río Aquidabán , Parque Nacional Cerro Corá . MNHNP 521 , 1 , 20.0 mm SL, arroyo Aquidabán-niguí, Parque Nacional Cerro Corá . MNHNP 584 , 1 , 70.0 mm SL, arroyo Aquidabán-Niguí, Parque Nacional Cerro Corá . NRM 16156 , 2 , (2), 73.6- 72.3 mm SL, arroyo Aquidabán-Niguí, Parque Nacional Cerro Corá. Departamento de Alto Paraguay : MNHNP 3640 , 6 , 17.0- 78.8 mm SL, riacho Lechuza (lateral branch of the río Paraguay), city not specified. Departamento de Caaguazú : NRM 42040 , 19 , 19.4 -86.0 mm SL, arroyo Guazú, Blas Garay. Departamento de Canindeyú : MNHNP 1213 , 9 , 44.0-73.0 mm SL, stream affluent of the río Jejuí-Mí, Curuguaty . MNHNP 1611 , 3 , 47.0-62.0 mm SL, stream affluent of the Río Jejuí-Mí, Curuguaty . MNHNP 3617 , 1 , 60.5 mm SL, río Jejuí-Mí, Reserva Natural del Bosque Mbaracayú . MNHNP 3631 , 10 , 54.2-88.1 mm SL, río Jejuí-Mí, Reserva Natural del Bosque Mbaracayú . MNHNP 3633 , 2 , 52.0-56.0 mm SL, arroyo Tacuara, Reserva Natural del Bosque Mbaracayú . MNHNP 3634 , 2 , 49.3-52.2 mm SL, río Jejuí-Mí, Reserva Natural del Bosque Mbaracayú . MNHNP 3640 , 6 , 17.0- 78.8 mm SL, arroyo Guyra- Kehã, Reserva Natural del Bosque Mbaracayú . MNHNP 481 , 2 , 47.0-58.0 mm SL, río Jejuí-mí , Curuguaty . NRM 32566 , 17 , (4), 42.8-82.6 mm SL, stream affluent of the río Jejuí-Mí, Curuguaty . UMMZ 206295 , 19 of 33 (plus 1 ex. of R. aurata ), (3), 45.6-95.0 mm SL, arroyo Carimbatay, Curuguaty . UMMZ 206526 , 4 of 8, (2), 49.7-85.3 mm SL, unspecified stream ( Paraguay River basin), Curuguaty. Departamento Central : ANSP 173128 , 4 of 8, (4), 89.9- 104.6 mm SL, unspecified stream ( Paraguay River basin), Itá. Departamento de Concepción : MNHNP 2350 , 8 , 43.9 -81.0 mm SL, río Apa , San Carlos. Departamento de Cordillera : CZCEN 316 , 2 + 4 c&s, (1), 71.5-98.1 mm SL, arroyo Piribebuy, Eusebio Ayala . NRM 32571 , 1 , (1), 77.4 mm SL, arroyo Piraretã, Colonia Piraretã . UMMZ 205688 , 6 , (2), 45.0- 91.9 mm SL, arroyo Piribebuy, Eusebio Ayala. Departamento de Guairá : MNHNP 3661 , 12 , 21.0- 62.3mm SL, stream affluent of the río Tebicuary-Mí, Colonia Natalicio Talavera . NRM 41898 , 10 , (4), 23.5-86.8 mm SL, stream affluent of the río Tebicuary-Mí, Colonia Natalicio Talavera . NRM 42066 , 18 , (4), 15.1-82.9 mm SL, arroyo Guazú, Independencia . NRM 42354 , 31 (plus 6 ex. of R. aurata ), 18.0- 59.2 mm SL, arroyo Guazú, Independencia . NRM 45023 , 3 , 25.6-45.7 mm SL, arroyo Guazú, Independencia. Departamento de Itapúa : MNHNP 2699 , 1 , 49.2 mm SL, arroyo Capiibary ( Paraná River basin), Trinidad . MNHNP 3485 , 7 , 32.5-69.1 mm SL, arroyo Tacuary ( Paraguay River basin), San Pedro del Paraná. Departamento de Paraguarí: MNHNP 381 , 20 , 24.0- 97.7 mm SL, arroyo Corrientes, Ybycuí. Departamento de Presidente Hayes : MNHNP 1831 , 1 , 62.0 mm SL, río Confuso at Estancia Golondrina . NRM 32567 , 4 , (2), 56.9-92.8 mm SL, río Confuso , Benjamín Aceval. Department de San Pedro : MNHNP 1216 , 2 , 62.0-68.0 mm SL, arroyo Aguaray-Mí, city not specified . NRM 16140 , 4 , (3), 70.6-86.2 mm SL, stream affluent of the río Aguaray, rio Verde. Departamento de Ñeembucú : CZCEN 321 , 9 , 33.0- 84.3 mm SL, arroyo Yakare, Mburika. Peru: Departamento de Loreto : MUSM 17997 , 6 , (1), 41.0- 81.5 mm SL, affluent of the río Pisqui , Parque Nacional Cordillera Azul. MUSM 18006 , 10 , (1), 46.3-96.0 mm SL, affluent of the río Pisqui , Parque Nacional Cordillera Azul. Departamento del Puno: MUSM 22479 , 9 of 13, (5), 45.4-79.9 mm SL, arroyo La Cachuela, Tambopata . MUSM 25346 , 9 , (1), 33.0- 89.7 mm SL, arroyo Gamitana, Tambopata. Departamento de San Martin : MUSM 9080 , 4 + 1 c&s, (5), 67.8- 96.0 mm SL, río Pucayacu , Tarapoto. Departamento de Ucayali : MUSM 23025 , 10 of 21, (6), 61.1-102.6 mm SL, río Shimbillo , Atalaya . MZUSP 26646 , 1 , (1), 88.6 mm SL, río Neshuya , Pucallpa . MZUSP 26752 , 2 + 1 c&s, (3), 87.0- 97.1 mm SL, río Ucayali , Pucallpa.

Figures

Fig. 8. Rineloricaria lanceolata, CZCEN 316, male, 87.1 mm SL, arroyo Piribebuy, Paraguay River basin, Eusebio Ayala, Departamento de Cordillera, Paraguay.

Fig. 9. Partial map of SouthAmerica showing the geographical distribution of Rineloricaria lanceolata. Dots = Occurrence. Star = Type locality (Jeberos, Departamento de Loreto, Peru). Triangle = Type locality of Loricaria hoehnei (Coxim, Mato Grosso do Sul State, Brazil).

Fig. 10. Holotype of Rineloricaria hoehnei, MNRJ 650, 46.8 mm SL, Coxim, Mato Grosso do Sul State, Brazil.

Fig. 4. Lateral plate series in three Rineloricaria species: a) R. aurata, b) R. eigenmanni, c) R. hasemani. See also the region posterior to the pectoral-fin insertion, which shows a broad area of naked skin in the Fig. 4a, and a slender area in Figs. 4b and 4c. P = Pectoral-fin insertion, LAP = Lateral abdominal plates.

Fig. 12. Hypetrophied odontodes developed in breeding male specimens of Rineloricaria parva, ZUFMS-PIS 567, 94.3 mm SL: a) dorsal view, b) lateral view, c) ventral view.