Botula

Kleemann, Karl, 2007, Catalogue and bibliography of Recent and fossil Botula (Bivalvia: Mytilidae), Zootaxa 1508, pp. 1-48 : 5-24

Botula

Group names and bibliographies are listed below.

Botula (?) affinis ( Gabb, 1862) = Lithophaga ripleyana ( Gabb, 1862, Gabb 1876: 311) (Pl. 1, Fig. 7a, b)

Lithophagus affinis Gabb, 1862: 327 , type: a curved tube (‘holotype’, ANSP 18802, 15.7–9.4-<10 mm, see remarks), type locality: exact locality unknown, probably Burlington County (fide Gabb 1862: 327), age: green marl of New Jersey, Cretaceous ; Meek 1864: (10); Conrad 1868: (726); Twenhofel 1924: (74); Ruhoff 1980: (127, 608); Kleemann 1983: (1, 28, 31)

Lithodomus affinis Gabb - Stoliczka 1871: (375); Whitfield 1886: 66 –67, (256, 267, 302), pl. 17, figs. 2, 3; Kleemann 1983: (21)

Lithophaga affini s Gabb - Gabb 1876: (311), = L. ripleyana Gabb, 1862: 326 ; Johnson 1905: (13); Gardner 1916: (619); Wade 1926: (70); Stephenson 1952: (86, 219, 222), possibly Botula

Lithophagus affinis Gabb ‘1861: 124’- Whitfield 1886: (66) (misattributed, referring to a footnote of I. Lea, mentioning Gabb but no species)

Lithophagus affinis Gabb ‘1876’ - Whitfield 1886: (67), = Lithodomus ripleyana Gabb ‘1861: 124’; Weller 1907: (512, 513, = Lithophaga ripleyana )

Geographic distribution:? Burlington County, New Jersey

Geologic distribution: green marls, Cretaceous

Remarks. Gabb (1862) stated that L. affinis is but a somewhat curved tube with unknown shell, shorter, more robust and more distinctly marked by the form of the shell than that of his previous species, L. ripleyanus Gabb, 1862: 326 . The ‘holotype’ of affinis , ANSP 18802, is not a tube, but an interior cast of a probable Botula ( Whitfield 1886, Kleemann 1983), 15.7-9.4-<10 mm (Pl. 1, Fig. 7a, b). Whitfield (1886) described and discussed both of Gabb’s 1862 species, considering L. ripleyanus sensu Gabb, 1876 , as synonymous with L. affinis Gabb , ‘1861: 124’ (see above). On the other hand, Whitfield (1886) regarded L. affinis sensu Gabb, 1876 , as synonymous with L. ripleyanus Gabb , ‘1861: 124’, although Gabb (1876: 311) had listed affinis and Arcoperna carolinensis Conrad, 1875 as synonyms of ripleyana . The latter has priority ( Gabb 1862: 326 versus 327).

Botula (?) archiaci (Deshayes, 1842)

Modiola archiaci Leymerie, 1841 : (342), Maroles; (nomen nudum)

Modiola archiaci Deshayes (in Leymerie), 1842: 8, (25), pl. 10, fig. 2a–c, type:?, type locality: Marolles, France, age: Neocomian; Kleemann 1983: (2, 28, 30),? genus

Modiola archiacii (sic) Leymerie, 1842 - Orbigny 1845: (291), = Lithodomus archiacii Orbigny

Lithodomus archiacii (sic) Orbigny, 1845: 291, (295, 296, 297, 298, 791), pl. 344, figs. 10–12, size: 20-9.2- 10 mm; Müller 1847: (36); Orbigny 1850, vol. 2: 81; Savi & Meneghini 1851: (43, 90, 163); Ryckholt 1852: (128); Cotteau 1855: 78; Cotteau 1853–57: 95; Raulin 1858: (425, 635); Kleemann 1983: (2),? Botula

Lithodomus archiacii Leymerie - Gabb 1861a: (138)

Lithodomus archiaci , - Pictet & Campiche 1864 –67: (514), 517–518, (523, 524, 549), pl. 134, fig. 8a–c; Stoliczka 1871: (375)

Mytilus (Modiola) archiaci Leymerie - Pictet & Campiche 1864 –67: (514)

Mytili (Lithodomi) archiaci , - Mayer-Eymar 1891: (174)

Lithodomus (Botula) archiaci Deshayes – Gillet 1924: 26

L. (Botula) archiaci Orbigny - Gillet 1924: (tableau 4)

Geographic distribution: Marolles, Bettancourt-la-Ferrée (Haut-Marne), St-Sauveur, Moneteau, Tronchoy, Ligny, Wassy

Geologic distribution: Hauterivian (?), Neocomian, Upper Barremian, (Early Cretaceous )

Remarks. In my view, the figures of Modiola archiaci Deshayes, 1842 , resemble somehow Gregariella because of a sulcus, drawn in figure 2a, while those of Lithodomus archiacii Orbigny, 1845 , resemble Botula in general outline (Text-fig. 1). As no types are known, in my view only Orbigny’s species may be a member of Botula . Gillet (1924: 26) noted L. (Botula) archiaci (Deshayes, 1842) from the Barremian, while on table 4 he listed L. (Botula) archiaci Orbigny (sic!) from the Hauterivian (most likely in error).

Botula arcuata ‘Lamarck’ of authors (= cinnamomea var., see below)

Non Modiola arcuata Lamarck, 1807 , (237), pl. 18 (16), fig. 1a, b, fossil, Grignon, near Paris, France (see Remarks) Modiola arcuata , - Dufo 1840: 215; Martens 1880: 318,? cinnamomea (fide Lamy 1937: 183)

Modiola arcuata of authors - Lamy 1937: (183), = L. (B.) cinnamomina Chemnitz var. b

Geographic distribution: Mahé, Seychelles

Remarks. Lamy (1937: 182–183) described how the word “arquée”, used for variety b of M. cinnamomea Lamarck , led to the use of M. arcuata by Dufo (1840) and Martens (1880) for Recent material. In a footnote, Lamy (1937: 183) noted that the name for the fossil species from Grignon was transferred by Deshayes to the genus Hindsia Deshayes (1858, non H. Adams & A. Adams, 1853, fide Lamy 1937). Clapp & Kenk (1963: 330) considered Dufo’s (1840) M. arcuata (non Lamarck) from coral rock from the Seychelles as possibly L. cinnamomea (Lamarck) .

Botula (?) arenaria (Meuschen) - Mörch, 1853

Tamarindiformes arenarius Meuschen, 1787: 412 ; Mörch 1853: (55), = Lithophaga (Botula) arenaria ; Kleemann 1983: (2, 27, 30),? genus, nomen dubium

Lithophaga (Botula) arenaria Meuschen - Mörch 1853: 55; H. Adams & A. Adams 1858: (519)

Botula arenaria Meuschen - Wilson & Tait 1984: (113)

Botula arenarius Meuschen - Paetel 1890: (199)

Geographic distribution: India Orientalis, Indo-Pacific Remarks. Wilson & Tait (1984) noted that “ arenaria , a large, thin-shelled, siphonate mytilid which burrows in soft substrates of the central Indo-Pacific, is not congeneric with fusca (as Mörch 1853 suggested, see below), although its correct generic affinity is yet to be determined”. Meuschen (1787) was rejected for nomenclatural purposes because the work was not properly published and the author did not apply the principles of binominal nomenclature (ICZN 1987: 319).

Botula argentina (Deshayes, 1824)

Modiola argentina Deshayes, 1824: 256 –257, (258), pl. 15, fig. 15a–c, type:?, size (of figure): 18-7-? mm, type locality: Valmondois, France, age: Eocene (grès marin inférieur); Deshayes 1830: 269–270, pl. 42, figs. 1–3; Grateloup 1838: (61),; Deshayes 1861: 19; Pictet 1855, vol 3: (584); Sherborn 1923: (457); Kleemann 1983: (2, 27, 30), = Botula

Mytilus argentinus , - Deshayes 1832: 571; Deshayes 1836: 32 (fide Bronn 1848: 660; Deshayes 1861: 19)

Lithodomus argentina Deshayes - Bronn 1848: (659–660); Kleemann 1983: (3)

Lithodomus argenteus Orbigny - Orbigny 1850: (424); Deshayes 1861: (19) = Modiola argentina

Modiola argentea (sic) Deshayes - Orbigny 1850: (424), = Lithodomus argenteus Orbigny ‘1847’; Deshayes 1861: (10)

Lithodomus argentinus Deshayes - Cossmann 1887: 152, (156); Cossmann & Pissarro 1904 –06: (5), pl. 38, fig. 116-3; Cossmann & Peyrot 1914: (23); Cossmann 1922: (156).

Lithophaga argentina (Deshayes) - Panteleev 1974: (102)

Botula argentina , - Kleemann 1990: (118)

Geographic distribution: Valmondois, Saucats, Auvers, le Fayel, Dax, le Guépelle, Seine-et-Oise, France Geoglogic distribution: Bartonian, Eocene, Paleogene (grès marin inférieur et supérieur, Falunien, Sables moyens, Auversien, Parisien)

Remarks. Types are not known. The figured specimens in Deshayes (1824) and Cossmann & Pissarro (1906: pl. 38, fig. 116-3) all are members of Botula .

Botula (?) brabantica ( Vincent, 1930)

Lithophagus (Botula) brabanticus Vincent, 1930: 2 –3, text-fig. 1A–C, lectotype: IRSNB CI17, size: 14.5-4- 4 mm, paratype: IRSNB CI18, type locality: Neder-over-Heembeek, Belgium, age: Upper Eocene, sands at Wemmel; Glibert 1936: (42); Kleemann 1983: (4, 27, 32)

Lithophaga (Botula) brabantica Vincent - Glibert 1936: 42 –43, fig. 23 (paratype)

Lithophaga brabantica Vincent - Glibert 1936: (42), (text-)fig. 23 (two views of paralectotype, right valve x 6)

Geographic distribution: Neder-over-Heembeek, Belgium

Geologic distribution: Upper Eocene

Remarks. The figures, both in Vincent (1930) and Glibert (1936) from the lecto- and paratype respectively, look like oddly elongated, stretched Botula specimens.

Botula brevis ( Tate, 1887)

Lithodomus brevis Tate, 1887: 186 , type: lost?, size: 21-11- 11 mm, type locality: Hallet’s Cove, St. Vincent Gulf, Australia, habitat: in coral Plesiastrea vincenti T. Woods (n.n.), age: older Tertiary; Tate 1892: (130); Pritchard 1903: (88), Kleemann 1983: (4, 27, 32)

Geographic distribution: Hallet’s Cove, St. Vincent Gulf, Australia

Geologic distribution: Paleogene

Remarks. The type of Lithodomus brevis Tate, 1887 , was not found at the South Australian Museum and may be considered lost (R. Hamilton-Bruce, pers. comm.). Here, L. brevis is considered a Botula with very high probability due to its description, reported dimensions, and boring habit. Further, both L. cuneiformis Tate, 1892 , (Pl. 1, Fig. 4) and L. projectans Tate, 1892 (Pl. 1, Fig. 5a, b) are Botula species and Tate (1892) referred to bevis as having a near alliance to projectans (see below).

Botula (?) carolinensis ( Conrad, 1875)

Arcoperna carolinensis Conrad, 1875: 5 , pl. 1, fig. 6, type: lost, type locality: Snow Hill, North Carolina, age: Black Creek Formation; Gabb 1876: (311) = Lithophaga ripleyana Gabb, 1862 ; Weller 1907: (512), = L. ripleyana ; Kleemann 1983: (5, 27, 32), Botula ?

Lithophaga carolinensis (Conrad) - Stephenson 1923: (38, 39, 41, 45), 243–244, pl. 62, figs. 4–9; Stephenson 1941: (30), 155–156, (478), pl. 22, figs. 18, 19; Turner & Boss 1962: (90); Sundberg 1981: (901); Bottjer 1982: (79); Tichy 1982: (288); Bien et al. 1999: (307)

Botula carolinensis (Conrad) ? - Stephenson 1952: 87, (220, 222), pl. 21, fig. 18; Scott 1970: 62, (66), pl. 1, fig. 18; Scott 1981: (469).

Geographic distribution: Snow Hill, Greene County, the Gohram place, 6 miles NW of Greenville, North Carolina; Chattahoochee River, opposite Woolridge Landing, Georgia; Onion Creek, 2.5 miles west of old Garfield, Travis County, Navarro group, and Aquilla Creek, 1.6 miles of Peoria, Hill County Locality 4, boring in rather soft, impure, ferruginous limestone, both Texas

Geologic distribution: Snow Hill calcareous member of Black Creek Formation (Campanian, North Carolina), lower part of Ripley Formation ( Georgia), both, upper part of Exogyra ponderosa zone, and Corsicana marl (Texas), Lewisville member of Woodbine Formation, all Cretaceous

Remarks. Conrad’s originally figured specimen can be regarded as lost ( Stephenson 1923, 1941, 1952). The figure of it, about 11.5 mm long and 6 mm high, probably depicts a Botula ( Kleemann 1983: 5) . Scott (1970) also noted “disposition of original specimens unknown”. Further, he regarded the syntype KU 500069 of Lithophagus interrogatum Twenhofel, 1924 (p. 74, pl. 7, fig. 15), as synonymous with B. carolinensis , although no shells but only tubes, diameters 1–5 mm, were found in Gryphaea corrugata (in Gryphaea horizons of the Kiowa shales, Kansas, Zone 14, Champion Draw). Stephenson (1923) figured three specimens, USNM 31713-31715, found in borings in the thick shells of Cyprimeria gabbi Stephenson, 1923 . USNM 31713, measuring ~ 8-4- 4 mm (figs. 5, 6) and USNM 31714 (figs. 7, 8) likely members of Botula . USNM 31715 (fig. 9), resembles Botula , but its posterior is less high than its anterior part (Pl. 2, Fig. 4), thus it remains questionable in its correct generic affinity. Stephenson (1941) figured USNM 76498, a Botula measuring 12.6-6- 6 mm, which was boring in the shell of Exogyra costata Say, 1820 . Stephenson (1952) added USNM 105287a (fig. 18), a left valve of 7 mm length, as B. carolinensis ?

Botula cinnamomea ( Lamarck, 1819) (Pl. 1, Fig. 1 )

Mytilus cinnamominus Chemnitz, 1785 : (124), 152, pl. 82, fig. 731 (A name in a rejected work, ICZN 1944, opinion 184), in Strombus gigas Linnaeus, 1758 ; Schröter 1788: (68); Dillwyn 1817: (303), = Mytilus lithophagus var.; Lamarck 1819: (115), = Modiola cinnamomea ; Dall 1898: (797), = Modiolus (B.) cinnamomeus Lamarck ; Lamy 1937: (187 footnote); Soot-Ryen 1955: (86), = B. fusca ; Kleemann 1983: (5, 6); Wilson & Tait 1984: (114), = B. fusca ( Gmelin, 1791)

Mytilus cinnamomeus Gmelin 1791: 3352 , = M. lithophagus β, Chemnitz pl. 82, fig. 732 (in error for 731); Schreibers 1793: 293 –294, = M. lithophagus var. a, (referring to) Martini (in error for Chemnitz) Conchylien (part) 8, pl. 82, fig. 732 (in error for 731, probably copying Gmelin, 1791); Schröter 1788: (68); Dillwyn 1817: (303); Savigny 1817: pl. 11, fig. 2; Deshayes 1832: 566; Dunker 1883: (25), = Lithophaga fusca - Sherborn 1924: (1316); Kleemann 1983: (5, 27, 30), = B. cinnamomea ; Wilson & Tait 1984: (114), = B. fusca

Modiolus cinnamomeus Chemnitz - Link 1807: (147); Iredale 1939: (415); Kleemann 1983: (5); Wilson & Tait 1984: (114)

Mytilus cinnamominus Chemnitz - Dillwyn 1817: 303, synonym of M. lithophagus var.

Modiola cinnamomea Lamarck, 1819: 114 –115, types: MNHNP (Pl. 1, Fig. 1 ), size: 37 mm, type locality: Mauritius, age: (Cenozoic -) Recent; Gould 1833: (43); Carpenter 1864: (577); Melvill & Standen 1899: 184, Torres Straits; Iredale 1939: (415); Clapp & Kenk 1963: (566), = Lithophaga cinnamomea

Modiola cinnamomea (b) Lamarck, 1819: 115, re Lister (1685) pl. 359, fig. 197, variety (b) in stony corals, fossil near Rome; Deshayes 1832: (566); Deshayes 1836: (25); Iredale 1939: (415)

Modiola cinnamomea Lamarck - Bory de St Vincent 1824: (149), pl. 221, fig. 4; Dubois 1825: (103); Audoin 1826: (52); Deshayes 1832: (571); Deshayes 1836: 25; Deshayes 1837: (268); Jay 1839: (29); Potiez & Michaud 1844: 130; Catlow & Reeve 1845: (72); Jay 1850: (76); Hanley 1843: 238, (239); Deshayes 1861: (10); Deshayes 1863: (23); Mabille & Mesle 1866: (118); Fischer 1871: (213); Martens 1879: (741); Martens 1880: (318); Grasset 1884: (300); (Küster &) Clessin 1889: (160); Dall 1916b: (1); Lamy 1920: 233–234; Sherborn 1924: (1315); Gardner 1926: (58); Johnson 1934: (28), = B. fusca ; Iredale 1939: (415); Gardner 1950: (668, 687); Rios 1970: (159); Wilson & Tait 1984: (114, 120), fig. 1A, B, = B. fusca

Modiola cinnamomea var. Lamarck - Deshayes 1836: (28), = M. fusca ; Mörch 1853: (55), = B. fusca Gmelin ; Etera 1896: (793); Kleemann 1983: (6)

Mytilus cinnamomeus Chemnitz - Potiez & Michaud 1844: (130), = Modiola cinnamomea Lamarck

Lithodomus cinnamomeus Lamarck - Orbigny 1845: 333; Petit de la Saussaye 1856: (151); Beau 1857: 500; Schramm 1867: 22; Mayer 1872: (492); Mayer 1873: (16); Melvill & Standen 1906: (802); Melvill 1909: 74, 123; Cossmann & Peyrot 1914: (18); Teppner 1914: (102), 114, (116)

Lithodomus cinnamomeus Orbigny - Orbigny 1853: 333 (re Mytilus cinnamomeus Chemnitz and Modiola cinnamomea Lamarck )

Lithophagus ? cinnamomea , - Carpenter 1857: (234)

Lithophagus cinnamomeus , - Carpenter 1857: (174); Carpenter 1864: (586); Soot-Ryen 1955: (19, 86), = B. fusca

Lithophagus cinnamomeus Chemnitz - Carpenter 1857: (127), 129–130, (131); Carpenter 1857: 234, 249, 309, 363 (fide Lamy 1937: 180); Carpenter 1863: (26/200); Carpenter 1872b: (26/200); Strong & Hanna 1930: (fide Soot-Ryen 1955: 86); Olsson 1961: (131), = B. fusca

Lithodomus cinnamominus Chemnitz - Reeve 1858: sp. 5, pl. 1, fig. 5a, b; Reeve 1860: (73); Carpenter 1864: (564, 586); Stoliczka 1871: (371); Brazier 1885: (802); Smith 1903: (623); Hidalgo 1905: 21, (365, 366); Kühnelt 1930: (72, footnote)

Lithophagus cinnamomeus L. (non Linnaeus) - Carpenter 1860: (4)

Adula cinnamomea , - Carpenter 1864: (425), Vancouver District; Lamy 1937: (187); Kleemann 1983: (6)

Adula cinnamomea var., - Carpenter 1864: (552)

Lithophaga cinnamomea var. Lamarck - MacAndrew 1870: (448)

Lithodomus cinnamomeus Chemnitz - Mayer 1872: (492); Mayer 1873: (16); Cooke 1886: (141); Crosse & Fischer 1889: (291); Fischer 1891: 129, (181); Mayer-Eymar 1894: (124)

Lithophaga cinnamomea Lamarck - Mörch 1878: (16); Poulson 1878: (16); Küster & Clessin 1889: (162, 167), pl. 2, fig. 3; Sturany 1899: (288, 294); Dautzenberg 1900: (232); Sturany 1905: (140); Hedley 1906: (464); Hedley 1910: (346); Hedley 1916: (159); Satyamurti 1956: (37, 38), 41, pl. 4, fig. 10a, b; Starmühlner 1974: (66).

Lithodomus (Botula) cinnamomeus Lamarck - Fischer 1886: (969); Martens 1887: (207); Kleemann 1983: (6)

Botula cinnamomea (Lamarck) - Jousseaume 1888: 216; Maury 1920: 68; Kuroda 1933: 141; Taylor 1968: (203); Warmke & Abbott 1961: (163) = B. fusca ; Appukuttan, 1972: 380; Appukuttan 1973: 428; Nielsen 1976a: 3, fig. 16; Nielsen 1976b: (142), 145–146, text-figs. 3A–C, 4B; Kay 1979: (509); Sharabati 1984: pl. 40, fig. 3, 3a; Sheppard 1984: (49); Glayzer et al. 1984: (325); Sheppard 1984: (49); Taylor & Reid 1984: (206); Nielsen 1986: (5), 7, (20, 21), fig. 2I; Arnaud & Thomassin 1990: (339, 340, 342)

Modiola (Botula) cinnamomea Lamarck - Dall 1889: (38); Verrill & Bush 1900: 517

Modiolaria cinnamomea Bruguière - Simpson 1887 –89: 69*; Clapp & Kenk 1963: (894)? Lithophaga fusca (Gmelin)

Modiolus (Botula) cinnamomeus Lamarck - Dall 1898: 792–798, (801), type of Botula ; Ihering 1900: (88), type of Botula ; Dall & Simpson 1902: 470; Dall 1915: 128, type of Botula ; Gardner 1926: (6), 58–59; Dall et al. 1938: (59); Iredale 1939: (415); Gardner 1950: (668, 687); Vokes 1986: (159, 172)

Mytilus cinnamomeus Schreibers - Sherborn 1902: (216)

Lithodomus cinnamomina (sic) Lamarck - Shopland 1902: (178)

Lithodomus (Botula) cinnamomea (Lamarck) - Jukes-Browne 1905: (221)

Lithodomus (Botula) cinnamomina Chemnitz - Lamy 1906: (312); Lamy 1909: 399.

Lithodomus (Botula) cinnamomea Chemnitz - Lynge 1909: 138 /42–139/43

Modiolus (Botula) cinnamomea Lamarck - Mayzyck 1913: 22

Lithophaga (Botula) cinnamomina Chemnitz - Lamy 1919: 348–350; Pallary et al. 1926: 115, pl. 15, fig. 2.1–2.3; Dautzenberg 1932: 95, Diego-Suarez; Lamy 1937: (104, 173), 179–184, (187 footnote, 313 index); OBIS Indo- Pacific Molluscan Database, 2004, = B. cinnamomea (Gmelin)

Mytilus cinnamomeus Lamarck - Oldroyd 1924a: (70), type of Botula

Lithophagus cinnamominus Chemnitz - Faustino 1928: (41)

Lithodomus (Botula) cinnamominus Chemnitz - Lamy 1929: (204)

Modiolus cinnamomeus , - Stephenson et al. 1931: (60); Yonge 1955: (403, 409); Goreau et al. 1969: (192)

Lithophaga (Botula) cinnamomea (Chemnitz) Schröter - Dautzenberg 1932: 95, Diego Suarez; Dautzenberg & Bouge 1933: 436

Lithophaga (Botula) cinnamomea (Lamarck) - Prashad 1932: (76); McLean 1951: 42 –43, pl. 8, fig. 5 (fide Clapp & Kenk 1963: 635)

Lithodomus cinnamomeus , - Kühnelt 1933: (383)

Botula cinnamomea , - Kuroda & Kikuchi 1933: (fide Clapp & Kenk 1963: 561); Fankboner 1971: (33, 42); Scott 1980: (130); Morton 1983: (143, 174); Vine 1986: (175); Mastaller 1987: (211); Morton 1990: (18); Peyrot-Clausade & Brunel 1990: (135, 136, 137, 139); Kleemann 1996: (149)

Modiolus cinnamoneus [sic] Bruguière – Bertram 1936: (1020)

Modiolus cinnamomeus Bruguière - Otter 1937: (325), 339, (344, 348); Gohar & Soliman 1963: (205), 206–211, (217), text-figs. 1, 2, pl. 1, figs. 1 (upper specimen), 2, 3

Modiolus cinnamomeus Bruguiére [sic] - Wilson & Tait 1984: (114)

Modiolus cinnamomeus Brugière [sic] – Otter 1937: (352), pl. 1, fig. 1.9

Lithophaga (Botula) cinnamomina var. silicula Lamarck - Lamy 1937: (184); Kleemann 1983: (6)

Botulopa cinnamomea , - Allan 1950: (293), re Botulopa Iredale, 1939 , see B. silicula infra Iredale, 1939

Modiolus (Botula) cinnamomeus , - Gardner 1950: (687)

Modiola cinnamonea antiqua , - Serres 1954: 367; Kleemann 1983: (6)

Lithophaga cinnamominus , - Salvat & Rives 1975: (367)

Modiolus cinnamomeus Otter - Wilson 1979: (457)

Modiola cinnamomea var. minor Lamarck - Kleemann 1983: (6)

Modiolus cinnamomea Lamarck - Wilson & Tait 1984: (116)

Botulina (error for Botula ) cinnamomea , - Peyrot-Clausade & Brunel 1990: (139).

Mytilus cinnamomeus Lamarck - Oldroyd 1924a: (70), type of Botula

Botula cinnamomea (Gmelin) - Kleemann 1983: (5, 14); Kleemann 1990a: (112, 113, 115, 116), pls. 4, 5; Kleemann 1990b: (106, 107, 112, 121,122, 124, 125, 126, 128, 140, 144, 145, 150), fig. 8; Oliver 1992: (46), 53–54, fig, 21

Typographic errors:

Modiolam cinnamomeam, - Philippi 1847: (113)

Modiola (Lithodomus) cinnamonea , - Hanley 1856: 23, pl. 24, fig. 24

Lithodomus cinamomeus , - Mayer (in Hartung) 1864: (219)

Modiola cinnamomila Lamarck – Lienard 1877: 66 (fide Clapp & Kenk 1963: 605)

Lithodomus cinnamoneus Chemnitz - Tate 1892: (130)

Lithodomus cinnamoneanus , - Shopland 1896: 233 (fide Clapp & Kenk 1963: 890)

Lithodomus sennamuncus Chenu - Bordaz 1899: 181; Kleemann 1983: (22)

Lithodomus cinnamomens Chemnitz - Fanck 1929: (51)

Modiolus cinnamoneus , - Rees 1967: (226); Warme 1975: (213)

Lithohoga cinnamomea , - Starmühlner 1974: (76)

Lithophaga cinnamomimus Schreibers - Salvat & Rives 1975: (367), fig. 406

Modiola cinamomea Lamarck - Dall 1916b: (1)

Modiola cinnamonea antiqua , - Serres 1954: 367

Geographic distribution: Red Sea (Suez, Obock, Harvey, Sudan, Massouah, Dahlak, Djibouti, Aden), N Arabian Sea, Persian Gulf, Karachi, Indo-Pacific ( Mauritius, SE and S Africa, Natal, Zanzibar, Bourbone, Tulear, Madagascar, Nicobar Islands, Seychelles, Laccadive and Maldive Islands, Chagos, Gulf of Mannar, Gulf of Kutch, Mandapam and Minicoy Island, Ceylon, Madras Coast, Pamban, Andaman Isles, Malay Peninsula, Querimba Islands, Phuket, Thailand, Cape Liant to Koh Chang, Siam, China, Tuamotu, Mangareva, Luzon, Marinduque, Philippines, New Caledonia, Annam ( Vietnam), Poulo-Condor, Cochinchine, Society Islands, Raiatea, Tuamutu Islands, Hikueru, Marutea du Sud, Taku, Tearia, Tokaerero, Tahiti, Gambier, Polynesia, West Australia, Low Isles, GBR, Mast Head Reef, Capricorn Group, Queensland, Mazatlán ( Mexico)

West Indies Cape Fear to Guadeloupe, W Florida, SE coast of US, South Carolina, Bermudas, Owen Island, Grand Cayman Islands, Antilles, Cuba, Martinique, Dominica, Jamaica, Porto Rico, Trinidad, Virgin Islands, Rio Hacha ( Columbia), Testigos ( Venezuela), Brazil

Fossil: Switzerland (Cenozoic), Tampa, Florida (Oligocene); Italy (var. b)

Remarks. The syntypes, as photographed by P. Richens (BMNH) in 1977, consisted of a single left valve (Pl. 1, Fig. 1 , left side) and a complete specimen (Pl. 1, Fig. 1 , right side). Wilson & Tait (1984: fig. 1A, B) reproduced the single left valve as “left valve of the whole specimen”. Starting with Gmelin (1791), several authors regarded Chemnitz’s species as a variety of L. lithophaga (L.), while Deshayes 1836: 28) regarded M. cinnamomea var. Lamarck as M. fusca , and Mörch (1853: 55) as L. (B.) fusca . Dunker (1883) was first in considering cinnamomea as a synonym of fusca , although under the generic affinity to Lithophaga , while Johnson (1934: 28), Soot-Ryen (1955: 86) and Wilson & Tait (1984: 114) synomized it with B. fusca . See discussion on species problem below. The somewhat cosmopolitan geographic distribution, as listed above, is based on a single-species concept ( Wilson & Tait 1984).

Botula conchafodentis ( Gardner, 1916) (Pl. 2, Fig. 3a, b)

Lithophaga conchafodentis Gardner, 1916 : (618), 619–620, (932), pl. 36, figs. 7–9, Holotype: USNM 131769, size: 13- 5-7 mm (actually 8.9-4.0-? mm, Kleemann 1983: 6), type locality: Brightseat, Prince George’s County, Maryland, age: Upper Cretaceous , Monmouth Formation; Wade 1926: 71, pl. 23, figs. 4, 8; Stephenson 1952: (86, 220, 222); Kleemann 1983: (6, 27, 32), = Botula

Lithophaga conchafondentis (sic) Gardner - Stephenson 1952: (86), = Botula ; Carter 1979: (85); typographic error Botula conchafodentis , - Kleemann 1990: (118)

Geographic distribution: Brightseat, Prince George’s County, Maryland, Dave Weeks place on Coon Creek, McNairy County, Tennessee

Geologic distribution: Monmouth Formation, Ripley Formation, Mastrichtian, Upper Cretaceous Remark. Stephenson (1952) attributed conchafodentis correctly to Botula (Pl. 2, Fig. 3a, b).

Botula (?) contorta ( Dujardin, 1837)

Modiola contorta Dujardin, 1837: 225 , (309), pl. 15, fig. 12a, b, type:?, size (of figure): 14-7.5-8.5 mm, type locality: France, age: Cretaceous (craie et faluns); Archiac & Haime 1853: (268); Kleemann 1983: (6, 17, 28, 30),? Botula

Lithodomus contortus , - Orbigny 1850, vol. 2: 247, re Modiola contorta Dujardin, 1837 ; Coquand 1859: (983, 1021); Mourlon 1881: (111); Kleemann 1983: (6, 17)

Lithodomus contortus Dujardin - Gabb 1861a: (138)

Mytilus (Modiola) contorta Dujardin - Pictet & Campiche 1864 -67: (514, 525)

Geographic distribution: France: Tours, Roxan, Vendôme, Malberchie; India (?)

Geologic distribution: Santonian, Senonian, Upper Cretaceous ,? Miocene, Neogene, Remarks. The type specimen has not been located. In my view, the figures can be attributed to Botula and Archiac & Haime (1853: 268) had pointed out that it resembled their Mytilus subobtusus , the holotype of which is a member of Botula (Pl. 2, Fig. 5a, b).

Botula cordata ( Lamarck, 1807)

Modiola cordata Lamarck, 1807 : pl. 18, fig. 2a–c, type:?, type locality: near Paris, age: Eocene; Lamarck 1819, vol. 6: 117; Defrance 1824: 516 (fide Cossmann 1922: 155, = Lithodomus (Botula) cordata Lamarck ); Deshayes 1824: (268); non Basterot 1825: (16), 79; Keferstein 1829: (86); Serres 1829: (142); Deshayes 1830: 268–269, pl. 39, figs. 17–19; Deshayes 1836, vol 7: 29; Archiac 1843: (132) 260, (266) 394; Potiez & Michaud 1844: 130; Leymerie 1846: (369); Archiac 1850, vol. 3: (268); Serres 1854, vol. 2: 368; Deshayes 1861, vol. 2: (10), 19–20; Fischer 1866: (275); Benoist 1873: 66; Vasseur 1882: 57, 234; Marinelli 1902: 202 (fide Savazzi 1982: 173); Teppner 1914: (107), = Lithodomus cordata ; Lamy 1920: (61); Sherborn 1925: (1519); Abbass 1973: (97); Kleemann 1983: (7, 27, 30), = Botula ; Darga 1992: (88)

Modiola cordata (b) var.?, - Lamarck 1819, vol. 6: 117; Deshayes 1836, vol. 7: 29; Lamy 1920: (61)

Modiola cordata Lamarck - Basterot, 1825: 79 (fide Lozouet et al. 2003: 4, = B. subcordata (Orbigny, 1852))

Mytilus cordatus Lamarck - Deshayes 1830 –32: 571; Potiez & Michaud 1844: 130; Sherborn 1925: (1519), = Modiola

Non Modiola cordata Basterot - Grateloup 1838: (61); Pictet 1855: (582, 584); Fischer 1866: (275), = Lithodomus subcordatus Orbigny ; Cossmann & Peyrot 1914: (22); Lozouet et al. 2003: (4), = B. subcordata (Orbigny, 1852)

Lithodomus cordata Deshayes - Bronn 1848: (660); Sherborn 1925: (1519), = Modiola

L y thodomus cordatus , - Orbigny 1850, vol. 2: 391; Sherborn 1925: (1519), = Modiola ; Sherborn 1932: (654); (typographic error)

Modiola cordiformis (Nobis) Serres, 1854 : (368); (nomen nudum)

Lithodomus cordatus Lamarck - Bellardi 1855: 25 (fide Teppner 1914: 107); Fuchs 1870: (5)141, (32)168, (45)181; Reil 1870: (107); Benoist 1874: (141); Mayer 1876: (79); Cossmann 1887: 142(156)–153(157), (214(218)); Mayer- Eymar 1894: (124); Vinassa de Regny 1898: (184(142)); Oppenheim 1900: 264 (fide Savazzi 1982: 173); Oppenheim 1901: (147); Oppenheim 1903: (78), 79; Cossmann & Pissarro 1904 –06: (6), pl. 38, fig. 115-4 (2 figs.); Teppner 1914: (102), 107–108, (117); Dainelli 1915: 450, pl. 49, fig. 6 (fide Savazzi 1982: 173); Fabiani 1915: (258, 262, 271)

Lithophagus cordatus Lamarck - Frauscher 1886: 118 (82)-119(83), tab. 2, pl. 6, fig. 11a, b

Mytilus (Lithodomus) cordatus Lamarck - Mayer-Eymar 1891: 174

Lithodomus cf. cordatus Lamarck - Dreger 1903a: 262, (282); Dreger 1903b: (348)

Lithodomus cf. cordatus Lamarck - Dreger 1903a: 262, (282); Dreger 1903b: 348

Lithodomus aff. cordatus Lamarck - Schubert 1905: (165(13))

Lithodomus cordata Lamarck - Cossmann & Peyrot 1914: (23)

Lithodomus (Botula) cordata (Lamarck) - Cossmann 1922: 155–156, pl. 9, figs. 13–15

Lithophaga (Botula) cordata (Lamarck) - Abbas 1973: 97, (98, 195), pl. 21, figs. 10, 11

Lithophaga cordata Lamarck - Panteleev 1974: (102)

Botula cordata (Lamarck) - Dolin et al. 1980: 36 (fide Savazzi 1982: 173); Savazzi 1982: (165–172), 173–174, figs. 3–9, 14, 17, 18; Seilacher 1984: (234); Wilson & Tait 1984: (119); Kleemann 1990: (118); Morton 1990: (22); Darga 1992: 88, (106); Zibrowius & Arnaud 1995: (236, 242); Kleemann 1996: (151)

Geographic distribution: Paris Basin, Meudon, St-Jean-d’Assé, Chaufour, Domfront (Sarthe), Saucats, Grignon, Parnes, Courtagon, Meudon, Montmirail, Bordeaux, Mérignac, Vaugirard, Montrouge, Brasles, Damery, Boursault, Arton near Nantes, Couiza, Corbières, Larriey, Sarthe, Cambon, Hérouval, Chaussy, Fillerval, Bretagne, Saint-Gilles, Ponchon, Blaye, Pyrenes, France; Bois-Gouet, Belgium; Berchtesgaden, Germany; Northern Alps, Häring near Kirchbichl (Tyrol), Guttenstein (Lower Austria), Sauerbrunn (Burgenland), Austria; Gomberto, Laverda, Sangonini, Monte Grumi, Possagno, Luteziano, Buttrio, Rupeliano, Venetian region, Northern Italy; Abu Zabel Cairo, Egypt; India?

Geologic distribution: Lower Lutetian (Eocene), Oligocene

Remarks. Lamarck (1807) gave no description of Modiola cordata , an Eocene Botula , and pl. 18 is actually pl. 16 of Coquilles fossils des environs de Paris. No type could be located. Sizes mentioned are 29-15(-?) mm (Dreger 1903) and 30-15- 15 mm, for specimen GMC L.505, from Cairo Building Stone, Middle Eocene, noted as “ holotype ” in error for hypotype ( Abbas 1973). Savazzi (1982) reported on commensalism between B. cordata and a solitary coral (see discussion).

Botula cretacea (Gabb, 1861)

Modiola cretacea Gabb, 1861b: 198 , pl. 3, fig. 3, type: lost?, size (of figure): ~16-8-? mm, type locality: S America, age: Cretaceous ; Gardner 1926: (58); Gardner 1950: (671, 687); Kleemann 1983: (7, 28, 31), = Botula ; Kleemann 1990: (116)

Modiolus cretaceous , - Gardner 1926: (58); Gardner 1950: (671)

Botula cretacea , - Kleemann 1990: (118), Middle Cretaceous

Botula cuneiformis ( Tate, 1892) (Pl. 1, Fig. 4)

Lithodomus cuneiformis Tate, 1892: 131 , pl. 1, fig. 4, holotype: SAM D13045/1, size: 17-8- 7 mm, habitat: consolidated shell-ooze, in ~14.5- 50 m, type locality: Port Victoria, Spencer Gulf, Kangaroo Islands, Australia; Adcock 1893: (13); Verco 1908: (17); Cotton 1931: (340); Kleemann 1983: (7, 27, 32), = Botula

Lithophaga cuneiformis Tate - Cotton & Godfrey 1938: (116), 117, text-fig. 107; Allan 1950: (295); Cotton 1961: (124), 125, (328), text-fig. 111; Clapp & Kenk 1963: (69, 266, 267, 962, 999)

“ Lithophaga ” cuneiformis (Tate) – Beu 2004: (149),? Zelithophaga Finlay, 1927

Botula cuneiformis (Tate) - Kleemann 1990: (112, 113, 114), pl. 1

Geographic distribution: Port Victoria, St. Vincent and Spencer Gulf, also Kangaroo Island, Flindersian region, S Australia

Remarks. The holotype is figured in Kleemann (1990), the paratype, SAM D13045/2, herein (Pl. 1, Fig. 4). As noted by Kleemann (1983), Tate’s species is a junior homonym of the unrelated Bathonian L. cuneiformis Gourret, 1887 .

Botula cylista Berry, 1959

Botula cylista Berry, 1959: 108 , types and size: see remarks, type locality: Punta Cameron, Mazatlán, Sinaloa, Mexico; Keen 1971: 74, fig. 155; Bernard 1983 (19), = B. fusca, Wilson & Tait 1984: 114 , 116, fig. 1L, M, = B. fusca ; Paredes & Cardoso 2003: 54 –55, fig. 2; Hertz 1999: 18, fig. 33

Geographic distribution: Mazatlán, Mexico, to Manta, Ecuador, Tumbes (El Rubio), Peru (in stone coral,? Astrangia sp.)

Remarks. The holotype CAS 0 43975 was figured by Hertz (1999), who gives paratype numbers as SBMNH 34010 (19 specimens) and SDNHM 42803 [sic] (1 specimen). measuring 19.3-12.1-10.7 mm ( Wilson & Tait 1984). Keen (1971: 74) noted a size of 26-14- 12 mm, and “A dark brown to black shell with a smooth periostracum. This has been identified by authors as B. fusca ( Gmelin, 1791) because of its similarity to that West Indian form, from which it differs by being higher for its length, with a somewhat more arched dorsal margin.” See discussion on species problem below.

Botula ewekoroensis ( Adegoke, 1977)

Pholad, n. sp., - Adegoke 1972: pl. 1, fig. 8

Sootryenella ewekoroensis Adegoke, 1977: 230 –231, (360), pl. 43, figs. 15–19, holotype: UIMG 125, size: 22.0-11.5- 13 mm, type locality: SW Nigeria, age: Ewekoro Formation (Paleocene)

Geographic distribution: SW Nigeria

Geologic distribution: Ewekoro Formation (Paleocene)

Remarks. The holotype is the only specimen of the species, stored at the University of Ife, Ile-Ife, Nigeria, and is a member of Botula as shown in the figures.

Botula favannii ( Potiez & Michaud, 1844)

Modiola favannii Potiez & Michaud, 1844: 130 –132, pl. 54, fig. 9, type:?, type locality: exotic; Mörch 1853: (55) Modiola favanii (sic) Potiez & Michaud – Wilson & Tait 1984: (113), = B. fusca

Modiole favanni (sic) Potiez & Michaud – Wilson & Tait 1984: (116)

Remarks. The disposition of the type is unknown. The figure of favannii is a member of Botula .

Botula fusca ( Gmelin, 1791)

Musculus exiguus fuscus (etc.) Lister, 1685: pl. 359, fig. 197; Prashad 1932: (79), = L. (B.) cinnamomea (Lamarck)

Mytilus fuscus Gmelin, 1791 , vol. 1 (6): 3359–3360, type:?, type locality: Venezuela (fide Lozouet et al. 2003: 4), re Lister, 1685: pl. 395, fig. 197; Bosc, 1801, vol. 3: 166 (fide Clapp & Kenk 1963: 166); Dillwyn 1817: 306; Wood 1818: (57); Wood 1825: (57), pl. 12, fig. 12; Hanley 1842 –56: 239 (1843); Hedley 1901: 707; Sherborn 1902: (405); Lamy 1906: 312, = Lithodomus (B.) cinnamomina Chemnitz ; Lynge 1909: 42/138, = L. (B.) cinnamomea Chemnitz ; Lamy 1919: 349; Lamy 1920: 233, 234; Glibert 1936: (42); Lamy 1937: 179–183; Dall et al. 1938: 59, type of Botula ; Stephensen 1952: 86, = Botula ; Soot-Ryen 1955: (83); Soot-Ryen 1969: (N278); Habe 1977: 63; Kleemann 1983: (10, 27, 30); Wilson & Tait 1984: (114), = B. fusca ; Oliver 1992: (53); Lozouet et al. 2003: (4), type of Botula Modiola fusca Gmelin - Deshayes (in Lamarck et al.), 1836: 28; Catlow & Reeve 1845: (72); Jay 1850: (76); Deshayes 1861 vol. 2: 10; Dall 1916b: (1); Iredale 1939: (415)

Mytilus (Modiola) fusca , - Anton 1838: (16), = Modiola fusca Deshayes

Lithodomus fuscus Gmelin - Forbes & Hanley 1848 –53 vol. 2 (1849): (213); List of British Animals 1851: (164, 165); Orbigny 1853: 332; Wood & Hanley 1856: 67, pl. 2, fig. 13; Hidalgo 1905: (366), = L. cinnamominus ; Kühnelt 1930: (72)

Lithophaga (Botula) fusca Gmelin - Mörch 1853: 55, including Modiola cinnamomea var. Lamarck, M. favannii Potiez & Michaud and Mytilus brunneus Solander ; Prashad 1932: (80); Thiele 1934: (800); McLean 1951: 43, pl. 8, fig. 3 (fide Clapp & Kenk 1963: 635); Abbass 1973: (96)

Lithophagus fuscus Gmelin - Krebs 1864: 130 (fide Clapp & Kenk 1963: 553)

Lithophaga fusca Gmelin - Mörch 1878: 16 (fide Clapp & Kenk 1963: 716); Dunker 1882: pl. 6, figs. 8, 9; Dunker 1883: 25; Küster & Clessin 1889: 160, pl. 2, figs. 2, 3 (1889); Satyamurti 1956: (41)

Botula fuscus Gmelin - Paetel 1890: (199); Morton 1983: (174)

Modiolus fuscus Gmelin - Dall 1898: 797; Dall 1915: (128); Gardner 1926: (59); Iredale 1939: (415); Gardner 1950: (678, 687)

Modiolus (Botula) fuscus Gmelin – Thiele & Jaeckel 1931: 169, fide Lamy 1937: 182, = Lithophaga (Botula) cinnamomina Chemnitz

Botula fusca , - Dautzenberg 1932: (95), = L. (B.) cinnamomina (Chemnitz) ; Kuroda 1933: (141), = B. cinnamomea (Lamarck) ; Lermond 1936: (6), Florida; Dall et al. 1938: 59; Iredale 1939: (415); Bales 1940: (40); Perry 1940: 47, pl. 7, fig. 42; Abbott 1954: 356; Poirier 1954: (150); Franc 1960: 2080; Olsson 1961: 131, pl. 16, fig. 5-5c; Bales 1966: (3, 4); Soot-Ryen 1969: N279; Rios 1970: 159; Keen 1971: 74; Zankl & Schroeder 1972: 530; Ginsburg & Schroeder 1973: 588; Abbott 1974: 436; Humfrey 1975: 215, (241, 340), pl. 24, fig. 3; Rios 1975: 200, pl. 64, fig. 973; Warme 1975: 213; Emerson & Jacobson 1976: 359, pl. 38, fig. 11; Carter 1978: 13, 80; Carter 1980: 636, 638; Morton 1983: (157); Carter & Clark 1985: 63; Vokes 1986: (162), 172, pl. 1, figs. 12, 13a, b; Kobluk & Lysenko 1986: (658, 661, 662, 667, 668, 669); Kleemann 1990: (112), = B. cinnamomea ; Morton 1990: (18)

Lithophaga fusca Dunker (ex parte) - Prashad 1932: (79), = L. (B.) cinnamomea (Lamarck)

Lithophagus fusus (sic), - Clench et al. 1948: (39), typographic error

Botula fusca (Gmelin) - Soot-Ryen 1955: 86, text-figs. 70–72, pl. 9, fig. 52; Warmke & Abbott 1961: 163, pl. 31d; Porter & Wolfe 1971: (99); Macintyre & Glynn 1976: (1069); Bernard 1983: 19; Kleemann 1983: (6); Wilson & Tait 1984: 114–122, fig. 1G–K, N; Studenka et al. 1998: (294); Beu 2004: (146)

Geographic distribution: East Indies, Indian Ocean; N Carolina to SE Florida, Southeast U.S., Porto Rico, Virgin Islands, Jamaica, West Indies (Antilles), N of Isla Tortuga, Venezuela, Caribbean; Pacific coast from Mexico to Ecuador, Manta; Indo-Pacific region; Sligo (Forbes & Hanley 1849); Paratethys ( Studenka et al. 1998)

Geologic distribution: Middle Miocene ( Studenka et al. 1998)

Remarks. Gmelin (1791) referred to Lister’s (1685, pl. 395, fig. 197) figured specimen, of about 18-8-? mm. Soot-Ryen (1955: 86) noted that this species is cinnamomea of authors, not Lamarck, 1819. Wilson & Tait (1984) considered Botula to contain but a single species, B. fusca , which is questioned herein (see species problem).

Botula hawaiensis Dall, Bartsch & Rehder, 1938

Botula hawaiensis Dall, Bartsch & Rehder, 1938: 59 , pl. 12, figs. 1–4, type: USNM 484180, size: 15.0-7.8-9.2 mm, habitat: on sand, pebble and shell bottom, in 110–117 (-1170?) m (60-64-0 fathoms), type locality: Station 3845 off south coast of Molokai, Hawaii; Olsson 1961: (131); Clapp & Kenk 1963: (284), = Lithophaga hawaiensis ; Kay 1979: (509), = B. silicula ( Lamarck, 1819) ; Kleemann 1983: (11, 27, 33), = B.? cinnamomea ( Gmelin, 1791) ; Wilson & Tait 1984: (114, 116), fig. 1D, E, = B. fusca

Geographic distribution: Hawaii

Remarks. Dall et al. (1938) noted three more specimens from the type locality, USNM 335613, and a single one, USNM 335615, from off the northeast coast of Hawaii in 532– 347 m, cracked out of a lump of lava.

Botula hispaniolae Maury, 1917

Botula hispaniolae Maury, 1917: 357 (193), (413(249), 464(48)), pl. 35, fig. 11, type: not selected, size: 16- 7-9 mm, habitat: quite common boring in coral, type locality: Rio Cana at Caimito, age: Miocene (blue clays, zone H) Botula hispaniola , - Kleemann 1990: (118), typographic error

Geographic distribution: Dominican Republic

Geologic distribution: Miocene

Remarks. No type specimen was selected by Maury (1917), who noted that they were uniform in size, resembling both B. cinnamomea Lamarck and B. incurva Gabb , but very much smaller and apparently distinct. The type locality is near Santo Domingo. The whereabouts of the specimens is unknown.

Botula hortensis (Vinassa de Regny, 1898)

Lithodomus hortensis Vinassa de Regny, 1897: (21); Vinassa de Regny, 1898: 184(142), pl. 20(7), figs. 9, 10, type:?, localities: Priabona, Orti, Valle Organa, Venetian Alps, age: Priabonian; Oppenheim 1901: 147, pl. 16, figs. 9, 10; Lörenthey 1905: (189); Vadász 1906: 276, pl. 10, fig. 10a, b; Teppner 1914: (102), 115, (117); Fabiani 1915: (265); Cossmann 1922: (156); Piccoli & Macellini 1962: (55, 96); Piccoli & Massari Degasperi 1968: (249); Savazzi 1982: (173, 174), = B. cordata ( Lamarck, 1805) , in error for 1807; Kleemann 1983: (11, 27, 32),? Botula Botula hortensis , - Savazzi 1982: (166)

Botula hortensis (Lamarck) - Savazzi 2001: (59), fig. 1AC

Geographic distribution: Priabona, Possagno, Treviso province, NE Italy; Budapest, Hungary Geologic distribution: Priabonian (blue marls), Upper Eocene

Remarks. Oppenheim (1901, pl. 16, fig. 10) was first to figure a Botula specimen in a solitary, turbinate coral, Pattalophyllia subinflata (Catullo, 1856) , showing the bivalve in dorsal view, crossing the coral skeleton close to and somewhat along it’s periphery, and not in direction or proximity of the coral center. The figures of B. hortensis , shell length 19 mm, in Savazzi (2001: fig. 1A–C) are the same as figures 3, 6, and 4, respectively, of B. cordata in Savazzi (1982) (see above).

Botula incurva ( Gabb, 1881) (Pl. 1, Fig. 8a–d)

Lithophaga incurva Gabb, 1881: 377 , pl. 47, fig. 80, holotype: ANSP 3447, size: 23- 9-12 mm, type locality: Limon and Moen, Costa Rica, age: Pliocene clay beds; Dall 1898: (801), = Botula ; Kleemann 1983: (12), = Botula Botula incurva Gabb - Maury 1917: (357); Kleemann 1990: (118)

Botula inflata ( Whitfield, 1886) , = B. subinflata (Whitfield, 1899)

Modiola ( Lithodomus ?) inflata Whitfield, 1886: 197 –198, pl. 26, figs. 1, 2, type: lost, size: ~ 15-7.5-7.5 mm, type locality: Mr. Ware’s pits, near Mullica Hill, New Jersey, age: Middle marls; Whitfield 1899: (160), = M. subinflata , new name; Weller 1907: (507) = M. subinflata ; Kleemann 1983: (12)

Remark. See B. subinflata Whitfield, 1899 (new name for inflata ).

Botula laysana Dall, Bartsch & Rehder, 1938 (Pl. 1, Fig. 6a, b)

Botula laysana Dall, Bartsch & Rehder, 1938 : (59), 60, pl. 12, fig. 5. Type: USNM 335614, size: 9.5-5.4-6.9 mm, type locality: Station 3936, near Laysan Island, habitat: on small broken shell and coralline bottoms in 145–238 m; Kay 1979: (509), = B. silicula ( Lamarck, 1819) ; Kleemann 1983: (13, 27, 33), = Botula ; Wilson & Tait 1984: (114, 116), fig. 1F, = B. fusca ; Kleemann 1990: (118)

Lithophaga laysana , - Clapp & Kenk 1963: (284)

Geographic distribution: Laysan Island, Hawaii Islands

Geologic distribution: Pleistocene?

Remarks. This species is only represented by the holotype, a very inflated, probably sub-fossil specimen with the shell lacking any periostracal remains (Pl. 1, Fig. 6a, b).

Botula (?) lesbarritzensis (Cossmann, 1922)

Lithodomus (Botula) lesbarritzensis Cossmann, 1922: 156 , pl. 9, figs. 29–30, 58, holotype: lost?, size: 11-5.5- 5 mm, type locality: Lesbarritz, age: Oligocene (Stampien); Kleemann 1983: (13, 27, 32),? Botula

Geographic distribution: Lesbarritz, France

Geologic distribution: Oligocene, Late Paleogene

Remarks. The whereabouts of the holotype and only specimen is unknown. The figures are not good enough to allow a definite statement about the generic affinity.

Botula mcknighti (Hanna, 1927) (Pl. 2, Fig. 1 a, b)

Lithophaga mcknighti Hanna, 1927: 279 , pl. 33, figs. 2, 7, 8, 10, 11, holotype: MPUC 31151, size: 18.8-9.2-9.1 mm, paratypes: MPUC 31152-53, size: 11.7-6.6-5.2 and 11.5-5.1-4.4 mm respectively, type locality: La Jolla Quadrangle, California, age: Eocene; Kleemann 1983: (16, 27, 32), = Botula ; Wilson & Tait 1984: (119), B. fusca ?

Geographic distribution: La Jolla Quadrangle, California Geologic distribution: Eocene

Remarks. Only the holotype (figs. 10, 11) represents Botula , the paratypes probably are members of Coralliophaga Blainville, 1824 .

Botula (?) minuscula ( Dollfus, 1863)

Mytilus minusculus Dollfus, 1863: 75 , pl. 16, figs. 4, 5, type:?, size:?, type locality: Le Havre, age: Kimmeridgian (fide Chavan 1952: 22)

Mytilus minusculus , - Lennier 1870: 100 (fide Chavan 1952: 22)

Botula minuscula (Dollfus) - Chavan 1952: 22 –23, (121), text-fig. 10, pl. 1, figs. 36–38

Geographic distribution: Le Havre, Cordebugle, France

Geologic distribution: Kimmeridgian (Malm, Jurassic)

Remarks. The disposition of the type is unknown. Chavan (1952) reported B. minuscula from coral Goniastrea . Figures 36 and 38 resemble Botula , not so fig. 37 and text-fig. 10.

Botula (?) mixta ( Borissjak, 1906)

Lithodomus mixtus Borissjak, 1906: 14 –16, (17), 31–32, pl. 2, figs. 8–11, types:?, size: from 11-5- 5 mm to 17-7.5-7.5 mm, type locality: Kremenez, age: horizon 7 and 8 (etc.), limestone series of the Jurassic Donez; Kleemann 1983: (16, 28, 32),? Lithophaga

Lithodomus mixtus Borissjak 1917 (?) - Chavan 1952: (23, footnote), = Botula

Geographic distribution: Kremenez ( Ukraine)

Geologic distribution: Jurassic

Remarks. Borissjak (1906) noted 187 specimens for mixtus but without type designation. The disposition of the material is unknown. The footnote of Chavan (1952) says “est certainement aussi une Botula , mais plus courte en avant, plus oblique en arrière”. Kleemann (1983) regarded mixtus as a probable Lithophaga , which is likely, due to the more oval outline of the figures presented by Borissjak (1906) and his statement of the umbos not reaching the anterior end.

Non Botula (Notobotula) molina Fleming, 1959 , = Modiolula phaseolina ( Philippi, 1844)

Botula (Notobotula) molina Fleming, 1959 , (170), 171, text-fig. 5, pl. 14, figs. 18–24, age: Lower Pleistocene, type locality: Castlecliff, Wanganui, New Zealand, holotype: TM2124, right valve, size: 17-9- 4 mm, four paratypes: TM21-25-2128, the largest 18 mm long, in the New Zealand Geological Survey; Stilwell & Zinsmeister 1992: (59); Beu (2004: 111, 144, 146, fig. 8A, B, H), = Modiolula phaseolina ( Philippi, 1844)

Geographic distribution: Castlecliff, Wanganui, New Zealand

Geologic distribution: Pleistocene

Remarks. Beu (2004) noted B. (N.) molina as new synonym of the North Atlantic – Mediterranean Modiolula phaseolina ( Philippi, 1844) . (See B. pirriei )

Botula (?) obesa (Pictet & Campiche, 1867)

Lithodomus obesus Pictet & Campiche, 1867: 521 , (524), pl. 135, fig. 1a, b, type: MHNG 9593, size: 40- 24-34 mm, type locality: Villiers-le-Lac, age: Valanginian; Ruhoff 1980: (402, 608); Kleemann 1983: (17, 31),? genus. Lithodomus (Botula) obesus Pictet & Campiche - Gillet 1924: (26)

Geographic distribution: Villiers-le-Lac, Doubs, France

distribution: Valanginian (Neocomian) to Aptian, Cretaceous

Remarks. The figures 1a, b show affinity to Modiolus as well as the casts and images of the ‘holotype’, MHNG 9593 (2 specimens), provided by courtesy of D. Decrouez. Lithodomus obesus Pictet & Campiche has nothing to do with Modiola (Lithophagus) obesa Philippi, 1847 a, = Lithophaga obesa (Philippi) ( Kleemann 1983: 17) .

Botula obtusa ( Orbigny, 1845)

Lithodomus obtusus Orbigny, 1845: 296 , (297, 298, 792), pl. 345, figs. 11–13, type:?, size: 15-6.8-7.5 mm, type locality: Royan, age: Senonian, Upper Cretaceous ; Orbigny 1850: (247) = L. contortus Orbigny, 1847 ; Coquand 1859: (1001); Guéranger 1867: 17, pl. 23, fig. 17; Kleemann 1983: (17),? Botula

Geographic distribution: Mars (Sarthe), Royan, France

Geologic distribution: Turonian, Senonian, Upper Cretaceous

Remarks. Orbigny (1850), regarded L. obtusus as the same as “his” L. contortus , referring to Modiola contorta Dujardin, 1837 . Thus, we may consider B. obtusa to be synonymous with B. contorta (see above). Guéranger (1867) figured a Botula under the name of L. obtusus .

Botula oolithica (Merian, 1840)

Venerupis oolithica Merian, 1840: 75 , holotype: NHMB 2300, size: <27 mm, habitat: in coral, type locality: near Langenbruck, border between Kanton Basel and Solothurn, age: Bathonian ferrugineous layers; Strübin 1913: (36, 39, 40, text-fig. 3, = Lithodomus bathonicus Rollier, 1911 )

? Lithodomus bathonicus Rollier, 1911 : (42, 160), text-fig. 49, nomen dubium

Lithodomus bathonicus Rollier - Strübin 1913: (34, 35), 39–42, text-figs. 3–6

Non Lithodomus bathonicus Rollier, 1914: 322 –424, pl. 21, fig. 6, 6a–d; Kleemann 1983: (3, 28, 32); Kleemann 1990a: (119, 120), = Lithophaga

Geographic distribution: Langenbruck, Ramlinsburg, Wittinsburg, Basler Jura, Switzerland

Geologic distribution: Bathonian (Movelierschichten, Dogger, Jurassic)

Remarks. The original description of Venerupis oolithica (in my translation from the German): “The bivalve is elongated oval, inflated, quite thick, and gaping a little at the anterior end. Its length is not quite a French inch (<27 mm). It has the general shape of Lamarck’s lithophages, but the nature of the ligament of the existing specimens cannot be recognized.” A gaping anterior would rather indicate a Gastrochaena , but the only available specimen, the holotype, is partly embedded in oolithic rock, thus hiding its anterior part. Nevertheless, the visible parts (digital images, courtesy of Arne Ziems) support my view to regard it as a Botula . Its size is stated as 20-11-<10 mm by Strübin (1913), who attributed V. oolithica and his own described and figured specimens, to L. bathonicus Rollier, 1911 . Rollier (1911: 42) had only mentioned L. bathonicus sp. nov. in coral Thamnastrea , presenting just a line drawing of the cobble with several boreholes and two shell outlines in it, but no description. Rollier (1914) described and figured L. bathonicus as new species and the holotype, at ETH Zürich, represents a small-sized Lithophaga of about 13-6- 5 mm. While Strübin’s specimens, particularly those two measuring 20-11-10.5 mm and 19.5-11.5- 10 mm respectively (1913: figs. 4, 4a and 5, 5a), clearly are members of Botula . Figure 3 in Strübin (1913) illustrates the original specimen of V. oolithica in its borehole. Rollier (1914) noted L. bathonicus sensu Strübin as non synonymous with his species, but with Merian’s L. oolithicus . I agree with this view.

Botula (?) orbignyanus (Peron, 1906)

Lithodomus orbignyanus Peron, 1906: 139 /171, (262), pl. 5, fig. 9, type: fig. 9, size: ~ 15 mm, habitat: in coral, type locality: Chatel-Censoir, Yonne, age: Oxfordian (Rauracien blanc); Kleemann 1983: (18, 28, 32),? Botula

Geographic distribution: Chatel-Censoir, Yonne, France

Geologic distribution: Oxfordian, Early Malm, Late Jurassic

Remarks. The type specimen has not been located. The figure caption in Peron (1906, pl. 5, fig. 9) reads Lithodomus orbignyanus Cotteau in coll.

Botula (?) oviformis ( Gabb, 1864)

Lithophagus oviformis Gabb, 1864: 185 , pl. 25, fig. 168, type: embedded in oyster ( Gabb, 1864: fig. 191), type locality: Cow creek, Shasta County, age: Division A, Cretaceous ; Ruhoff 1980: (414, 608); Kleemann 1983: (18)? Botula Lithophaga oviformis Gabb - Stephenson 1952: (86), = Botula

Geographic distribution: Shasta County, California

Geologic distribution: Cretaceous

Remarks. The disposition of Gabb’s type is unknown. Mytilus (Lithodomus) oviformis Buvignier (1852) is definitely no Botula species ( Kleemann 1983), while Stephenson (1952) considered Gabb’s (1864) species to be a member of Botula .

Non Botula pirriei Stilwell & Zinsmeister, 1992,? Modiolula Sacco, 1897

Botula pirriei Stilwell & Zinsmeister, 1992: 59 , pl. 2, fig. f, holotype: USNM 441602, size: 35.5-20.5-11.5 mm, type locality: PU loc. 1097, Seymour Island, Antarctic Peninsula, age: Lower Tertiary, La Meseta Formation

Geographic distribution: Seymour Island, Antarctic Peninsula

Geologic distribution: La Meseta Formation, Paleogene

Remark. This species was compared with B. (Notobotula) molina (= Modiolula phaseolina , and may be also attributed to Modiolula , explaining the erroneous attribution to Botula (see above).

Botula plumosa Stephenson, 1952 (Pl. 2, Fig. 7a, b)

Botula plumosa Stephenson, 1952 : (29), 87, (219 index), pl. 21, figs. 15–17, fig. 15 (x3), right side of holotype: USNM 105288, size: 13.8-6.6-6.5 mm, figs. 16, 17 (both x4), paratype: USNM 105289, 3 unfigured paratypes: USNM 105290, type locality: all from locality 137, a small stream cut, 0.2 miles south, 0.5 mile west of Star School, about 5 miles southeast of the center of Denison, northeastern Grayson County, Texas, age: Woodbine Formation from Lewisville member, Upper Cretaceous .

Geographic distribution: Denison, northeastern Grayson County, Texas

Geologic distribution: Upper Cretaceous

Remarks. I have seen all the types. The holotype has some resemblance to Modiolus as the posterior is a little higher than the anterior, but that may be tectonically influenced. It lacks prominent beaks and the usually rather evenly rounded shells (Pl. 2, Fig. 7a, b). The paratypes, USNM 105289, 8.1-4.0-4.0 mm, and USNM 105290/1-3, measuring 11.3-6.5-6.2, 9.6-6.2-6.2, and 7.8-4.8-4.4 mm respectively, can be assinged to Botula confidently.

Botula (?) prestensis (Pictet & Campiche, 1867)

Lithodomus prestensis Pictet & Campiche, 1867 , vol. 3: 522–523, (524, 549), pl. 136, figs. 2a–c, 3a, b, 4a, b, types: MHNG 9608 (2 specimens), size: (of one) 9-5- 5 mm, type locality: La Presta, Neuchâtel, age: Lower Aptian; Stoliczka 1871: (357); Ruhoff 1980: (443, 608); Kleemann 1983: (20, 28, 31)

Lithodomus (Botula) prestensis Pictet & Campiche - Gillet 1924: (26)

Geographic distribution: La Presta, Val de Travers, Neuchâtel, Switzerland

Geologic distribution: Lower Aptian, Cretaceous

Remarks. The images and casts of the types (courtesy of D. Decrouez, MHNG) are lacking any radial shell ornament, being striking in the original figures 2 and 3. The casts, measuring 7.3-4.3-4.4 and 6.5-4.2->3.2 mm respectively, thus less than what Pictet & Campiche (1867) stated. They both resemble small Botula specimens with inflated posterior end, wheras figures 2 and 3 resemble Brachidontes , and figure 4 may be from a Lithophaga borehole cast.

Botula projectans ( Tate, 1892) (Pl. 1, Fig. 5a, b)

Lithodomus projectans Tate, 1892: 130 –131, pl. 1, fig. 1, holotype: SAM D.14615, size: 28-12.5- 12 mm, type locality: Port Darwin, Australia; Iredale 1939: (416); Clapp & Kenk 1963: (961); Kleemann 1983: (20, 27, 32), = Botula ; Wilson & Tait 1984: (114, 116), = B. fusca .

Tate (1892) noted the interior shell being of a violet-brown colour, of which no trace is remaining in the holotype (Pl. 1, Fig. 5a, b).

Botula ripleyana ( Gabb, 1862)

Lithophagus ripleyanus Gabb, 1862: 326 –327, type:?, size: 14-9-6.5 mm, length of tube 23 mm, type locality: the point where the West Jersey railroad crosses Big Timber Creek, between Gloucester and Red Bank, New Jersey, age: “Ripley Group”, Cretaceous marls;Meek 1864: (10); Twenhofel 1924: (74); Ruhoff 1980: (468, 608); Kleemann 1983: (21, 27, 31),? Botula

Lithodomus ripleyana Gabb - Stoliczka 1871: (375); Whitfield 1885: 67–68, (256, 267, 302), pl. 17, figs. 4, 5

Lithophaga ripleyana Gabb - Gabb 1876: 311–312; Johnson 1905: (13); Weller 1907: 512–513, (863), pl. 56, figs. 9–12; Stephenson 1914: (24), 35, (77); Gardner 1916: 618–619, (620, 621, 623), pl. 36, figs. 4–6; Wade 1926: 70, (71), pl. 23, fig. 5, 6; Stephenson 1941: (155, 156, 633)? L. carolinensis ( Conrad, 1875) ; Stephenson 1952: (86, 222, 224), probably Botula ; Richards 1958: (fide Bien et al. 1999: 300); Carter 1978: (85); Kleemann 1983: (5); Bien et al. 1999: (300, 301)

Lithophagus ripleyanus Gabb 1876 , non 1862 - Whitfield 1885: (66), = Lithodomus affinis Gabb ; Pl. 1, Fig. 7a, b

Lithodomus repleyanus - Whitfield 1885: (67) (typographic error)

Geographic distribution: New Jersey (Big Timber Creek, between Gloucester and Red Bank, New Egypt, Ware’s pits near Mullica Hill, Hunt’s pits at Manalapan, Monmouth County, Westville, Crawfords Corner, Marlboro, Crosseicks Creek, near Walnford), Tennessee (Dave Week’s place on Coon Creek, McNairy County) Northern Mississippi (2 miles S of New Albany), Maryland, N. America

Geologic distribution: Mississippian, Upper Cretaceous ( Cretaceous marls, Ripley Formation, Exogyra costata zone, lower green marls, Merchantville clay-marl, Wenonah sand, Navesink marl, Maryland: Matawan Formation, Monmouth Formation)

Remarks. No type material of the species is known. Gabb (1876) listed his L. affinis and Arcoperna carolinensis Conrad, 1875 (see above), as synonyms of ripleyana . Gabb (1876) noted “some bedded partially or entirely in fossil wood”. These specimens cannot belong to Botula , but specimens of ripleyana in the USNM do: USNM 121679, 2 connected borings, 18.4-~7-7.8 mm and ~13-?- 6 mm, preserved as a steinkern, from S side of the canal between St. George’s and Lorwood Grove, Delaware, Mt. Laurel-Navesink formation, Cretaceous , USNM 131745, 15.0-6.6-~6.5 mm ( Gardner 1916, pl. 36, figs. 4, 5; Pl. 2, Fig. 8a, b), and USNM 131746, ~12 borings as clustered steinkerne in dissolved mollusk shell ( Gardner 1916, pl. 36, fig. 6). While USNM 32768, measuring 19-9.9-6.2 mm, looks like a tectonically compressed specimen (Wade 1926, pl. 23, figs. 5, 6), those figured by Weller (1907: pl. 56, figs. 9–12) can hardly be attributed to Botula , as he stated “these shells burrow (bore) into various substances, usually wood (never Botula ), … and … burrowing (boring) in the shells of Gryphaea vesicularis at Mullica Hill.”

Botula (?) semen (Reeve) Simpson, 1889

Non Modiola semen Lamarck, 1819: 115 , size: 16 mm; Lynge 1909: (45/141), = Modiolaria (Gregariella) coralliophaga (Chemnitz) Gmelin ; Kleemann 1983: (22), = Gregariella

Botula semen (Reeve) Simpson 1887 –89: 69* (fide Clapp & Kenk 1963: 894,? Modiolaria coralliophaga (Gmelin)) ; Kleemann 1983: (22)

Remarks. This is a very questionable species perhaps synonymous with Gregariella semen ( Lamarck, 1819) or G. coralliophaga ( Gmelin, 1791) .

Botula silicula ( Lamarck, 1819) (Pl. 1, Fig. 2)

Modiola silicula Lamarck, 1819: 115 , holotype: MNHNP, size: 25 mm, type locality: Australia; Dubois 1825: (103); Deshayes (in Lamarck et al.) 1836: 25, = Modiola cinnamomea var. Lamarck; Hanley 1842 -56: 238 (1843); Jay 1939: (30); Catlow & Reeve 1845: (73); Dunker 1883: 25, = Lithophaga fusca var. Gmelin; Gould 1833: (43); Lynge 1909: 42 /138, = Lithodomus (Botula) cinnamomea Chemnitz ; Lamy 1919: 349; Lamy 1920: 234, = M. cinnamomea var.; Lamy 1937: 180, = Lithophaga (B.) cinnamomina Chemnitz var. silicula Lamarck ; Iredale 1939: (415), = Botulopa silicula infra Iredale, 1939 ; Clapp & Kenk 1963: 303, 566, 570, 586, = Lithophaga cinnamomea (Lamarck) ; Kleemann 1983: (22, 27, 30), = Botula ; Wilson & Tait 1984: (114), fig. 1C, = B. fusca

Non Modiola silicula Sowerby, 1830 : fig. 2 (non Lamarck, fide Lamy 1920: 234 footnote); Reeve 1841: pl. 100, fig. 2 (non Lamarck, fide Lamy 1920: 234 footnote); Küster & Clessin 1889: 95,? M. vagina Lamarck ; Lamy 1919: (349 footnote), = M. castanea Gray , non Say

Mytilus silicula Lamarck - Satyamurti 1856: (41), = Lithophaga cinnamomina (sic)

Lithophaga silicula Lamarck – H. Adams & A. Adams 1858: 519

Lithodomus siliculus Lamarck - Paetel 1890: (200)

Botulopa silicula infra Iredale, 1939: 415 , pl. 6, fig. 26, holotype: AMS C.60400, size: 26.5 - 12 - 12 mm (Pl. 1, Fig. 3a, b), type locality: Low Isles, Queensland; Allan 1950: 293, text-fig. 68/4; Clapp & Kenk 1963: 495; Soot-Ryen 1969: (N279); Habe 1977: 63; Kleemann 1983: (12, 22, 27) = Botula ; Wilson & Tait 1984: (113), 114, 116, fig. 1 O, P, = B. fusca

Botula silicula Lamarck - Habe 1951: 56, fig. 106–197, Japan (fide Clapp & Kenk 1963: 420, = Lithophaga cinnamomea (Lamarck)) ; Habe 1962: (113), pl. 50, fig. 13; Habe 1964: 167, pl. 50, fig. 13; Habe 1977: 63, pl. 10, figs. 3, 4; Kay 1979: 509, fig. 164E, F; Habe 1981: (fide Lee & Morton 1985: 60); Tsi & Ma 1982: (445); Wang 1983: (fide Lee & Morton 1985: 60); Matsukuma 1984: (7, 32), pl. 1, fig. 14; Lee & Morton 1985: (52) 60, (66, 67, 68, 69), pl. 5D

Botulopa silicula , - Maxwell 1968: 169, (239); Wilson 1979: 457, = Modiolus cinnomemeus (sic) of Otter; Scott 1980: (130)

Modiolus silicula Lamarck - Wilson & Tait 1984: (116)

Geographic distribution: Australia, Noto and Kii peninsulas, Tosa Bay, Palau Islands, coast of Guangdong to Hainan Island, Xisha Islands, South China Sea, Japan

Remarks. The disarticulated shells of the holotype of Modiola silicula , which have a blackish periostracum and thus may be attributed to B. fusca , are mounted on cardbord. The right valve is seen from outside, with part of the periostracum crumbled away, the left, incomplete valve is shown from inside (Pl. 1, Fig. 2). The holotype of Botulopa silicula infra is a light brown specimen (Pl. 1, Fig. 3a, b), probably being a member of B. cinnamomea Lamarck. From the two figures presented for infra, by Wilson & Tait (1984), only fig. 1–P is the left valve of the holotype, seen in lateral outer view. While the other, fig. 1– O, is from a different left valve in lateral inner view, lacking the writing of the number inside and being posteriorly more inflated.

Botula similis ( Ryckholt, 1852)

Lithodomus similis Ryckholt, 1852: 128 –129, (132, 172), pl. 7, figs. 3–5, type:?, size, as taken from the figures: 13-5.2- 4.2 mm, type locality: Ciply, age: Late Senonian; Stoliczka 1871: (375); Ruhoff 1980: (495, 608); Kleemann 1983: (22, 28, 31),? Botula

Lithophagus (Lithodomus) similis Ryckholt - Mourlon 1881 vol 2: (94, 111)

Botula similis (Ryckholt) - Panteleev 1974: (34, 44), 102–103, (150), pl. 25, fig. 10a, b; Kleemann 1983: (22)

Lithodomus similes , - Panteleev 1974: (102)

Lithophaga similis , - Panteleev 1974: (31, 59), text-fig. 12

Geographic distribution: Ciply, France; W. Turkmenistan

Geologic distribution: Maastrichtian, Late Senonian, uppermost Cretaceous , Danian, Lower Paleocene Remarks. The disposition of the type is unknown, but I agree with Panteleev (1974) in considering similis a Botula .

Botula similoides Vokes, 1946

Botula similoides Vokes 1946 : (155), 159, pl. 2, figs. 11, 12, holotype: AMNH 25999, size: 7.4-4-4.1 mm, type locality: “Olive Locality” at Abeih, Lebanon mountains, age: Aptian; Chavan 1952: (23); Kleemann 1990: (116, 117, 118) Botula (?) subalveata ( Conrad, 1866)

Lithophaga subalveata Conrad, 1866: 73 , pl. 4, fig. 4, type: single specimen penetrating Ostrea percrassa Conrad , type locality: Shiloh, Cumberland County, New Jersey, age: Miocene; Moore 1962: (98); Turner & Boss 1962: (90), = Botula ; Ruhoff 1980: (513, 608); Kleemann 1983: (23, 27, 31),? Botula

Geographic distribution: Cumberland County, New Jersey Geologic distribution: Miocene

Remark. This is another questionable species, based on a single specimen.

Botula subcordata (Orbigny, 1852)

Modiola cordata Lamarck - Basterot, 1825: 79 (fide Lozouet et al. 2003: 4)

Mytilus subcordatus Orbigny, 1852 , vol 3: (126), re Modiola cordata Basterot, 1825: 79 , non Linnaeus (?), lectotype: MNHNP R63676 ( Lozouet et al. 2003: pl. 6, fig. 3), type locality: Saucats (Gironde), France, age: Aquitanian (Falunien), Lower Miocene; Benoist 1873: (66), = Modiola cordata Lamarck ; Ruhoff 1980: (515, 615); Kleemann 1983: (23–24, 27, 31); Lozouet et al. 2003: (4), = B. subcordata

Lithodomus subcordatus Orbigny - Fischer 1866: 275; Hörnes 1867a: (583); Hörnes 1867b: (353); Cossmann 1895: 19, pl. 5, figs. 23, 24 (fide Cossmann & Peyrot 1914: 22); Teppner 1914: (103, 116); Cossmann 1922: (156); Kühnelt 1931: (241); Kühnelt 1933: (372); Lozouet et al. 2003: (4)

Lithodomus (Botula) subcordata Orbigny - Cossmann & Peyrot 1914: 22 –23, pl. 16, figs. 15–19; Kleemann 1983: (24), = Botula

Lithodomus (Botula) subcordata Orbigny mut. lozesi Cossmann & Peyrot, 1914: 23–24, pl. 15, fig. 23, pl. 21, fig. 19, type; Kleemann 1983: (24), = Botula ; Lozouet et al. 2003: (4), = B. subcordata

Lithophagus subcordatus Orbigny - Dollfus & Dautzenberg 1920: (392)

Lithophaga subcordata (Orbigny) - Janakevich 1968: (38, 39, 40, 41), 42, (43), (pl.) fig. 3a–c

Lithophaga subordata (typographic error) (Orbigny) - Janakevich 1968: (pl.)

Botula ? subcordata (Orbigny) - Schultz 2001: (130–131), pl. 10, fig. 3a, b

Botula subcordata (Orbigny) – Lozouet et al. 2003: (1), 4, pl. 6, figs. 1–6.

Geographic distribution: France: Saucats (Gironde), Tarsous (Cilicie), Davas (Carie), Léognan (Le Thil infr.), Mérignac (Baour), Saucats (Lariey), Cabanac (Pouquet), Pessac (Lorient), Manciet (Gers); Austria: Kalksburg, Wöllersdorf, Burgenland

Geologic distribution: Miocene (Aquitanian, Badenian, Leithakalk) Helvetien

Remarks. The “original” species description by Orbigny “1847 ”, cited by Schultz (2001) was not found. As Cossmann & Peyrot (1914, pl. 16, figs. 15–19) published neotypes from the early Miocene, Aquitanian, the holotype can be regarded lost. Lozouet et al. (2003: 4) designated MNHNP R63676 as lectotype for B, subcordata (Orbigny, 1852) .

Botula subinflata (Whitfield, 1899)

Modiola subinflata Whitfield, 1899: 160 , new name for M. inflata Whitfield, 1886 (see there) Modiola subinflata Whitfield - Weller 1907: 507–508, (992), pl. 55, figs. 20, 21 (after Whitfield) Modiolus subinflatus (Whitfield) – Palmer & Brann 1965: (200); Kleemann 1983: (12)

Geographic distribution: New Jersey Geologic distribution: Hornerstown marl, Latest Cretaceous

Remarks. According to Palmer & Brann (1965) the type was lost in 1963. The figures of M. inflata Whitfield, 1886 seem to depict a member of Botula .

Botula subobtusa (Archiac, 1850) (Pl. 2, Fig. 5a, b)

Mytilus subobtusus Archiac, 1850 , vol. 3, 268, holotype: BMNH L98491 , size: 40 - 20 - 24 mm, type locality: Hala ( India), age: Paleogene (Calcaire blanc grisatre de la chaine d’Hala) fide Archiac & Haime 1853: 268, pl. 23, fig. 13, 13a; Mayer-Eymar 1891: (174), = M. (Lithodomus) cordatus Lamarck

Botula subobtusus , - Kleemann 1990: (118)

Geographic distribution: India

Geological distribution: Paleogene

Remark. I located the holotype at BMNH (Pl. 2, Fig. 5a, b).

Botula traversensis (Pictet & Campiche, 1867)

Lithodomus traversensis Pictet & Campiche, 1867: 523 , (524), pl. 136, fig. 5a, b, type: MHNG 9609, size: 11-6-6.5 mm, type locality: La Presta, Neuchâtel, age: Aptian; Stoliczka 1871: (375); Ruhoff 1980: (542, 608); Kleemann 1983: (25, 28, 32),? Botula

Geographic distribution: La Presta, Neuchâtel, Switzerland

Geologic distribution: Aptian ( Cretaceous )

Remarks. The figures 5a, b look very much like Botula . Having seen images and a cast of the type and only specimen (through the courtesy of D. Decrouez, MHNG), no doubt is left.

Botula (?) tumidula (Stoliczka, 1871)

Lithodomus (? Botula ) tumidula Stoliczka, 1871: 375–376, pl. 23, fig. 16, 16a, pl. 38, fig. 13, type:?, size (of figures): ~ 13.5-10-8.5 mm, habitat: conglomeratic whitish sandstone, type locality: S. India, SE of Arrialoor, age: Cretaceous , Arrialoor group; Kleemann 1983: (25, 28, 32),? genus

Geographic distribution: Arrialor group, South India

Geologic distribution: Late Cretaceous

Remarks. The figures (16, 16a) depict a specimen with a prominent keel-like postero-dorsal elevation, which in lateral view results in a dorsal depression behind the anterior of the specimen, thus leaving considerable doubt about an affinity to Botula . The “corrected view of the same specimen”, pl. 38, fig. 13 (x 2, 27 -20 mm), rules out Botula due to its general form and because sulci appear to run from the umbones ventrally. As the fossil is incomplete posteriorly and drawn in latero-dorsal view, the exact outline is difficult to imagine and I leave the interpretation of the drawing and generic determination open.

Botula twitchelli ( Gardner, 1916) (Pl. 2, Fig. 2a, b)

Lithophaga twitchelli Gardner, 1916 : (618), 622–623, pl. 36, figs. 12, 13, holotype: USNM 131744, size: 21.8 - 11.8 - 11.7 mm, typelocality: railroad cut 1 mile west of Seat Pleasant, Prince George’s County, Maryland, age: Monmouth Formation, Upper Cretaceous ; Stephenson 1952: (86, 222, 225), = Botula ; Sundberg 1981: (901); Kleemann 1983: (25, 27, 32), = Botula

Geographic distribution: Seat Pleasant, Prince George’s County, Maryland, USA

Geologic distribution: Monmouth Formation, Maastrichtian, Upper Cretaceous

Remarks. Figures 12 and 13 depict the holotype and only specimen of the species in right lateral and anterior view, respectively. Herein, dorsal and left lateral view are given as well (Pl. 2, Fig. 2a, b).

Non Botula vestita (H. Adams & A. Adams, 1858)

Modiola vestita Philippi, 1844 , = Amygdalum agglutinans (Cantraine, 1835) , fide http://www.somali.asso.fr/clemam/ biotaxis.php?X=21529&header=1

Lithophaga (Botula) vestita Philippi – H. Adams & A. Adams, 1858: (519); Kleemann 1983: (25), n. nudum,? Philippi

Remark. According to www.somali.asso.fr/clemam/biotaxis.php?X=21529&header=1 this is a junior synonym of Amygdalium agglutinans .

Figures

FIGURE 1. Shell characters of boring mytilid genera Botula, Lithophaga, Adula, Gregariella, and of non-boring “ Notobotula ”. (a) left lateral view, (b) anterior view, (c) posterior view.